Iterative coupling of flow, geomechanics and adaptive phase-field fracture including level-set crack width approaches
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Lee, Sanghyun (ORCID:0000000228523837)↗
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Energy spectrum of ideal quantum dots controlled by an external electric field
We have constructed a theoretical model describing the energy spectrum and autoionisation probability for an ideal quantum dot in the external DC and AC electric fields, free of using the delta-potential approximation and perturbation theory. The wave functions of the electron quasi-stationary states under these conditions are calculated. To this end, we have elaborated a new method for regularising the Gamov wave function used to calculate the complex electron energy, describing both the energy spectrum of the system and the probability of the state decay (autoionisation). The oscillations of the Stark shift and the energy level width due to the DC electric field are found. It is shown that these oscillations essentially affect the energy spectrum of the quantum dot and principally cannot be described within the frameworks of perturbative approaches. (paper)
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Establishment of Microbeam Radiation Therapy at a Small-Animal Irradiator
Microbeam radiation therapy is a preclinical concept in radiation oncology. It spares normal tissue more effectively than conventional radiation therapy at equal tumor control. The radiation field consists of peak regions with doses of several hundred gray, whereas doses between the peaks (valleys) are below the tissue tolerance level. Widths and distances of the beams are in the submillimeter range for microbeam radiation therapy. A similar alternative concept with beam widths and distances in the millimeter range is presented by minibeam radiation therapy. Although both methods were developed at large synchrotron facilities, compact alternative sources have been proposed recently.
62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
Electron-phonon interaction in three-barrier nanosystems as active elements of quantum cascade detectors
The theory of electron tunneling through an open nanostructure as an active element of a quantum cascade detector is developed, which takes into account the interaction of electrons with confined and interface phonons. Using the method of finite-temperature Green’s functions and the electron-phonon Hamiltonian in the representation of second quantization over all system variables, the temperature shifts and electron-level widths are calculated and the contributions of different electron-phonon-interaction mechanisms to renormalization of the spectral parameters are analyzed depending on the geometrical configuration of the nanosystem. Due to weak electron-phonon coupling in a GaAs/Al{sub 0.34}Ga{sub 0.66}As-based resonant tunneling nanostructure, the temperature shift and rf field absorption peak width are not very sensitive to the electron-phonon interaction and result from a decrease in potential barrier heights caused by a difference in the temperature dependences of the well and barrier band gaps.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Scaling in the quantum Hall regime of graphene Corbino devices
The scaling behavior of graphene devices in Corbino geometry was investigated through temperature dependent conductivity measurements under magnetic field. Evaluation of the Landau level width as a function of temperature yielded a relatively low temperature exponent of κ = 0.16 ± 0.05. Furthermore, an unusually large value close to 7.6 ± 0.9 was found for the universal scaling constant γ, while the determined inelastic scattering exponent of p = 2 is consistent with established scattering mechanisms in graphene. The deviation of the scaling parameters from values characteristic of conventional two-dimensional electron gases is attributed to an inhomogeneous charge carrier distribution in the Corbino devices. Direct evidence for the presence of the latter could be gained by spatially resolved photocurrent microscopy away from the charge neutrality point of the devices.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Validation of Geant4’s G4NRF module against nuclear resonance fluorescence data from 238 U and 27 Al
G4NRF (Jordan and Warren, 2007; Vavrek et al., 2018a,b) is a simulation module for modeling nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) interactions in the Geant4 framework (Allison et al., 2016). In this work, we validate G4NRF against both absolute and relative measurements of three NRF interactions near 2.2 MeV in 238 U and 27 Al using the transmission NRF data from the experiments described in Jayson et al. (2018). Agreement between the absolute NRF count rates observed in the data and predicted by extensive Geant4+G4NRF modeling validate the combined Geant4+G4NRF to approximately 15–20% in the 238 U NRF transitions and 10% in 27 Al, for an average 14% discrepancy across the entire study. The difference between simulation and experiment in relative NRF rates, as expressed as ratios of count rates in various NRF lines, is found at the level of ≲3%, and is statistically identical to zero. Finally, inverting the analysis, approximate values of the absolute level widths and branching ratios for 238 U and 27 Al are also obtained.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
A unified theory of quasibound states
