Natural Hydrogen: Basic Science, Exploration Guides, and Future Opportunities in the US and KSA
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Hasiuk, Franciszek Jozef↗
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The path to 2060: Saudi Arabia's long-term pathway for GHG emission reduction
Saudi Arabia, as part of its Saudi Green Initiative, has announced its goal to achieve net zero green-house gas emissions by 2060. This ambitious target underscores the nation's dedication to address-ing climate change. However, there is a significant gap in comprehensive analysis regarding the long-term effects of Saudi Arabia's climate policies and their collective contribution towards the net-zero objective. This study endeavors to bridge this gap through a detailed examination using the GCAM-KSA, a specialized version of the Global Change Analysis Model tailored for Saudi Arabia, employing a multi-sectoral methodology that integrates economic, energy, and land use systems within a coherent framework to assess the impact of climate policies on GHG emissions. Our anal-ysis reveals that reaching net-zero GHG emissions by 2060 is a complex challenge requiring con-certed efforts across all sectors of the economy. While transitioning to low-carbon electricity and improving energy efficiency offer considerable emission reductions, fully decarbonizing the indus-trial and transportation sectors poses a significant hurdle. Our findings suggest that Saudi Arabia must triple its emission reduction commitments in its next Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) update to align with its 2060 net-zero goal. Early action and increased ambition could avoid the chances of getting locked into the high emission assets and give enough time to transform the energy system. Furthermore, the adoption and integration of Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) tech-nologies are identified as crucial for offsetting residual emissions, especially in sectors that might continue to rely on fossil fuels.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Assessing the Impact of Energy Transition Initiatives on the Policy Cost of Saudi Arabia's Net-Zero Ambition
Saudi Arabia's ambitious goal to achieve a net-zero economy by 2060 offers a unique opportunity to diversify away from fossil fuels while fostering long-term economic resilience and sustainability. Crucial to this transition are energy policies that guide the Kingdom from a fossil fuel-based economy toward carbon neutrality. This study uses GCAM-KSA, a multi-sectoral integrated assessment model tailored to Saudi Arabia's economic and energy systems, to evaluate the impact of early energy transition initiatives on the policy costs of achieving the Kingdom's net-zero target. These initiatives include ongoing and proposed energy efficiency measures, renewable energy deployment, and fuel displacement targets. The study highlights that early implementation of these initiatives can significantly reduce barriers to adopting low-carbon technologies, ultimately lowering the economic burden of achieving the net-zero goal. Compared to a delayed implementation scenario, early action reduces long-term policy costs by 38–72% over the period from 2025 to 2060, driven by accelerated energy system transformation. These findings provide valuable insights into how Saudi Arabia's energy policies can mitigate economic challenges, promote economic diversification, and contribute to global emission reductions, reinforcing the Kingdom's transition to a sustainable net-zero economy.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Semi-Empirical Shadow Molecular Dynamics: A PyTorch Implementation
Here, extended Lagrangian Born–Oppenheimer molecular dynamics (XL-BOMD) in its most recent shadow potential energy version has been implemented in the semiempirical PyTorch-based software PySeQM. The implementation includes finite electronic temperatures, canonical density matrix perturbation theory, and an adaptive Krylov subspace approximation for the integration of the electronic equations of motion within the XL-BOMB approach (KSA-XL-BOMD). The PyTorch implementation leverages the use of GPU and machine learning hardware accelerators for the simulations. The new XL-BOMD formulation allows studying more challenging chemical systems with charge instabilities and low electronic energy gaps. The current public release of PySeQM continues our development of modular architecture for large-scale simulations employing semi-empirical quantum-mechanical treatment. Applied to molecular dynamics, simulation of 840 carbon atoms, one integration time step executes in 4 s on a single Nvidia RTX A6000 GPU.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Linear instabilities in the hot-ion regime in a high-field spherical tokamak
