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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on KP(OF)2 by Materials Project

KP(OF)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pnma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. K1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to six equivalent O2- and two F1- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.78–3.13 Å. There are one shorter (2.87 Å) and one longer (3.18 Å) K–F bond lengths. P5+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to two equivalent O2- and two F1- atoms. Both P–O bond lengths are 1.49 Å. Both P–F bond lengths are 1.60 Å. O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three equivalent K1+ and one P5+ atom. There are two inequivalent F1- sites. In the first F1- site, F1- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one K1+ and one P5+ atom. In the second F1- site, F1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one K1+ and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on KP(HO2)2 by Materials Project

KH2PO4 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent K1+ sites. In the first K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent H1+ and six O2- atoms. Both K–H bond lengths are 2.97 Å. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.65–3.05 Å. In the second K1+ site, K1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted KO6 pentagonal pyramids that share corners with four equivalent PO4 tetrahedra and an edgeedge with one PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.83–2.91 Å. There are two inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share corners with four equivalent KO6 pentagonal pyramids. There is two shorter (1.51 Å) and two longer (1.61 Å) P–O bond length. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form PO4 tetrahedra that share an edgeedge with one KO6 pentagonal pyramid. There is two shorter (1.50 Å) and two longer (1.65 Å) P–O bond length. There are two inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one K1+ and one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.01 Å. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.03 Å) and one longer (1.54 Å) H–O bond length. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two K1+ and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on KP(HO2)2 by Materials Project

KH2PO4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic P2_12_12_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. K1+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.75–2.91 Å. P5+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.51–1.65 Å. There are two inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.00 Å. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.00 Å. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one P5+ and one H1+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent K1+ and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two equivalent K1+ and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on KP(HO2)2 by Materials Project

KH2PO4 crystallizes in the tetragonal I-42d space group. The structure is three-dimensional. K1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight equivalent O2- atoms. There are four shorter (2.91 Å) and four longer (2.92 Å) K–O bond lengths. P5+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four equivalent O2- atoms. All P–O bond lengths are 1.56 Å. H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent O2- atoms. Both H–O bond lengths are 1.21 Å. O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on KP(HO)2 by Materials Project

KH2PO2 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. K1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six equivalent O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.78–2.96 Å. P5+ is bonded in a distorted tetrahedral geometry to two equivalent H1- and two equivalent O2- atoms. Both P–H bond lengths are 1.43 Å. Both P–O bond lengths are 1.52 Å. H1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three equivalent K1+ and one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on KP(HO2)2 by Materials Project

KH2PO4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Fdd2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. K1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.88–3.03 Å. P5+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.53 Å) and two longer (1.60 Å) P–O bond length. H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.05 Å) and one longer (1.48 Å) H–O bond length. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two equivalent K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on KP(HO2)2 by Materials Project

KH2PO4 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent K1+ sites. In the first K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one H1+ and nine O2- atoms. The K–H bond length is 2.93 Å. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.70–3.34 Å. In the second K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.76–3.06 Å. There are two inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.51–1.59 Å. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.51–1.61 Å. There are five inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.02 Å) and one longer (1.55 Å) H–O bond length. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one K1+ and two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.05 Å) and one longer (1.46 Å) H–O bond length. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.05 Å) and one longer (1.47 Å) H–O bond length. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent O2- atoms. Both H–O bond lengths are 1.21 Å. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent O2- atoms. Both H–O bond lengths are 1.21 Å. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three K1+ and one P5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to one K1+, one P5+, and two H1+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on KP(HO2)2 by Materials Project

KH2PO4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic C222_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. K1+ is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two equivalent H1+ and ten O2- atoms. Both K–H bond lengths are 2.85 Å. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.78–3.33 Å. P5+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.55 Å) and two longer (1.56 Å) P–O bond length. There are two inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent K1+ and two equivalent O2- atoms. Both H–O bond lengths are 1.21 Å. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent O2- atoms. Both H–O bond lengths are 1.20 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to three equivalent K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on KP(HO2)2 by Materials Project

KH2PO4 crystallizes in the tetragonal I-4 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. K1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to two equivalent H1+ and six O2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.84 Å) and one longer (2.86 Å) K–H bond lengths. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.71–2.91 Å. P5+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form corner-sharing PO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.49–1.63 Å. There are two inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to two equivalent K1+ and one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.99 Å. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one K1+ and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three equivalent K1+ and one P5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent P5+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a water-like geometry to two equivalent K1+ and two H1+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on KP(HO2)2 by Materials Project

