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NASA NTRS2024

JPSS-4 VIIRS Version 2 at-Launch Relative Spectral Response Characterization

The JPSS-4 VIIRS sensor, the last in a JPSS program that will eventually span some 25+ years of on-orbit data collection, has completed its pre-launch test program. The test program included measurements for characterizing the VIIRS relative spectral response (RSR) in support of the Sensor and Environmental Data Records that will be generated from JPSS-4 VIIRS on-orbit observations after launch. Subject matter experts of the Government Team’s VIIRS DAWG have analyzed the VIIRS spectral measurements and produced the VIIRS spectral characterization, in the form of band averaged and supporting detector level RSR for each VIIRS band. The characterization is based upon the analysis of independent SpMA dual monochromator (all bands) and GSFC GLAMR laser system (reflectance bands only) spectral measurements. The SpMA and GLAMR measurements for reflectance bands (DNBLGS and DNBMGS, I1-I3, M1-M11) were combined to produce a “fused” RSR. For emissive bands (I4, I5, M12-M16), the SpMA measurements provide the entire characterization. The effort has led to the VIIRS Version 2 RSR product, the official at-launch RSR characterization for the JPSS-4 VIIRS mission, which is currently slated to be the next launch (expected Fall 2027) of the JPSS program. As expected, the JPSS-4 RSR are a close match to those of JPSS-3 and JPSS-2 (NOAA-21) VIIRS, while showing some spectral position and shape differences with SNPP and JPSS-1 (NOAA-20) VIIRS. An assessment on compliance with spectral performance metrics finds that VIIRS bandaverage RSR are compliant on nearly all metrics, with only a single minor exception. The Version 2 RSR will be available under EAR99 restrictions to the science community on the restricted access NASA Sharepoint.

SDR↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Jpss-4 VIIRS Polarization Sensitivity Performance Comparison With Heritage VIIRS Sensors

The Joint Polar Satellite System 4 (JPSS-4) is the follow-on for the Suomi-National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) and Joint Polar Satellite Systems 1-3 (JPSS-1, -2 and -3) missions. A primary sensor on both JPSS and S-NPP spacecrafts is the Visible-Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) that provides valuable weather and climate products to the user community. VIIRS covers the Reflective Solar Band (RSB) and Thermal Emissive Band (TEB) spectral regions and contains a Day Night Band (DNB) that uses Lunar illumination at night. VIIRS provides top-of-atmosphere radiance, reflectance, and brightness temperature within the Sensor Data Records (SDRs) that are used in sea surface temperature, cloud characterization, land surface properties and ocean color/chlorophyll Environmental Data Record (EDR) products. The SDR calibration is performed using unpolarized sources such as a Solar Diffuser (SD) for the RSBs or an On-Board Calibrator BlackBody (OBCBB) for the TEBs. Earth scenes with polarizing properties will create radiometric bias errors within the SDRs based on how sensitive VIIRS is to polarized illumination and must be corrected in some EDR algorithms. This paper will discuss the JPSS-4 VIIRS polarization characterization methodology, polarization sensitivity results and compare its performance to its predecessors S-NPP and JPSS-1 through -3 VIIRS.

David Moyer↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

On-Orbit Calibration Assessment of NOAA-21 VIIRS Thermal Emissive Bands and Implications for JPSS-4 VIIRS

The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) instrument onboard the NOAA-21 (N21) satellite has been successfully operating for over three years collecting valuable scientific measurements. A large suite of weather forecasting models and scientific research applications are supported with the VIIRS measurements from N21 combined with those acquired from the VIIRS instrument onboard the S-NPP and NOAA-20 spacecraft. Among the 22 VIIRS spectral bands, there are seven thermal emissive bands (TEB) covering the 3.7 to 12.2 µm spectral range at two different spatial resolutions. The VIIRS TEB detectors are calibrated onboard using a blackbody at a controlled temperature and a space view for background signal measurement. In this paper, we discuss the on-orbit performance of the N21 VIIRS TEB using various parameters such as the detector gain, noise, and offset. This on-orbit assessment provides critical insights into instrument behavior and calibration performance that will inform pre-launch testing and post-launch validation strategies for the upcoming JPSS-4 VIIRS mission scheduled for launch in 2027. The methodologies and lessons learned from characterizing the N21 TEB performance will enable more efficient and comprehensive radiometric assessment of the next VIIRS instrument. Specific focus is placed on identifying performance trends and anomaly signatures observed during the N21 commissioning phase that can enhance the JPSS4 instrument checkout procedures and accelerate the transition to routine on-orbit operations. The established performance baselines and uncertainty estimates will serve as an acceptance criterion for the JPSS-4 commissioning activities, ensuring mission readiness and data continuity for operational users.