Abstract The present operating high-field compact spherical tokamak ST40 is an important step toward an ST-based fusion reactor (Gryaznevich and Asunta 2017 Fusion Eng. Des. 123 177; McNamara 2023 Nucl. Fusion 63 054002). Temperature and density profiles and their uncertainties in recent hot ion ST40 plasmas with central ion temperatures exceeding 8.6 keV, have been inferred using an integrated analysis of several diagnostics including line-of-sight integration and volume average measurements, as well as limited profile information from a charge-exchange-recombination spectrometer. A linear gyrokinetic stability analysis has been carried out to identify the most unstable micro-instabilities in these hot ion plasmas. In one of these plasmas, it is found that linear growth rates of both ion- and electron-scale ( k θ ρ s ⩾ 0.2 where k θ is the poloidal wavenumber and ρ s is the ion gyro-radius with sound speed) modes decrease from the edge toward the core of the plasma (i.e. from ρ = 0.8 to 0.3 where ρ is the square root of the normalized magnetic flux), while the change of linear growth rates at k θ ρ s < 0.2 is non-monotonic. In particular, at ρ = 0.3 no unstable mode was found at k θ ρ s > 5 , and about an order of magnitude reduction in the maximum linear growth rate in the ion-scale wavenumber range of 0.2 ⩽ k θ ρ s < 1 is seen at ρ = 0.3 compared with the ρ = 0.8 location. It is found through parametric scans that while the ion temperature gradient (ITG) mode/trapped electron mode (TEM) and kinetic ballooning mode (KBM)/kinetic shear Alfvén (KSA) mode are more important in the plasma core, ubiquitous mode (UM) is found to be the important ion-scale instability at ρ ⩾ 0.6 . At ρ = 0.8, two instabilities are found at the electron scale, with one being the typical electrostatic electron temperature gradient (ETG) mode at ρ e scale and beyond and the other being an unidentified low-real-frequency instability (at the intermediate scale between electron and ion gyroradii) which can propagate in the ion direction and is driven by ETG. The existence of UM at the ion scale and the low-real-frequency instability and ETG mode at the electron scale at ρ = 0.8 is supported by an extensive linear gyrokinetic stability analysis of another ST40 hot ion plasma in a wider parametric range, taking into account the uncertainties in the experimental profiles.
ubiquitous mode↗
Evaluation of aflatoxin contamination in protein-rich pulses using a GFP-expressing Aspergillus flavus strain
Background Mycotoxigenic fungi pose significant threats to food safety and marketability. Crop-specific differences in susceptibility to these fungi can influence contamination levels. Objectives The resistance or susceptibility of protein-rich pulse crops—chickpeas (Cicer arietinumL. cv. CDC Frontier), lentils (Lens culinarisMedik cv. Eston), peas (Pisum sativumL. cv. LeRoy), and corn (Zea maysL. cv. H97C) to infection byAspergillus flavuswere evaluated using a kernel screening assay (KSA). Methodology A. flavusstrain 70 (AF-70) expressing green-fluorescent protein (GFP) was used to quantify fungal spread and mycotoxin production. Fungal infection and toxin levels, including aflatoxins (AFB 1 , AFB 2 ), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), and α-aflatrem, were monitored at 2-day intervals over a 10-day period post inoculation. Results Although all seeds were infected byA. flavus, corn produced significantly higher levels of AFB 1 and AFB 2 compared to pulses. However, pulses accumulated relatively higher levels of CPA and α‑aflatrem. Conclusion While pulses may be less susceptible to aflatoxin contamination than corn, the elevated concentrations of CPA and α‑aflatrem underscore the need for further toxicological evaluation and mechanistic studies. Future research should explore the underlying resistance mechanisms from field to storage to better ensure crop safety.
Microbiology↗
Cyclic Thermal and Structural Testing of a Hot Particle Storage Bin
Thermal energy storage is a key element in concentrating solar energy systems. In 2017 a Roadmap toward a third-generation system that could meet the SunSHOT goals of 0.06 $/kWe recommended increasing temperatures to > 700° C for heat transfer media to in-crease thermal efficiencies and lower levelized costs of heat. In 2021, the U.S. Department of Energy selected the particle pathway, G3P3, to build a 1 MWt prototype solar tower with 6 MWh thermal energy storage at the NSTTF in Albuquerque, NM. Of the primary components, the falling particle receiver, and particle-to-sCO2 heat exchanger have been demonstrated at the 250 kWt capacity. The storage component is now being demonstrated as part of the G3P3-USA and G3P3-KSA pilot plants. Storage bin liner materials have been demonstrated by KSU in 2016 and 2019. A flowing particle storage container was demonstrated in 2020 by KSU. The testing presented in this work will be the first to test the particle to wall interactions with mono-lithic refractory insulation, and to validate a transient thermal transport model with the unique kinetics of bulk solids in funnel-flow where cooler particles near the walls flow inward toward a hot central flow channel. This work will also de-risk and characterize the specific design of the G3P3-USA storage bin.
