An iron complex with pendent amines as a molecular electrocatalyst for oxidation of hydrogen
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bio-inspired↗
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Iron Complexes for the Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrogen: Tuning Primary and Secondary Coordination Spheres
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bio-inspired↗
Iron Complexes Bearing Diphosphine Ligands with Positioned Pendant Amines as Electrocatalysts for the Oxidation of H2
The synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of CpC5F4NFe(PtBu2NBn2)Cl, [3-Cl] (where C5F4N is the tetrafluorpyridyl substituent and PtBu2NBn2 = 1,5-di(tert-butyl)-3,7-di(benzyl)-1,5-diaza-3,7-diphosphacyclooctane) are reported. Complex 3-Cl and previously reported [CpC5F4NFe(PtBu2NtBu2)Cl], 4-Cl, are precursors to intermediates in the catalytic oxidation of H2, including CpC5F4NFe(PtBu2NBn2)H (3-H), CpC5F4NFe(PtBu2NtBu2)H (4-H), [CpC5F4NFe(PtBu2NBn2)]BArF4 ([3](BArF4), [CpC5F4NFe(PtBu2NtBu2)]BArF4 ([4](BArF4), [CpC5F4NFe(PtBu2NBn2)(H2)]BArF4 ([3-H2]BArF4), and [CpC5F4NFe(PtBu2NtBu2H)H]BArF4 ([4-FeH(NH)]BArF4). All of these complexes were characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical studies; 3-Cl, 3-H and 4-Cl were also characterized by single crystal diffraction studies. 3-H and 4-H are electrocatalysts for H2 (1.0 atm) oxidation in the presence of a excess of the amine base N-methylpyrrolidine, with turnover frequencies at 22 °C of 2.5 s-1 and 0.5 s-1, and overpotentials at Ecat/2 of 235 mV and 95 mV, respectively. Studies of individual chemical and/or electrochemical reactions of the various intermediates provide important insights into the factors governing the overall catalytic activity for H2 oxidation, and provide important insights into the role of the pendant base of the [FeFe] hydrogenase active site. This work was supported by the Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated by Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy.
catalysis, iron, hydrogen↗
Stabilization of dinitrosyl iron complexes under matrix isolation conditions: solvent and polymer effects on the synthesis of composites based on poly(methyl methacrylate) and iron complexes [Fe{sub 2}(μ-NCS-R){sub 2}(NO){sub 4}]
Homogeneous composites based on poly(methyl methacrylate) and its copolymers with methacrylic acid and on the nitrosyl iron complexes with 2-mercaptobenzimidazole and 2-mercaptobenzthiazole were synthesized. An analysis of the experimental data obtained by the methods of small-angle X-ray diffraction and SQUID magnetometry in combination with the results of quantum chemical calculations showed that the nitrosyl complexes did not retain their initial binuclear structure under the matrix isolation conditions: some complexes decompose to mononuclear ones. The percentage ratio of the dimers and monomers depends on the fraction of the methacrylic acid copolymer in the polymeric matrix and is almost independent of the type of thiol ligand in the iron complex.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Evaluation of Attractive Interactions in the Second Coordination Sphere of Iron Complexes Containing Pendant Amines
The interactions between pendant amines in the second coordination sphere and ligands in the first coordination sphere are important for understanding the structures and reactivity of complexes containing PR2NR'2 ligands, which have been shown to be highly active H2 oxidation/production catalysts. A series of [Fe(PPh2NBn2)2(X)(Y)]n+ complexes have been prepared and structurally characterized. These complexes have two different ligands with which the pendant amines of the diphosphine ligand can interact. The solid state structure of cis-Fe(PPh2NBn2)2Cl2 reveals that the six-membered rings adjacent to the P atoms are in a boat confirmation, resulting in close N•••P distances that suggests the P atoms have a greater affinity for the lone pair of electrons on the N atom than chloride ligands. Similarly, boat conformations are observed for both rings adjacent to the hydride ligands of trans-[HFe(PPh2NBn2)2(CH3CN)]+ and trans-HFe(PPh2NBn2)2Cl, resulting in short N•••H distances. Spectroscopic and computational studies of trans-[HFe(PPh2NBn2)2(CO)]+, trans-[HFe(PPh2NBn2)(PPh2NBn2H)(CO)]2+, and trans-[HFe(PPh2NBn2)2(H2)]+ indicate the complexes are more stable when the pendant amines in boat conformations are adjacent to the hydride ligand. These data suggest an attractor ordering of H- > CO > H2 > PR3 > Cl- ~ CH3CN. This work was supported by the Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, an Energy Frontier Research Center funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is operated by Battelle for the U.S. DOE. Computations were performed using the Cascade supercomputer at the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, a National Scientific User Facility sponsored by the DOE’s Office of Biological and Environmental Research and located at PNNL.
