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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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17 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Bench-Scale Apparatus for Rapid, Simultaneous, Comprehensive Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium and Kinetic Property Measurements to Advance CO 2 Capture Solvent Technology

We present here, the design, fabrication, and testing of a new "pressure, volume, temperature (PVT)" apparatus that enables rapid standardized testing for viscosity, vapor–liquid equilibria, and kinetics for water-lean carbon capture solvents. This unit is the first of its kind where equilibrium data are collected during operation as a PTx (pressure–temperature–composition) cell while kinetic data are collected simultaneously with an internal mini wetted-wall contactor (WWC) using controlled adjustments of CO 2 injections to allow for measurements of gas flux (in and out of the liquid). Additionally, in situ measurements of viscosity data are also continuously collected while a solvent is in circulation during gas absorption. This cell empowers comprehensive testing of critical CO 2 capture solvent properties in a single measurement, ensuring all data are collected at the same temperature, pressure, and CO 2 loading. This apparatus also expedites screening of materials since less than 50 mL of sample is needed as compared to 2–3 L needed to get similar data from a conventional WWC. In conclusion, we describe here the methodology of data collected on this new PVT cell, nicknamed “Gary” in honor of Professor Gary Rochelle, for multiple water-lean amine solvents, which we compare to data collected from conventional instrumentation for amine testing.

Zheng, Richard [STARS Technology Corporation, Rich↗
DOE OSTI2025

A conserved chaperone protein is required for the formation of a noncanonical type VI secretion system spike tip complex

Type VI secretion systems (T6SSs) are dynamic protein nanomachines found in Gram-negative bacteria that deliver toxic effector proteins into target cells in a contact-dependent manner. Prior to secretion, many T6SS effector proteins require chaperones and/or accessory proteins for proper loading onto the structural components of the T6SS apparatus. However, despite their established importance, the precise molecular function of several T6SS accessory protein families remains unclear. In this study, we set out to characterize the DUF2169 family of T6SS accessory proteins. Using gene co-occurrence analyses, we find that DUF2169-encoding genes strictly co-occur with genes encoding T6SS spike complexes formed by valine-glycine repeat protein G (VgrG) and DUF4150 domains. Although structurally similar to Pro-Ala-Ala-Arg (PAAR) domains, “PAAR-like” DUF4150 domains lack PAAR motifs and instead contain a conserved PIPY motif, leading us to designate them PIPY domains. Next, we present both genetic and biochemical evidence that PIPY domains require a cognate DUF2169 protein to form a functional T6SS spike complex with VgrG. This contrasts with canonical PAAR proteins, which bind VgrG on their own to form functional spike complexes. By solving the first crystal structure of a DUF2169 protein, we show that this T6SS accessory protein adopts a novel protein fold. Furthermore, biophysical and structural modeling data suggest that DUF2169 contains a dynamic loop that physically interacts with a hydrophobic patch on the surface of its cognate PIPY domain. Based on these findings, we propose a model whereby DUF2169 proteins function as molecular chaperones that maintain VgrG–PIPY spike complexes in a secretion-competent state prior to their export by the T6SS apparatus.

DUF2169↗
DOE OSTI2026

Development of a Chlorine Cathode and Anode Basket Assembly for Production of Uranium Chloride

A chlorine cathode has been developed for in situ chlorination of metals, oxides, and oxychlorides in molten chloride electrolytes that could be used to support synthesis of chloride fuel salts for molten salt reactors. The chlorine cathode is designed to electrochemically reduce chlorine gas to generate chloride ions that, when paired with a metal anode, chlorinate that metal as it is oxidized into the salt. The designed porous carbon electrode effectively distributes Cl 2 to the electrode surface and efficiently generates Clions in the molten chloride electrolyte. This report highlights recent improvements made to the electrode assembly, with a focus on operational control of the anode basket stability. Synthesis tests demonstrated the successful chlorination of uranium metal, resulting in 3.6 wt% uranium generated in the LiCl-KCl base salt in 45 minutes, performed in a bench-scale chlorination apparatus. Higher concentrations could be achieved by applying longer chlorination times or increasing the amount of uranium loaded in the anode basket. Overall, the chlorine cathode can be used with an appropriately designed anode to chlorinate uranium in situ for synthesis of molten salt reactor fuel salts.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Prototyping of a Rotary Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Power at Sea