We report a formalism for the study of quasibound states, defined here broadly as those states having a connectedness to true bound states through the variation of some physical parameter. The theory admits quasibound states with real energies (stationary quasibound states) and quantum resonances within the same framework, and makes a clean distinction between these states and those of the associated continuum. The approach taken here builds on our earlier work by clarifying several crucial points and extending the formalism to encompass a variety of continuous spectra, including those with degeneracies. The theory is illustrated by examining several cases pertinent to applications widely discussed in the literature. The related issue of observing stationary quasibound states also is addressed. We argue that the Adiabatic Theorem of quantum mechanics not only establishes the criteria necessary for their detection, but also engenders a method for assigning to them a level width that is sufficiently distinct from that of quantum resonances so as to allow the two to be differentiated experimentally.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Experimental Determination of 𝛼 Widths of 21 Ne Levels in the Region of Astrophysical Interest: New 17 O +𝛼 Reaction Rates and Impact on the Weak 𝑠 Process
The efficiency of the weak 𝑠 process in low-metallicity rotating massive stars depends strongly on the rates of the competing 17 O (𝛼,𝑛) 20 Ne and 17 O (𝛼,𝛾) 21 Ne reactions that determine the potency of the 16 O neutron poison. Their reaction rates are poorly known in the astrophysical energy range of interest for core helium burning in massive stars because of the lack of spectroscopic information (partial widths, spin parities) for the relevant states in the compound nucleus 21 Ne . In this Letter, we report on the first experimental determination of the 𝛼-particle spectroscopic factors and partial widths of these states using the 17 O ( 7 Li, 𝑡) 21 Ne 𝛼-transfer reaction. With these the 17 O (𝛼, 𝑛) 20 Ne and 17 O (𝛼, 𝛾) 21 Ne reaction rates were evaluated with uncertainties reduced by a factor more than 3 with respect to previous evaluations and the present 17 O (𝛼, 𝑛) 20 Ne reaction rate is more than 20 times larger. Finally, the present (𝛼, 𝑛)/(𝛼, 𝛾) rate ratio favors neutron recycling and suggests an enhancement of the weak 𝑠 process in the Zr-Nd region by more than 1.5 dex in metal-poor rotating massive stars.
direct reactions↗
Low energy scattering cross section ratios of N 14 ( p , p ) N 14
Background: The slowest reaction in the first CNO cycle is 14 N(p, γ) 15 O, therefore its rate determines the overall energy production efficiency of the entire cycle. The cross section presents several strong resonance contributions, especially for the ground-state transition. Some of the properties of the corresponding levels in the 15 O compound nucleus remain uncertain, which affects the uncertainty in extrapolating the capture cross section to the low energy range of astrophysical interest. Purpose: The 14 N (p, γ) 15 O cross section can be described by using the phenomenological R matrix. Over the energy range of interest, only the proton and γ-ray channels are open. Since resonance capture makes significant contributions to the 14 N (p, γ) 15 O cross section, resonant proton scattering data can be used to provide additional constraints on the R-matrix fit of the capture data. Methods: A 4 MV KN Van de Graaff accelerator was used to bombard protons onto a windowless gas target containing enriched 14 N gas over the proton energy range from E p =1.0 to 3.0 MeV. Scattered protons were detected at θ lab = 90,120°,135 °,150°, and 160° using ruggedized silicon detectors. In addition, a 10 MV FN Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator was used to accelerate protons onto a solid Adenine ( C 5 H 5 N 5 ) target, of natural isotopic abundance, evaporated onto a thin self-supporting carbon backing, over the energy range from E p = 1.8 to 4.0 MeV. Scattered protons were detected at 28 angles between θ lab = 30. 4° and 167. 7° by using silicon photodiode detectors. Results: Relative cross sections were extracted from both measurements. While the relative cross sections do not provide as much constraint as absolute measurements, they greatly reduce the dependence of the data on otherwise significant systematic uncertainties, which are more difficult to quantify. The data are fit simultaneously using an R-matrix analysis and level energies and proton widths are extracted. Even with relative measurements, the statistics and large angular coverage of the measurements result in more confident values for the energies and proton widths of several levels; in particular, the broad resonance at E c.m. = 2.21 MeV, which corresponds to the 3/2 + level at E x = 9.51 MeV in 15 O. In particular, the s - and d -wave angular-momentum channels are separated. Conclusion: The relative cross sections provide a consistent set of data that can be used to better constrain a full multichannel R-matrix extrapolation of the capture data. It has been demonstrated how the scattering data reduce the uncertainty through a preliminary Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis, but several other issues remain that make large contributions to the uncertainty, which must be addressed by further capture and lifetime measurements.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Laser system for secondary cooling of {sup 87}Sr atoms