Liao, Qian↗
A High Potential, Low Capacity Fade Rate Iron Complex Posolyte for Aqueous Organic Flow Batteries
An iron complex, tris(4,4'-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2,2'-bipyridine) iron dichloride is reported, which operates at near-neutral pH with a redox potential of 0.985 V versus SHE. This high potential compound is employed in the posolyte of an aqueous flow battery, paired with bis(3-trimethylammonio)propyl viologen tetrachloride in the negolyte, exhibiting an open-circuit voltage of 1.3 V at near-neutral pH. It demonstrates excellent cycling performance with a low temporal capacity fade rate of 0.07% per day over 35 days of cycling. The extended cycling lifetime is the result of low permeability and improved structural stability of the newly developed iron complex compared to that of the iron tris(bipyridine) complex. The combination of high redox potential and low capacity fade rate compares favorably with those of all previously demonstrated organic and organometallic aqueous posolytes. Extensive investigation into the possible degradation mechanisms, including post-mortem chemical and electrochemical analyses, indicates that stepwise ligand dissociations of the iron complex are responsible for the reported capacity loss during cell cycling. Further, this investigation provides unprecedented insight to guide further improvements of such metalorganic compounds for energy storage and conversion applications.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Phosphonate-based iron complex for a cost-effective and long cycling aqueous iron redox flow battery
Abstract A promising metal-organic complex, iron (Fe)-NTMPA 2 , consisting of Fe(III) chloride and nitrilotri-(methylphosphonic acid) (NTMPA), is designed for use in aqueous iron redox flow batteries. A full-cell testing, where a concentrated Fe-NTMPA 2 anolyte (0.67 M) is paired with a Fe-CN catholyte, demonstrates exceptional cycling stability over 1000 charge/discharge cycles, and noteworthy performances, including 96% capacity utilization, a minimal capacity fade rate of 0.0013% per cycle (1.3% over 1,000 cycles), high Coulombic efficiency and energy efficiency near 100% and 87%, respectively, all achieved under a current density of 20 mA·cm - ². Furthermore, density functional theory unveils two potential coordination structures for Fe-NTMPA 2 complexes, improving the understanding between the ligand coordination environment and electron transfer kinetics. When paired with a high redox potential Fe-Dcbpy/CN catholyte, 2,2′-bipyridine-4,4′-dicarboxylic (Dcbpy) acid and cyanide (CN) ligands, Fe-NTMPA 2 demonstrates a notably elevated cell voltage of 1 V, enabling a practical energy density of up to 9 Wh/L.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
Structural and Electronic Complexities of a Sulfur‐Bridged Di‐Iron Complex Composed of Mono‐ and Di‐Nitrosyl Units
The delocalized, thermodynamically stable cation, [(N 2 S 2 )Fe(NO)•Fe(NO) 2 ] + , an adduct of mono-nitrosyl and dinitrosyl iron units, is analyzed to address the unusual stability of the sulfur-bridged diiron complex in its three overall redox levels, +, 0, and −. X-ray diffraction and myriad spectroscopic techniques probe products of sequential electron uptake in the corresponding neutral and anionic species. Conundrums include unified blueshifts of the overall 3-band, ν(NO), pattern with added electrons. One-electron reduction changes the anti-ferromagnetically coupled, S = 0, cationic diiron species to the neutral analog, S = ½, with unpaired spin mainly localized on the MNIU, which decreases its ∠Fe–N–O angle by 10 degrees in response to the extra electron density. Subsequent reduction to the anionic species, S = 1, involves a major geometric change at the MNIU, which moves the Fe in {Fe(NO)} 8 out of the N 2 S 2 plane. Site-specific 15 N labeling of nitrosyl in the MNIU confirms the IR analysis and shows rapid NO exchange between the MNIU/DNIU (mono-nitrosyl iron unit/dinitrosyl iron unit) pairs during its synthesis at RT. Mössbauer spectroscopy, S K-edge XAS, and molecular orbital calculations confirm the ability of NO and the versatility of sulfur bridges to buffer and distribute electrons, a key to their major importance in metalloenzymes.