Increasing at-sea power generation by Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG) energy harvesters towards the order of 1-Watt will create significant opportunities to power ocean observation buoys and distributed sensor nodes by extending mission time and increasing sensor payload. Of the many possible configurations of harvesting wave energy with TENGs, we document the rationale for choosing and developing a rotary TENG that operates by the freestanding mode. The rotary TENG prototype consists of two plates, a rotor and a stator, to take advantage of the various mechanisms of converting wave action into rotational motion. We have constructed a testing apparatus that allows us to vary several key parameters of the device: distance between rotor and stator, triboelectric material, rotational speed, number of electrodes and output load impedance. Preliminary results show that when driven at a constant 500 rpm, we can achieve a power density of 0.7 W/m3. A variable speed motor drives the rotor, which can be driven using a velocity profile informed by the equivalent to the output from a wave energy converter (WEC). The optimized rotational TENG can be stacked and driven by a single shaft, increasing the energy density of the device. The output of such a TENG could be used to power devices in the ocean at a low cost and high durability.

electrostatic generator↗
DOE OSTI2026

Progress Towards Synthesis of Uranium Chloride Fuel Salts Using Zinc Chloride

Reliable, scalable methods for producing high-purity actinide chloride salts are needed to support molten salt reactor fuel development and deployment. This report describes the continued development and demonstration of a bench-scale chlorination and purification apparatus using a zinc chloride-based method for synthesizing uranium chloride fuel salts. In this approach, uranium metal is chlorinated by ZnCl2 to produce LiCl-KCl-UCl3. Reaction with three aliquots of added uranium metal was used to generate a target uranium concentration of 30 wt %. While this concentration was chosen for initial testing of the apparatus and method, the final uranium concentration is not limited to 30 wt %. The zinc metal generated in the reaction forms an immiscible layer that was removed by volatilization at moderately high temperatures. Electrochemical measurements confirmed the removal of zinc and applied sensing methods indicated the uranium concentration to be approximately 25 wt %. These initial results demonstrate that the bench-scale chlorination apparatus is an effective platform for the synthesis and purification of uranium chloride salts using ZnCl2. This method shows promise for application to industry-relevant salt systems such as NaCl-UCl3. Further development is recommended to optimize reagent loading, zinc removal, and avoid possible U-Zn alloy formation.

Dulovic, Stephanie↗
DOE OSTI2026

Interfacial Adhesion Mechanism of Anionic Polyelectrolyte Brushes Induced by Oppositely Charged Macromolecular Counterions

Abstract Polyelectrolyte brushes are widely used as model systems for investigating electrostatic interactions at soft interfaces and to achieve exceptional lubrication properties. Previous studies have primarily focused on their behavior in the presence of multivalent counterions, which induce brush collapse, ionic crosslinking, and pronounced changes in interfacial structures. However, interactions between polyelectrolyte brushes and oppositely charged macromolecular counterions, such as polycations, remain poorly understood. Here, we prepare well-defined polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) brushes fabricated via surface-initiated grafting and employ surface forces apparatus measurements to investigate their interactions with oppositely charged polycations. In contrast to multivalent ions, polycations do not induce noticeable brush collapse, but instead generate significant adhesion between symmetric PSS brush layers. This adhesion increases with both contact time and applied load, eventually reaching a steady plateau, indicating that the interaction is governed not simply by electrostatic screening but by the gradual formation of polycation-mediated bridging under confinement. Furthermore, the introduction of monovalent Na+ ions disrupts the adhesive interaction even at very low concentrations, suggesting that the bridging function of the adsorbed polycation is highly sensitive to competitive ionic screening. In comparison, measurements with trivalent counterions reveal the expected brush collapse behavior but minimal dependence of adhesion on contact time, highlighting a clear mechanistic distinction from the polymeric counterion case. Collectively, these results demonstrate that molecular size, configurational restriction, and confinement-induced rearrangement, rather than charge valency alone, govern the interaction behavior of macromolecular counterions at brush interfaces. This work provides new insight into the molecular origins of adhesion and the regulation of interfacial interactions in charged polymer brush systems.