Amit Angal↗
NASA NTRS2023

JPSS-3 / 4 VIIRS Response Versus Scan Angle Characterization and Performance

Scientific studies of the Earth’s climate increasingly rely on high-quality satellite observations. The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) is a key sensor onboard a series of satellites [Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) and Joint Polar-orbiting Satellite System 1–4 (JPSS-1–JPSS-4)] that generate scientific data from land, ocean, and atmosphere used in these climate models. Providing quality scientific data from space-borne sensors requires the instruments to be well-calibrated. While much of the calibration can be maintained on-orbit, some aspects of the calibration can best be measured prior to launch. One VIIRS parameter that needs to be measured pre-launch is the response versus scan angle (RVS). The RVS measures the relative change in the reflectance of the scanning optics as a function of the angle of incidence. With the RVS, the gain calibration measured on-orbit can be transferred to any scan angle. The JPSS-3 and JPSS-4 instruments have undergone ground testing including the RVS measurements, which is the subject of this work. Results indicate that the measurements are comparable to previous VIIRS builds and are expected to contribute to the generation of high-quality science data once JPSS-3 and JPSS-4 are on-orbit.

JPSS↗
NASA NTRS2018

The JPSS CrIS Instrument and the Evolution of Space-Based Infrared Sounders

This paper will summarize the development of infrared sounders since the 1970s, describe the technological hurdles that were overcome to provide ever-increasing performance capabilities, and highlight the radiometric performance of the CrIS instrument on JPSS-1 (CrIS-JPSS1). This includes details of the CrIS-JPSS1 measured noise-equivalent spectral radiance (NEdN) performance, radiometric uncertainty performance utilizing a new and improved internal calibration target, short-term and long-term repeatability, spectral uncertainty, and spectral stability. In addition, the full-resolution operating modes for CrIS-JPSS1 will be reviewed, including a discussion of how these modes will be used during on-orbit characterization tests. We will provide a brief update of CrIS-SNPP on-obit performance and the production status of the CrIS instruments for JPSS-2 through JPSS-4. Current technological challenges will also be reviewed, including how ongoing research and development is enabling improvements to future sounders. The expanding usage of infrared sounding data will also be discussed, including demonstration of value via data assimilation, the roles of the public/private sector in communicating the importance of sounding data for long-term observations, and the long road to success from research to operational data products.

Glumb, Ronald↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

PRELIMINARY JPSS-3 VIIRS POLARIZATION SENSITIVITY AND COMPARISON WITH S-NPP, JPSS-1 AND -2

The Visible-Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) was first launched on-board the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) spacecraft in October of 2011. There have been three subsequent builds of the VIIRS sensor for the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) program with JPSS-1, -2 and -3 having launch dates of November 2017, March 2022 and 2026 respectively. There is also a JPSS-4 VIIRS, that is in hardware integration during 2020, with a launch date of 2031. VIIRS has 22 bands: 7 thermal emissive bands (TEBs), 14 reflective solar bands (RSBs) and a Day Night Band (DNB). Ocean Color/Chlorophyll (OCC) products use calibrated Science Data Records (SDRs) for bands M1-M7(0.412-0.865μm) to compute their ocean chemistry products. These bands require accurate polarization sensitivity characterization to compensate for polarized upwelling Rayleigh scatter and produce accurate OCC Environment Data Products (EDRs). VIIRS polarization sensitivity requirement failures have driven hardware modifications to the bandpass filters and dichroic beam splitter over the program. This paper will discuss the preliminary JPSS-3 polarization results and how these hardware modifications, as the JPSS program progresses, have affected the sensor performance. Comparisons of the polarization sensitivities between sensor builds will be discussed along with the hardware modifications that contributed to their differences.

VIIRS↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Preliminary JPSS-3 VIIRS Polarization Sensitivity and Comparison with S-NPP, JPSS-1 and -2

The Visible-Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) was first launched on-board the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) spacecraft in October of 2011. There have been three subsequent builds of the VIIRS sensor for the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) program with JPSS-1, -2 and -3 having launch dates of November 2017, March 2022 and 2026 respectively. There is also a JPSS-4 VIIRS, that is in hardware integration during 2020, with a launch date of 2031. VIIRS has 22 bands: 7 thermal emissive bands (TEBs), 14 reflective solar bands (RSBs) and a Day Night Band (DNB). Ocean Color/Chlorophyll (OCC) products use calibrated Science Data Records (SDRs) for bands M1-M7 (0.412-0.865μm) to compute their ocean chemistry products. These bands require accurate polarization sensitivity characterization to compensate for polarized upwelling Rayleigh scatter and produce accurate OCC Environment Data Products (EDRs). VIIRS polarization sensitivity requirement failures have driven hardware modifications to the bandpass filters and dichroic beam splitter over the program. This paper will discuss the preliminary JPSS-3 polarization results and how these hardware modifications, as the JPSS program progresses, have affected the sensor performance. Comparisons of the polarization sensitivities between sensor builds will be discussed along with the hardware modifications that contributed to their differences.