DNIC↗
Divacancy-iron complexes in silicon
Iron and irradiation-induced defects have been investigated in p-type float-zone silicon after MeV electron-irradiation using deep level transient spectroscopy. Isochronal annealing (30 min) was performed up to 250 {sup Degree-Sign }C, and three distinctive energy levels are observed in the Fe-contaminated samples with positions of 0.25, 0.29, and 0.34 eV above the valence band edge, respectively. The two latter ones are found to accompany the change in concentration of the divacancy center (V{sub 2}) during the isochronal annealing which strongly indicates an interaction between Fe and V{sub 2}. Furthermore, the properties of the defects support recent theoretical predictions of FeV{sub 2} and VFeV (Estreicher et al., Phys. Rev. B 77, 125214 (2008)).
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Symmetry-Breaking Design of an Organic Iron Complex Catholyte for a Long Cyclability Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Battery
The limited availability of a high-performance catholyte has hindered development of aqueous organic redox flow batteries (AORFB) that are environmentally benign, have tunable structures, and are safer than their traditional transition metal ion-based counterparts for large-scale energy storage. In this paper, a symmetry-breaking design of iron complexes with 2,2’-bipyridine-4,4’-dicarboxylic (Dcbpy) acid and cyanide ligands is described. By introducing two ligands to the metal center, the complex compounds (M4[FeII(Dcbpy)2(CN)2], M = Na, K) exhibited 4.2 times higher solubility (1.22 M, 33 Ah/L) and a 50% increase in potential compared with the widely used ferrocyanide. The symmetry-breaking, iron complex catholyte-based AORFBs were demonstrated at a concentration near the solubility limit (1.02 M Na4[FeII(Dcbpy)2(CN)2]) with a 1:1 catholyte:anolyte electron ratio. The AORFBs achieved a cell voltage of 1.2 V and a demonstrated energy density of 12.5 Wh/L. This symmetry-breaking design paves the way for development of metal complexes for high-energy-density AORFBs.