Park, Jinwoo [Argonne National Laboratory , , , ,;↗
DOE OSTI2024

Geophysical Signatures of Crack Network Coalescence in Rocks at Multiple Length Scales

The main goal of the research project was to identify the geophysical signatures of fracture growth in natural rocks by utilizing novel geophysical techniques. The research objectives were to (a) investigate the potential for geophysical methods to determine when cracks initiate, the types and locations of propagated cracks, and the coalescence of networks of cracks in natural rocks at multiple scales, (b) determine how damage at the microscale evolved into damage at the macroscale and then link the microscopic and macroscopic observations, (c) quantify crack coalescence in rocks under realistic stress conditions using coupled mechanical-geophysical-optical visualization, and (d) identify the precursors in geophysical signals to crack coalescence. The following research thrusts were explored to achieve the research objectives: (1) uniaxial compression testing of rock specimens with and without a set of pre‐existing flaws and (2) triaxial compression testing of natural rock specimens. These thrusts allowed for exploring fracturing in rocks under realistic in situ environments and at multiple scales. This project provided educational opportunities for nine graduate and undergraduate students and resulted in 27 peer-reviewed publications. This first research thrust focused on investigating the micromechanics of fractures in rocks through uniaxial compression testing combined with advanced geophysical and imaging techniques, specifically acoustic emission (AE) monitoring, ultrasonic imaging, and 2-dimensional Digital Image Correlation (2D-DIC). By examining damage processes under time-independent and time-dependent loading conditions, insights into damage localization, crack initiation, and fracturing mechanisms were gained. It was observed that the AE signals and the strain-based measurements directly reflect the state of damage in the rock specimen and could be used to identify the cracking levels, such as the crack initiation (CI) and crack damage (CD), and the mode of deformation. A novel calibration apparatus was developed to enhance the accuracy of AE sensors, allowing for the estimation of key parameters such as magnitude, source dimension, stress drop, and radiated seismic energy associated with the fractures. The findings highlighted significant variations in the temporal evolution of AE source parameters during the primary, secondary, and tertiary stages of creep, identifying tensile cracking as the primary deformation mode. The second research thrust focused on enhancing the understanding of fracturing processes in natural rocks through triaxial compression testing, real-time AE monitoring, and ultrasonic monitoring. We investigated the impact of various factors such as fracture propagation regimes, injection parameters, rock types, and pre-existing conditions on the hydraulic fracture (HF) behavior using scaled true-triaxially loaded specimens of Barre granite and Lyons sandstone. Custom sensor housing facilitated concurrent active and passive monitoring to analyze hydro-mechanical responses and microseismicity associated with different HF scenarios. A coupled investigation of passive microseismicity and active signal attributes permitted a detailed comprehension of the various HF processes (aseismic deformation, fracture initiation and propagation, fluid permeation, and leak-off) and their dependence on the specific rock type. The findings of this research demonstrated the effectiveness of AE monitoring techniques in providing valuable insights into the impact of various factors on the behavior and dynamics of HF processes. The advancements in monitoring techniques, offering a more thorough and precise approach, represent a significant step towards optimizing HF practices and ensuring sustainable resource extraction.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Guarded Hot Cylinder Apparatus for Characterization of Thermal Insulation Systems and Materials at Liquid Hydrogen Temperatures