KH2PO4 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. K1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.75–3.36 Å. P5+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.53–1.58 Å. There are three inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent O2- atoms. Both H–O bond lengths are 1.21 Å. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.06 Å) and one longer (1.45 Å) H–O bond length. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent O2- atoms. Both H–O bond lengths are 1.20 Å. There are four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on KP(HO2)2 by Materials Project

KH2PO4 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent K1+ sites. In the first K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.79–3.00 Å. In the second K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three H1+ and seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–H bond distances ranging from 2.83–2.96 Å. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.82–3.11 Å. There are two inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.52–1.60 Å. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.52–1.59 Å. There are four inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one K1+ and two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.06 Å) and one longer (1.43 Å) H–O bond length. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to one K1+ and two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.08 Å) and one longer (1.39 Å) H–O bond length. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one K1+ and two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.04 Å) and one longer (1.49 Å) H–O bond length. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.03 Å) and one longer (1.56 Å) H–O bond length. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two equivalent K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one P5+ and one H1+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to three K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on KP(HO2)2 by Materials Project

KH2PO4 crystallizes in the monoclinic Cc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are four inequivalent K1+ sites. In the first K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.77–3.07 Å. In the second K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.75–3.25 Å. In the third K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.79–3.29 Å. In the fourth K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of K–O bond distances ranging from 2.77–3.20 Å. There are four inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.53 Å) and two longer (1.59 Å) P–O bond length. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.53–1.60 Å. In the third P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.53 Å) and two longer (1.59 Å) P–O bond length. In the fourth P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of P–O bond distances ranging from 1.53–1.60 Å. There are eight inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.04 Å) and one longer (1.51 Å) H–O bond length. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.05 Å) and one longer (1.48 Å) H–O bond length. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.06 Å) and one longer (1.45 Å) H–O bond length. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.04 Å) and one longer (1.51 Å) H–O bond length. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.07 Å) and one longer (1.40 Å) H–O bond length. In the sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.08 Å) and one longer (1.37 Å) H–O bond length. In the seventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.06 Å) and one longer (1.44 Å) H–O bond length. In the eighth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.05 Å) and one longer (1.47 Å) H–O bond length. There are sixteen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two K1+, one P5+, and one H1+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1974

Near-earth magnetic disturbance in total field at high latitudes. I - Summary of data from Ogo 2, 4, and 6. II - Interpretation of data from Ogo 2, 4, and 6

A complete survey of the near-earth magnetic field magnitude was carried out by the Polar Orbiting Geophysical Observatories (Ogo 2, 4, and 6). The average properties of variations in total magnetic field strength at invariant latitudes greater than 55 deg are given. Data from all degrees of magnetic disturbance are included, the emphasis being on periods when Kp = 2- to 3+. Although individual satellite passes at low altitudes confirm the existence of electrojet currents, neither individual satellite passes nor contours of average delta B are consistent with latitudinally narrow electrojet currents as the principal source of delta B at the satellite. The total field variations at the satellite form a region of positive delta B between about 2200 and 1000 MLT and a region of negative delta B between about 1000 and 2200 MLT. The ratio of delta B magnitudes in these positive and negative regions is variable.

Langel, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Separation of lithospheric, external, and core components of the south polar geomagnetic field at satellite altitudes

We present a new approach to producing scalar Magsat magnetic anomaly maps based on correlation coefficient filtering and the use of almost all of the available orbits. Our method differs from earlier techniques with respect to the following: (1) Passes are selected based on their variance properties rather than planetary indices such as Kp. (2) The core field model is least squares fit to individual passes and subsequently removed instead of substracting the model directly. This technique replaces band pass filtering or polynomial trend removal methods. (3) Each selected pass is sorted geographically and by local time, placed into one of four different altitude bands, and correlation coefficient filtered with the two adjacent passes. The filtering is the second step toward isolating the static lithospheric signal from the more dynamic external field signals. (4) Least squares collocation is used to grid the correlated passes; subsequently, the dawn and dusk maps are also correlation filtered providing another step toward removal of external fields. (5) The four resultant total field maps are continued to a common altitude and again correlation filtered for the static lithospheric anomalies. (6) The filtered results are then averaged together to provide a new total field map of the lithosphere south of 40 deg S latitude. Our total field map differs from previous efforts over the crustal blocks of West Antarctica. We obtained a positive anomaly over Edward VII Peninsula, extending into the Byrd subglacial basin and obtained a negative anomaly over the Ellsworth Mountains and parts of the Byrd subglacial basin. Also, a positive anomaly extending from the Ross Sea to offshore Wilkes Land is present in our map; however, this feature is absent in other maps. Positive anomalies marking the Weddell Sea in previous efforts are not present in our map. Prominent external field anomalies in the quadrant offshore of Wilkes Land are present in all previous efforts; however, these signatures are reduced in our total field map. This map significantly advances efforts for the identification and interpretation of magnetic anomalies of the south polar lithosphere.