Li, Xiang↗
Unusual Synthetic Pathway for an {Fe(NO) 2 } 9 Dinitrosyl Iron Complex (DNIC) and Insight into DNIC Electronic Structure via Nuclear Resonance Vibrational Spectroscopy
Dinitrosyl iron complexes (DNICs) are among the most abundant NO-derived cellular species. Monomeric DNICs can exist in the {Fe(NO) 2 } 9 or {Fe(NO) 2 } 10 oxidation state (in the Enemark -Feltham notation). However, experimental studies of analogous DNICs in both oxidation states are rare, which prevents a thorough understanding of the di ff erences in the electronic structures of these species. Here, the {Fe(NO) 2 } 9 DNIC [Fe(dmp)(NO) 2 ](OTf) ( 1 ; dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10- phenanthroline) is synthesized from a ferrous precursor via an unusual pathway, involving disproportionation of an {FeNO} 7 complex to yield the {Fe(NO) 2 } 9 DNIC and a ferric species, which is subsequently reduced by NO gas to generate a ferrous complex that re-enters the reaction cycle. In contrast to most {Fe(NO) 2 } 9 DNICs with neutral N-donor ligands, 1 exhibits high solution stability and can be characterized structurally and spectroscopically. Reduction of 1 yields the corresponding {Fe(NO) 2 } 10 DNIC [Fe(dmp)(NO) 2 ](2). The Mo ssbauer isomer shift of 2 is 0.08 mm/s smaller than that of 1 , which indicates that the iron center is slightly more oxidized in the reduced complex. The nuclear resonance vibrational spectra (NRVS) of 1 and 2 are distinct and provide direct experimental insight into di ff erences in bonding in these complexes. In particular, the symmetric out-of-plane Fe -N - O bending mode is shifted to higher energy by 188 cm -1 in 2 in comparison to 1 . Using quantum chemistry centered normal coordinate analysis (QCC-NCA), this is shown to arise from an increase in Fe - NO bond order and a sti ff ening of the Fe(NO) 2 unit upon reduction of 1 to 2 . DFT calculations demonstrate that the changes in bonding arise from an iron- centered reduction which leads to a distinct increase in Fe - NO π -back-bonding in {Fe(NO) 2 } 10 DNICs in comparison to the corresponding {Fe(NO) 2 } 9 complexes, in agreement with all experimental findings. Finally, the implications of the electronic structure of DNICs for their reactivity are discussed, especially with respect to N-N bond formation in NO reductases.
Speelman, Amy L.↗
A biologically inspired iron complex for the homogeneous reduction of Cr( vi ) to Cr( iii )
The reduction of toxic Cr VI to benign Cr III by a non-heme iron complex and quantification of the resultant iron( iii )-oxo by a paramagnetic 1 H NMR calibration curve.
Gullett, Kelly L. [School of Chemical Science, Uni↗
Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Metalloradical Iron Complexes Containing Redox Noninnocent α-Diimine-Type Ligands: Synthesis, Molecular, and Electronic Structures
The synthesis and characterization of pentamethylcyclopentadienyl iron complexes bearing the redox non-innocent α-diimine (N,N'-dimesitylbutane-2,3-diimine, Mes DI) and α-iminopyridine (N-mesityl(pyridin-2-yl)ethanimine Mes PI) ligands were explored. One-pot reduction and complexation of the cyclopentadienyl ring was accomplished by treatment of (κ 2 -N,N')FeCl 2 (N,N'= Mes DI or Mes PI) pre-cursors with [C 5 Me 5 ]Li. The resulting iron compounds were characterized by paramagnetic 1 H NMR spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility measurements, zero-field 57 Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, low-temperature EPR spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The combined spectroscopic, structural and DFT computational data supported low-spin iron(III) compounds (S Fe = ½) with π-acidic, formally doubly-reduced chelating ligands.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Tetrapodal iron complexes invoke observable intermediates in nitrate and nitrite reduction
This study examines nitrate and nitrite reduction by a tetrapodal iron complex, identifying key intermediates in the reaction via a bimetallic mechanism.