As interest in liquid hydrogen (LH2) continues to grow within the energy and mobility sectors, so does the demand for testing capabilities at deep cryogenics temperatures. However, cost-, complexity-, and safety-related challenges associated with handling LH2 effectively limit the landscape of possible options. As an alternative, LH2 temperatures can be accessed via a helium-based cryogenic refrigerator, or “cryocooler”. Recently, NASA and its partners CB&I and Shell began the development of a cryocooler-based calorimeter to characterize the thermal performance of insulations and other materials down to 20 K. Deemed the Guarded Hot Cylinder (GHC), the apparatus utilizes a small vacuum chamber in conjunction with a GM cryocooler and trim heater to control the cold boundary temperature. A sealed, cylindrical copper cup bolts to the cryocooler and houses the material specimen, with an internal, cylindrical test heater assembly to maintain the warm boundary. The steady-state heat load, traveling radially through the specimen, is measured via the electrical input power to the test heater and then used to evaluate the material’s absolute thermal performance. Initial checkout and validation of the GHC using a common bulk-fill insulation material showed close agreement with published data from standardized LN2 boiloff calorimetry testing. The instrument is now considered a lab standard, with the goal of incorporating it into the ASTM C1774 standard in the future, and it is in continuous use, examining insulation materials for next-generation LH2 applications.

Swanger, Adam (ORCID:000000021487592X)↗
DOE OSTI2026

Design and Commissioning of a Deuterium-Tritium Gas Delivery System for Muon Catalyzed Fusion in a Diamond Anvil Cell

We report the design, commissioning, and operation of deuterium-deuterium (DD) and deuterium-tritium (DT) gas delivery systems developed to load a diamond anvil cell (DAC) beam target for muon-catalyzed fusion (muCF). The DAC approach enables DT fuel to be compressed to GPa pressures at more than twice the liquid density and heated from cryogenic temperatures through 500 K, opening access to a substantially expanded parameter range for muCF kinetics and yield measurements. In this approach, DT is cryo-condensed to a liquid in a minichamber and then compressed in the DAC using a helium-driven pneumatic membrane, achieving high pressures in a millimeter-scale DT sample volume. A DD gas delivery system was designed and used to validate the experimental apparatus, measure the gas quantities needed for filling, develop operational experience, and collect kinetics and yield data with DD targets. The DT gas delivery system adds tritium-specific capabilities for inventory minimization, secondary containment, and activity monitoring. The DT system integrates depleted uranium storage beds and a liquid helium cryogenic condenser used for pressure building and cryopumping. High-purity delivery is provided by a rapid-response palladium permeator. The system is housed in a helium-atmosphere glovebox held at negative pressure with continuous cleanup. We present the process and instrumentation design, a failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), and data from the experiment's in situ Raman spectrometer, which provides direct confirmation of target loading and composition through the optically clear diamond anvils. The 2024 and 2025 DT campaigns achieved repeatable target fills and operation with no measurable tritium releases to the stack, demonstrating safe, high-purity DT loading at novel density-temperature conditions for muCF studies.

Koukina, Elena [Acceleron Fusion]↗
DOE OSTI2026

The MuFusE large-volume diamond anvil cell for exploring muon-catalyzed fusion at higher pressures and temperatures

A new large-volume diamond anvil cell (DAC) has been developed for the Muon-catalyzed Fusion (μCF) Experiment (MuFusE), enabling the compression and heating of deuterium–tritium (d–t) mixtures to pressures and temperatures needed to advance μCF research. The MuFusE DAC achieves the large sample volumes necessary for high-precision fusion measurements while integrating cryogenic loading, all-metal sealing, and flexible bellows to maintain a secure environment during cell compression. Combined with remote pneumatic actuation and secondary containment, the DAC safely managed a 25 Ci tritium inventory while providing a clear optical path for in situ measurements of sample pressure and composition via laser spectroscopy. Utilizing 5 mm diameter diamond anvils oriented in the path of a high-intensity muon beam, the apparatus achieved a stable sample volume of 19.2 mm 3 at liquid density, pressures up to 933 MPa and temperatures up to 400 K—benchmarks that significantly exceed previously reported limits for static d–t targets.