Alsdorf, Douglas E.↗
NASA NTRS1987

The magnetic field of the equatorial magnetotail - AMPTE/CCE observations at R less than 8.8 earth radii

The MPTE/CCE magnetic field experiment has been used to obtain a quantitative evaluation of the frequency and extent of magnetic field distortion in the near-tail region at less than 8.8 earth radii. The variation of this distortion with Kp, radial distance, longitude, and near-equatorial latitude is reported. It has been found that taillike distortions from the dipole field direction may reach 80 deg near the MPTE/CE apogee of 8.8 earth radii. The Bz field component in dipole coordinates was always positive within 0.5 earth radii of the equatorial current sheet, indicating the neutral lines were never seen inside of 8.8 earth radii. Fields were most taillike near midnight and during times of high Kp. At 8.5 earth radii the equatorial field magnitude depressions were roughly half the dipole field strength of 51 nT. These depressions are larger at lesser distances, reaching -40 nT at 3.4 earth radii for Kp of 2- or less and -80 nT and Kp of 3+ and greater.

Fairfield, D. H.↗
NASA NTRS1983

A comparison of wind observations of the upper thermosphere from the Dynamics Explorer satellite with the predictions of a global time-dependent model

Experimental and theoretical investigations of high-latitude circulation in the upper thermosphere are reported. Vector-wind plots constructed by combining remotely sensed meridional-wind and in situ zonal-wind data obtained during four south-polar and three north-polar passes of the NASA Dynamics Explorer satellite in October and December, 1981, are presented and analyzed, taking the geomagnetic activity level and local solar time into account. The results are then compared with the predictions of 3D time-dependent global models of thermospheric neutral winds (Fuller-Rowell and Rees, 1980, 1981, 1983) adjusted to account for both solar-UV/EUV heating and ionization effects and quiet (Kp from 1 to 2) or moderately disturbed (Kp from 3 to 4) geomagnetic conditions (models Q and MD). An MD model incorporating a self-consistent description of the high-latitude ionosphere and a Q model excluding high-latitude effects are found to give the most accurate predictions for the respective geomagnetic conditions.

Rees, D.↗
NASA NTRS1976

The position and shape of the neutral sheet at 30-earth radii distance

An examination of Explorer 34 encounters with the neutral sheet reveals a much broader arching of the neutral sheet at 30 earth radii than closer to the earth at 20 earth radii. The location of the neutral sheet hinging point in the geomagnetic equatorial plane is found to be a strong function of geomagnetic activity. For Kp less than 2 the apparent hinging distance is close to 11 earth radii. For Kp greater than 4 the apparent hinging distance is close to zero. This dependency reflects a negligible return of the neutral sheet to the solar magnetospheric equatorial plane with distance behind the earth at quiet times but reflects a rapid return at disturbed times, in addition to possible variations in the location of the hinging point in the geomagnetic equatorial plane.

Bowling, S. B.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Ion transport and loss in the Earth's quiet ring current. 2: Diffusion and magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling

We have studied the transport and loss of H(+), He(+), and He(++) ions in the Earth's quiet time ring current (1 to 300 keV/e, 3 to 7 R(sub E), Kp less than 2+, absolute value of Dst less than 11, 70 to 110 degs pitchangles, all LT) comparing the standard radial diffusion model developed for the higher-energy radiation belt particles with measurements of the lower energy ring current ions in a previous paper. Large deviations of that model, which fit only 50% of the data to within a factor of 10, suggested that another transport mechanism is operating in the ring current. Here we derive a modified diffusion coefficient corrected for electric field effects on ring current energy ions that fit nearly 80% of the data to within a factor of 2. Thus we infer that electric field fluctuations from the low-latitude to midlatitude ionosphere (ionospheric dynamo) dominated the ring current transport, rather than high-latitude or solar wind fluctuations. Much of the remaining deviation may arise from convective electric field transport of the E less than 30 keV particles. Since convection effects cannot be correctly treated with this azimuthally symmetric model, we defer treatment of the lowest-energy ions to a another paper. We give chi(exp 2) contours for the best fit, showing the dependence of the fit upon the internal/external spectral power of the predicted electric and magnetic field fluctuations.

Sheldon, R. B.↗