Moore, Jewelianna M. [Department of Chemistry, Tex↗
The Effects of Iron Complexing Ligands on the Long Term Ecosystem Response to Iron Enrichment of HNLC waters (Final Activity Report)
Substantial increases in the concentrations of the stronger of two Fe(III) complexing organic ligand classes measured during the mesoscale Fe enrichment studies IronEx II and SOIREE appeared to sharply curtailed Fe availability to diatoms and thus limited the efficiency of carbon sequestration to the deep. Detailed observations during IronEx II (equatorial Pacific Ocean) and SOIREE (Southern Ocean –Pacific sector) indicate that the diatoms began re-experiencing Fe stress even though dissolved Fe concentrations remained elevated in the patch. This surprising outcome likely is related to the observed increased concentrations of strong Fe(III)-complexing ligands in seawater. Preliminary findings from other studies indicate that diatoms may not readily obtain Fe from these chemical species whereas Fe bound by strong ligands appears to support growth of cyanobacteria and nanoflagellates. The difficulty in assessing the likelihood of these changes with in-situ mesoscale experiments is the extended monitoring period needed to capture the long-term trajectory of the carbon cycle. A more detailed understanding of Fe complexing ligand effects on long-term ecosystem structure and carbon cycling is essential to ascertain not only the effect of Fe enrichment on short-term carbon sequestration in the oceans, but also the potential effect of Fe enrichment in modifying ecosystem structure and trajectory.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Interfacial Fabrication of Supramolecular Polymer Networks Using Mussel-Inspired Catechol–Iron Complexes
The liquid–liquid interface provides a promising platform to construct supramolecular polymers and materials with advanced functions. However, supramolecular polymerization at the interface usually requires monomers with different or even orthogonal solubilities, which significantly limit the number of usable monomers. Here, in this work, we report a new strategy to construct supramolecular polymer networks at the oil–water interface using a water-soluble catechol–iron complex and an oil-soluble diend-functionalized polymer. Owing to the dynamic catechol–iron coordination bond and imine bond, the resulting supramolecular polymer networks demonstrate excellent dynamic features and responsiveness to different stimuli including the pH, redox, competing ligands, and temperature. With a supramolecular polymer network serving as a building block, emulsions and 2D films can be generated that have potential applications in encapsulation, release, and molecular separation.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
A Chemical Composition Survey of the Iron-complex Globular Cluster NGC 6273 (M19)
Recent observations have shown that a growing number of the most massive Galactic globular clusters contain multiple populations of stars with different [Fe/H] and neutron-capture element abundances. NGC 6273 has only recently been recognized as a member of this “iron-complex” cluster class, and we provide here a chemical and kinematic analysis of >300 red giant branch and asymptotic giant branch member stars using high-resolution spectra obtained with the Magellan –M2FS and VLT–FLAMES instruments. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that NGC 6273 possesses an intrinsic metallicity spread that ranges from about [Fe/H] = −2 to −1 dex, and may include at least three populations with different [Fe/H] values. The three populations identified here contain separate first (Na/Al-poor) and second (Na/Al-rich) generation stars, but a Mg–Al anti-correlation may only be present in stars with [Fe/H] ≳ −1.65. The strong correlation between [La/Eu] and [Fe/H] suggests that the s-process must have dominated the heavy element enrichment at higher metallicities. A small group of stars with low [ α /Fe] is identified and may have been accreted from a former surrounding field star population. The cluster’s large abundance variations are coupled with a complex, extended, and multimodal blue horizontal branch (HB). The HB morphology and chemical abundances suggest that NGC 6273 may have an origin that is similar to ω Cen and M54.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Synthesis and spectral study of new azo dye and its iron complexes derived from 2-naphthol and 2-amino-3-hydroxypyridine
An azodye C{sub 5}H{sub 12}N{sub 3}O{sub 2} [LH] is synthesised by coupling diazotised 2-amino-3-hydroxy pyridine with 2-naphthol in ice cold condition. The Fe(II)and Fe(III) complexes were prepared by mixing ethanol solution of metal salt and azodye in 1:2 molar ratio. The dye and metal complexes are structurally characterised by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements and spectral techniques like IR, UV-Vis, and Mössbauer analysis. Analytical data suggests the stoichiometry as [FeL{sub 2}Cl(H{sub 2}O)] for Fe(III) complex and [FeL{sub 2}(H{sub 2}O)] for Fe(II) complex. The IR spectral data suggests that [L{sup −}] is acting as a uninegative bidentate ligand. A high spin octahedral geometry is tentatively proposed for both the complexes with respect to the above studies.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