Sment, Jeremy↗
Energy Auditor Job Task Analysis
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is contracted by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) to develop and maintain the resources under the Guidelines for Home Energy Professionals (GHEP) project. The purpose of the GHEP project is to increase the quality of work conducted for residential energy retrofits in the United States through the WAP network and other residential retrofit programs. The HEP certifications support WAP and the broader residential home performance industry through the credentialing process and development of defined JTAs for Energy Auditors (EA) and Quality Control Inspectors (QCI). This report outlines the most recent updates (2022) to the EA JTA.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Quality Control Inspector Job Task Analysis
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is contracted by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) to develop and maintain the resources under the Guidelines for Home Energy Professionals (GHEP) project. The purpose of the GHEP project is to increase the quality of work conducted for residential energy retrofits in the United States through the WAP network and other residential retrofit programs.
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Análisis de Tareas del Inspector de Control de Calidad [Quality Control Inspector Job Task Analysis (Spanish Translation)]
El Laboratorio Nacional de Energía Renovable (NREL) ha sido contratado por el Programa de Asistencia para la Climatización (WAP) del Departamento de Energía de EE.UU. (DOE) para desarrollar y mantener los recursos en el marco del proyecto de Directrices para Profesionales de la Energía Doméstica (GHEP). El objetivo del proyecto GHEP es aumentar la calidad del trabajo realizado para la remodelación energética residencial en Estados Unidos a través de WAP y otros programas de remodelación residencial. Para cumplir el objetivo de “Establecer certificaciones nacionales de la mano de obra y normas de formación”, el DOE encargó al NREL el desarrollo de recursos GHEP, incluido un conjunto de certificaciones avanzadas, basadas en aptitud, para el personal de los profesionales de la energía doméstica (HEP). Desde 2010, el NREL ha reclutado voluntarios expertos en la materia de WAP y de la industria del mantenimiento del hogar para que formen parte de comités que desarrollen y actualicen programas de certificación y sus análisis de tareas (JTA) necesarios como base de programas de certificación y formación estandarizados. Las certificaciones HEP apoyan al WAP y al sector del mantenimiento de viviendas residenciales en general mediante el proceso de acreditación y el desarrollo de JTA definidos para auditores energéticos (EA) e inspectores de control de calidad (QCI). Este informe es un resumen de las actualizaciones más recientes (2022) del JTA del QCI. [The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is contracted by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) to develop and maintain the resources under the Guidelines for Home Energy Professionals (GHEP) project. The purpose of the GHEP project is to increase the quality of work conducted for residential energy retrofits in the United States through the WAP network and other residential retrofit programs. This is the Spanish translation of NREL/TP-7A40-85789.]
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
Análisis de Tareas del Auditor Energético [Energy Auditor Job Task Analysis (Spanish Translation)]
El Laboratorio Nacional de Energía Renovable (NREL), bajo el contrato con el Programa de Asistencia para la Climatización (WAP) del Departamento de Energía de EE.UU. (DOE), desarrolla y mantiene los recursos en el marco del proyecto Directrices para Profesionales de la Energía Doméstica (GHEP). El objetivo del proyecto GHEP es aumentar la calidad del trabajo de remodelación energética residencial realizado por WAP y otros programas de remodelación residencial en Estados Unidos. Para cumplir el objetivo de “Establecer certificaciones nacionales de la mano de obra y normas de formación”, el DOE encargó al NREL el desarrollo de recursos GHEP, incluido un conjunto de certificaciones avanzadas, basadas en aptitud, para el personal de los profesionales de la energía doméstica (HEP). Desde 2010, el NREL ha reclutado voluntarios expertos en la materia de WAP y de la industria del mantenimiento del hogar para que formen parte de comités que desarrollen y actualicen programas de certificación y sus análisis de tareas (JTA) necesarios como base de programas de certificación y formación estandarizados. Las certificaciones HEP apoyan al WAP y al sector del mantenimiento de viviendas residenciales en general mediante el proceso de acreditación y el desarrollo de JTA definidos para auditores energéticos (EA) e inspectores de control de calidad (QCI). Este informe es un resumen de las actualizaciones más recientes (2022) del JTA del EA. [The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is contracted by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) to develop and maintain the resources under the Guidelines for Home Energy Professionals (GHEP) project. The purpose of the GHEP project is to increase the quality of work conducted for residential energy retrofits in the United States through the WAP network and other residential retrofit programs. This is the Spanish translation of NREL/TP-7A40-85300.]
29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