Kalow, J. D. [Acceleron Fusion, Inc., Cambridge, M↗
DOE OSTI2025

Nanoparticle-mediated antagonism of sustained endosomal signaling of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor provides enhanced and persistent relief of oral cancer pain

By improving the delivery and tumor retention of chemotherapeutics, nanomedicines hold potential for cancer treatment. The usefulness of nanoparticle (NP)-encapsulated analgesics for the cancer pain treatment is comparatively unexplored. We investigated whether NPs encapsulating olcegepant (OCP), an antagonist of the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) for the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), effectively relieved oral cancer pain in mice. Because persistent endosomal CLR signaling in Schwann cells mediates craniofacial pain, we reasoned that the predisposition of NPs to accumulate in endosomes could be leveraged to effectively relieve oral cancer pain. By expressing biosensors for activated CLR, Gα proteins and β-arrestins in HEK293T and Schwann cells, we found that CGRP activates CLR signaling first at the plasma membrane and then in early, late and recycling endosomes and the cis- and trans-Golgi apparatus. We synthesized biocompatible NPs encapsulating OCP and fluorophores by integrating hydrophobic ion pairing nanoformulation with Flash NanoPrecipitation. NPs slowly released OCP and accumulated in early endosomes, leading to sustained inhibition of endosomal CLR signaling in HEK293T and Schwann cells. Oral cancers were established in mice, which led to heightened pain-like responses. After intra-tumoral injection, NPs were retained in tumors for at least one week. OCP-loaded NPs almost completely reversed allodynia and hyperalgesia for a prolonged period, whereas unencapsulated OCP had small and transient effects. The NP accumulation in endosomal sites of pain signaling, the sustained release of antagonist, and the retention of NPs in tumors explain their beneficial actions. Thus, NP-encapsulation holds promise for the relief of painful cancers that are inadequately treated by opioids.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide↗
DOE OSTI2025

Mechanical response of HFIR-irradiated M5FRAMATOME cladding under simple and complex loading conditions

This study investigates the mechanical behavior of High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) irradiated M5FRAMATOME cladding under simple and complex loading conditions through axial tensile and reversible cyclic bending. Axial tension specimens were pre-machined prior to HFIR irradiation while cyclic bend specimens were inserted as intact tubes. Tests articles were neutron-irradiated to 4 and 16 dpa, and specimens were tested at ORNL's hotcell facilities. The axial tension tests were conducted under constant displacement control, and the reversible cyclic bend tests were performed using ORNL's Cyclic Integrated Reversible-Bending Fatigue Tester (CIRFT) apparatus. Results showed that mechanical response of Cr-coated and uncoated M5FRAMATOME cladding were similar and independent of irradiation dose for axial tension tests, while Cr-coated specimens’ reversible cyclic bend behavior differed from uncoated counterparts. For all tests, irradiation temperature showed a significant impact on the mechanical behavior. Below 280°C, all axial tensile specimens whether coated or not behaved similarly. Above 280°C, YS and UTS showed decrease with increasing irradiation temperature. A similar behavior was also observed in cyclic bend tests as well. The mechanical damage during cyclic bend tests was linked to damage accumulation in unirradiated Cr-coated zircaloy-4 specimens, and the effect of irradiation temperature was related to changing characteristics of defect mobility during high temperature irradiation.