VIIRS↗
NASA NTRS2022

Ten Years of VIIRS On-Orbit Geolocation Calibration and Performance

The first innovative Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensor aboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite has been in operation for 10 years since its launch on 28 October 2011. The second VIIRS sensor aboard the first Join Polar Satellite System (JPSS-1) satellite has been in operation for 4 years since its launch on 18 November 2017, which became NOAA-20. Well-geolocated and radiometrically calibrated Level-1 sensor data records (SDRs) from VIIRS are crucial to numerical weather prediction (NWP) and Level-2+ environmental data record (EDR) algorithms and products. The high quality of Level-2+ EDRs is a requirement for the continuity of NASA Earth science data records (ESDRs) and climate data records (CDRs), one of the two objectives of the SNPP mission and one of the three elements in the JPSS mission objective. The other objective of the SNPP mission is risk reduction for the follow-on JPSS missions. This paper summarizes the on-orbit geolocation calibration and validation (Cal/Val) activities for both VIIRS sensors onboard SNPP and NOAA-20 in the past 10 years. These activities include nominal geolocation Cal/Val activities, risk reduction activities, and improvements for the on-orbit VIIRS sensor operations. After these activities, sub-pixel geolocation accuracy is achieved. Nadir equivalent geolocation uncertainty is generally within 75 m (1-σ), or 20% imagery band pixels, in either the along-scan or along-track direction for both SNPP and NOAA-20 VIIRS sensors. The worst 16-day measured geolocation errors (radial, 3-σ) are 280 m and 267 m, respectively, in the latest SNPP and NOAA-20 VIIRS data collections, which are better than the required accuracy of 375 m (radial, 3-σ). The risk reduction activities also improved VIIRS builds for JPSS-3 and JPSS-4 satellites, and provide lessons learned for other VIIRS-like sensor builds.

VIIRS↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Pre-Launch Performance Trending of Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS)

The Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) microwave radiometer instrument is utilized on-board NOAA’s Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) fleet of spacecraft to perform temperature and water vapor soundings of Earth’s atmosphere. Consisting of 22 channels over a frequency range from 22 to 183 GHz, ATMS provides high-impact observations for numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. A general description of the ATMS instrument is discussed in [1]. There are five ATMS flight units in the polar-orbiting JPSS program; three are currently on-orbit and two are pending launch. The first ATMS was flown on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite, launched in 2011. The second ATMS was launched on the NOAA-20 (previously JPSS-1) satellite in 2017. The third ATMS was launched on the NOAA-21 (previously JPSS-2) satellite in 2022. The SNPP and NOAA-20 ATMS units are operational. The NOAA-21 ATMS unit is completing on-orbit commissioning and checkout, having achieved provisional maturity status in December 2022 with validated maturity expected in May 2023 [2]. The fourth and fifth ATMS units are planned for the JPSS-3 (launch ~2028) and JPSS-4 (launch ~2032) satellites [3]. This paper will focus on trending performance characteristics of each JPSS ATMS build from the pre-launch activities. Pre-launch trending of some parameters have been previously published up to the JPSS-3 mission [4][5]. This paper differs from and expands the scope of the prior work as it will include all five of the JPSS ATMS builds. The entire suite of JPSS ATMS units have completed their pre-ship instrument-level I&T and verification activities. These activities include a radiometric performance characterization of each instrument. In addition to comparing the performance across builds, the performance will also be compared to requirements and specifications where applicable. The on-orbit performance of the launched units will be excluded from the scope of this paper in order to focus on evaluations that are common across all builds. The post-launch performance of SNPP ATMS is detailed in [1][6][7][8]. The post-launch performance of NOAA-20 ATMS is detailed in [6][8][9]. The pre-launch characterization of the ATMS occurs at both subassembly-level and instrument-level testing. The antenna subsystem is tested at Northrop Grumman’s Compact Antenna Test Range (CATR) in Azusa, CA [9]. This testing characterizes the antenna pattern and the pointing performance of the scan drive mechanism and antenna subsystem. Trended parameters from this evaluation will include beam pointing accuracy, beamwidth, and beam efficiency. These parameters are captured in each instrument’s Calibration Data Book [10]. Instrument-level radiometric performance evaluation is primarily done during thermal vacuum (TVAC) calibration testing at Northrop Grumman’s Azusa, CA facility [9]. A general description of the calibration activities is presented in [1][9]. The testing involves inferring a scene target brightness temperature (TB) and comparing it to the actual scene TB while the instrument is at flight-like temperature and pressure environmental conditions. Trended parameters from this activity will include Noise Equivalent Delta Temperature (NEDT), nonlinearity, radiometric accuracy, gain stability, striping, and inter-channel noise correlation. The trending evaluation will allow for a direct comparison of the ATMS performance across builds. The paper will highlight observed performance improvements.

Edward J Kim↗