A laser system with a narrow generation line for secondary laser cooling of {sup 87}Sr atoms has been developed and investigated. It is planned to use ultracold {sup 87}Sr atoms loaded in an optical lattice in an optical frequency standard. To this end, a 689-nm semiconductor laser has been stabilised using an external reference ultrastable cavity with vibrational and temperature compensation near the critical point. The lasing spectral width was 80 Hz (averaging time 40 ms), and the frequency drift was at a level of 0.3 Hz s{sup -1}. Comparison of two independent laser systems yielded a minimum Allan deviation: 2 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -14} for 300-s averaging. It is shown that this system satisfies all requirements necessary for secondary cooling of 87Sr atoms using the spectrally narrow {sup 1}S{sub 0} - {sup 3}P{sub 1} transition ({lambda} = 689 nm). (cooling of atoms)
74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
Ab initio simulation of the electronic structure of Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5} crystal modifications
Ab initio simulation of the electronic structure crystalline {beta} and {delta} phases of tantalum(V) oxide (Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5}), representing a promising dielectric material for microelectronics, has been carried out. Both ideal crystals and those with neutral oxygen vacancies in various coordination positions have been studied. The simulation has been performed using the density functional theory with hybrid functionals involving the Hartree-Fock exchange energy. This approach gives a correct description of the bandgap width: 4.1 eV for {beta}-Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5} and 3.1 eV for {delta}-Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5}. The energy levels related to oxygen vacancies in various positions have been determined for the spectra of electron states in {beta}- and {delta}-Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5} polymorphs. It is established that the presence of oxygen vacancies in Ta{sub 2}O{sub 5} crystal modifications leads to the formation of characteristic absorption peaks in their electron energy loss spectra.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Open quantum systems and random matrix theory
A simple model for open quantum systems is analyzed with RMT. The system is coupled to the continuum in a minimal way. In this paper we see the effect of opening the system on the level statistics, in particular the level spacing, width distribution and Δ{sub 3}(L) statistic are examined as a function of the strength of this coupling. The usual super-radiant state is observed, and it is seen that as it is formed, the level spacing and Δ{sub 3}(L) statistic exhibit the signatures of missed levels.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Electronic spectra of astrophysically interesting cations
The electronic spectra of polyacetylene cations were recorded at 20K in the laboratory in an ion trap instrument. These can then be compared with diffuse interstellar band (DIB) absorptions. Examination of recently published data shows that the attribution of a weak DIB at ∼506.9 nm to diacetylene cation is not justified. Study of the higher excited electronic states of polyacetylene cations shows that their widths can still be sufficiently narrow for consideration as DIB carriers.
74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
Differential two-body compound nuclear cross section, including the width-fluctuation corrections
We figure out the compound angular differential cross sections, following mainly Fröbrich and Lipperheide, but with the angular momentum couplings that make sense for optical model work. We include the width-fluctuation correction along with calculations.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
A reef in the sea of instability: Observation of a narrow state in {sup 15}F
The properties of the low lying states of {sup 15}F were studied by measuring the resonant elastic scattering of an {sup 14}O radioactive beam on protons. This experiment was performed at GANIL with a post-accelerated beam produced by the SPIRAL1 facility. We confirm the existence of a second excited state in {sup 15}F with a narrow width, which may seem particularly surprising for a state located above the Coulomb barrier.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Direct experimental measurement of SRS-induced spectral tilt in multichannel multispan communication systems
Nonlinear SRS-induced tilt of the spectrum of a multichannel DWDM signal is studied experimentally in standard singlemode fibreoptic communication lines. It is found that at a fixed spectral bandwidth and total power the nonlinear SRS tilt is independent of the number of channels, radiation source type, and the initial tilt (positive or negative). In a multispan line consisting of identical spans the total nonlinear tilt of the spectrum (in dB) is proportional to the number of spans, spectral width and total power. (optical fibres, lasers and amplifiers. properties and applications)
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Two-proton sequential decay from excited states of {sup 18}Ne
Two-proton radioactivity from {sup 18}Ne is discussed in terms of sequential decay. The widths for one-proton emission from excited states are calculated, which include spectroscopic factors, obtained from a Shell-model calculation with realistic interactions. The widths show that two-proton emission from the 1{sup -} state of {sup 18}Ne at 7.94 MeV, is most likely to go through sequential decay. The same mechanism is discussed for other excited states at higher energy.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