Cinbiz, Nedim [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000346268515)↗
DOE OSTI2026

Gear Test Assembly - Experimental Testing and Analysis of Gears and Bearings - FY2026

The Gear Test Assembly (GTA) is an experimental test apparatus built and installed in the Mechanisms and Engineering Test Loop (METL) at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). While designed to accommodate a variety of components intended for use in advanced compact in-vessel transfer machine, the focus of GTA been the testing of large radial spur gears. The performance of the components used in GTA motivates the choices made in the design, components, and material choices for the forthcoming METL test articles; the Gripper Test Assembly (GrTA), and the Bearing Test Assembly (BTA). To date, GTA has completed nine experimental testing campaigns and achieved over 21 million revolutions under prototypic sodium fast reactor loads and operating conditions. This report provides an overview and results for the two most recent experiments Campaign #8 and Campaign #9. `Campaign #8 was the first campaign to make use of a set of nickel alloy radial spur gears, made from Hastelloy C-22HS, and combined with heat-treated tapered roller bearings. The bearings and torque profile used allowed Campaign #8 to be directly compared with Campaign #1 where Inconel 718 gears were used instead. Campaign #8 attained 1,058,880 shaft revolutions within 23% of the 1,314,855 revolutions achieved in Campaign #1. These results demonstrate that the heat-treated tapered roller bearings show consistent increased lifetimes, approximately three times longer than for non heat-treated taper rollers, and that the particular material of the gear does not play a substantial role in performance. Similar to Campaign #7 where bearing failure resulted in fragmentation and transport of bearing material into the gear teeth led to tooth damage in the Inconel gears, a similar process led to the damage of the Hastelloy gears. Subsequent NDE analysis showed that the damage was only limited to the tooth surface and does not extend into the gear interiors. Based on the NDE reports, the Hastelloy gears can be reconditioned and put back into service for future campaigns as was done for the Inconel gears. Reconditioned Inconel 718 gears damaged in Campaign #7 were returned to service in Campaign #9 and paired with non heat-treated tapered roller bearings. In Campaign #9 a novel set of operating conditions were implemented whereby the gears and bearings were cycled between hot, submerged refueling conditions where fuel handling operations occurred and cold, dry, and inert conditions where the sodium was drained and the vessel was allowed to cool simulating long, ex-vessel storage of the fuel handling machine. A total of eight of these operating cycles were achieved before a bearing failure occurred after the accumulation of 475,692 shaft revolutions were achieved. During Campaign #9, one of the drive motors was damaged and over the course of a 240 day standby period, the entire GTA drive system was upgraded from a 480VAC system to a 240VAC system that provided the opportunity to consolidate wall-space in the METL facility and provide more space for additional test articles being installed in the coming year. The over 475,000 shaft revolutions achieved in Campaign #9 eclipses the previous record for lifetime of non heat-treated tapered roller bearings held by Campaign #3 of 392,000 shaft revolutions. Further analysis and future campaigns hope to shed light on the cause of this approximately 17% increase in lifetime.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Shear Band Formation in Thin-Film Multilayer Columns Under Compressive Loading: A Mechanistic Study

Micro-pillar compression is a popular experimental technique used for characterizing the mechanical behavior of nano- and micro-laminates. The compressive stress–strain response of the column-shaped thin-film composite can be measured, and the deformation and damage features can be revealed by post-test cross-section microscopy. The development of plastic instability in the form of localized strain concentration (shear bands), leading to eventual failure, is frequently observed. In the present study, a computational approach is used to illustrate the commonality of shear band formation from a continuum standpoint. Systematic finite element analyses are conducted, showing that the strain field tends to become localized once plastic yielding commences. Distinct shear offsets of the layered structure can be revealed from the numerical model, which is similar to those observed in experiments. The actual appearance of shear bands depends on the materials’ constitutive behavior and precise geometries. Post-yield strain hardening reduces the propensity of shear band formation, while strain softening enhances it. Imperfections such as the undulated layer geometry, as well as the frictional characteristics between the specimen and test apparatus, can also influence the shear band morphology and overall stress–strain response.

finite element modeling↗
DOE OSTI2026

Investigation of nonlinear mechanical behavior of two superfine-grained graphites with DIC assisted disc splitting test

Using standardized uniaxial tensile test specimens is not practical due to the limited volumes in irradiation capsules, molten salt degradation facilities, or oxidation apparatus. The ASTM International Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength Estimate by Disc Compression of Manufactured Graphite (ASTM D8289) was developed to provide a convenient way for estimating tensile strength. Unlike the traditional uniaxial tensile test in ASTM C749 (International Standard Test Method for Tensile Stress–Strain of Carbon and Graphite), which uses dog-bone shaped specimens larger than 12.95 mm × 120.65 mm, the ASTM D8289 standard uses smaller discs with diameters of 6–12.7 mm. A digital image correlation (DIC) system, which uses a full-field noncontact surface displacement measurement technique, was applied along with the ASTM D8289 disc splitting test on IG-110 samples and compared with previous measurements from Mersen 2114 samples. Results confirmed that the DIC technique can measure the surface displacement/strain on these small (Ø6 mm × 3 mm) graphite specimens with good repeatability. However, Mersen 2114 and IG-110 samples exhibited strain discrepancies when DIC measurements were compared with analytical and finite element simulation values. The loading history and strain results also indicated different mechanical behaviors between Mersen 2114 and IG-110, particularly the nonlinear behavior of the IG-110 samples. Good agreement was observed by comparing the splitting tensile strengths of two superfine-grained grades with results from other work. The specimen size effect is discussed when comparing the splitting tensile strength with corresponding uniaxial tensile strength of these two graphite grades.

Lin, Lianshan [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000203399219)↗
DOE OSTI2025

IM3 Projected US Data Center Locations

IM3 Projected US Data Center Locations This dataset contains model projections of new data center facilities in the contiguous United States (CONUS) through 2035 using the CERF – Data Centers model. Data center locations are modeled across four data center electricity demand growth scenarios (low, moderate, high, higher) and five market gravity scenarios (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%). Projected locations are intended to be regional representations of feasible siting locations in the future to assess potential grid and water stress impacts. The data center load growth scenarios correspond with the rates outlined in EPRI (2024) and include 3.71%, 5%, 10%, and 15% annual growth of electricity demand for data centers from 2023 values in 37 states across the CONUS. Market gravity scenarios correspond to the relative importance of proximity to data center markets or high population areas compared to locational cost in the siting algorithm. 0% market gravity means that siting decisions were entirely determined by the locational cost in each feasible location. 100% market gravity means that only market proximity was considered when siting. Other scenarios have weight placed on both components where total weight always equals 100%. Locational cost is dependent on facility cooling type and corresponding electricity cost, taxes, and other factors. Facility cooling type is spatially determined where high water stress and/or areas with high summer wet bulb temperatures are assumed to operate with mechanical cooling for a higher fraction of the year rather than evaporative cooling. Feasible data center siting areas are based on geospatial suitability raster data developed with open-source information. The following areas are excluded from siting: Areas within 300 m of a federal airport runway Waterbodies Areas with slope >16% Areas susceptible to sinkholes High coastal or inland flood risk areas Local, state, and federal parks, leisure areas, and cemeteries Areas >2 km away from electric substations Areas >5 km away from a municipal water supplier service area Areas >2 km away from high-speed fiber provider service territory Protected Areas Database of the United States (PAD-US) areas Railroads, major roadways, and minor roadways Military areas and training grounds NLCD developed lands Areas >0.8 km (0.5 miles) from NLCD developed lands Because we use open-source information, proprietary information that can influence siting decisions such as individual tax agreements with cities, detailed fiber line connectivity, electric grid power capacity agreements, and others, are not currently accounted for in the modeling process. Using specific building locations and footprints in the dataset for local planning purposes is not advised. Technical Information Geospatial data is provided in geojson format using the Albers Equal Area Conic (ESRI:102003) coordinate reference system. The datasets contain the following parameters: id - unique identification number within given scenario file growth_scenario – data center demand growth scenario market_gravity_weight – market gravity weight scenario (%) region – name of region (i.e., US State) total_cost_million_usd – locational siting cost ($million) campus_size_square_ft – total land acquired for data center facility (square ft) data_center_it_power_mw – IT power of data center facility (MW) mechanical_cooling_frac – fraction of year when data center uses mechanical cooling system water_cooling_frac– fraction of year when data center uses evaporative cooling system cooling_energy_demand_mwh – total annual facility energy demand for cooling (MWh) cooling_water_demand_mgy – total annual facility water demand for cooling (MG) cooling_water_consumption_mgy – total annual facility water consumed (MG) normalized_locational_cost – normalized total locational cost score for location normalized_gravity_score – normalized market gravity score for location weighted_siting_score – total weighted siting score of locational cost and gravity score geometry – polygon geometry of facility Acknowledgment IM3 is a multi-institutional effort led by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science as part of research in MultiSector Dynamics, Earth and Environmental Systems Modeling Program. License This data is made available under a CCBY4.0 License Disclaimer This material was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor the United States Department of Energy, nor the Contractor, nor any or their employees, nor any jurisdiction or organization that has cooperated in the development of these materials, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness or any information, apparatus, product, software, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or Battelle Memorial Institute. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORYoperated byBATTELLEfor theUNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYunder Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830

Mongird, Kendall (ORCID:0000000328077088)↗
DOE OSTI2026

IM3 Projected US Data Center Locations

IM3 Projected US Data Center Locations This dataset contains model projections of new data center facilities in the contiguous United States (CONUS) through 2035 using the CERF – Data Centers model. Data center locations are modeled across four data center electricity demand growth scenarios (low, moderate, high, higher) and five market gravity scenarios (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%). Projected locations are intended to be regional representations of feasible siting locations in the future to assess potential grid and water stress impacts. The data center load growth scenarios correspond with the rates outlined in EPRI (2024) and include 3.71%, 5%, 10%, and 15% annual growth of electricity demand for data centers from 2023 values in 37 states across the CONUS. Market gravity scenarios correspond to the relative importance of proximity to data center markets or high population areas compared to locational cost in the siting algorithm. 0% market gravity means that siting decisions were entirely determined by the locational cost in each feasible location. 100% market gravity means that only market proximity was considered when siting. Other scenarios have weight placed on both components where total weight always equals 100%. Locational cost is dependent on facility cooling type and corresponding electricity cost, taxes, and other factors. Facility cooling type is spatially determined where high water stress and/or areas with high summer wet bulb temperatures are assumed to operate with mechanical cooling for a higher fraction of the year rather than evaporative cooling. Feasible data center siting areas are based on geospatial suitability raster data developed with open-source information. The following areas are excluded from siting: Areas within 300 m of a federal airport runway or within an airport area boundary Waterbodies Areas with slope >16% Areas susceptible to sinkholes High coastal or inland flood risk areas Local, state, and federal parks, leisure areas, and cemeteries Areas >2 km away from electric substations Areas >5 km away from a municipal water supplier service area Areas >2 km away from high-speed fiber provider service territory USGS Protected Areas Database of the United States (PAD-US) GAP status 1, 2, or 3 areas US National Parks Wetlands USFWS critical habitats BIA land areas Railroads, major roadways, and minor roadways Military areas and training grounds NLCD developed lands Areas >0.8 km (0.5 miles) from NLCD developed lands Because we use open-source information, proprietary information that can influence siting decisions such as individual tax agreements with cities, detailed fiber line connectivity, electric grid power capacity agreements, and others, are not currently accounted for in the modeling process. Using specific building locations and footprints in the dataset for local planning purposes is not advised. Technical Information Geospatial data is provided in geojson format using the Albers Equal Area Conic (ESRI:102003) coordinate reference system. The datasets contain the following parameters: id - unique identification number within given scenario file growth_scenario – data center demand growth scenario market_gravity_weight – market gravity weight scenario (%) region – name of region (i.e., US State) total_cost_million_usd – locational siting cost ($million) campus_size_square_ft – total land acquired for data center facility (square ft) data_center_it_power_mw – IT power of data center facility (MW) mechanical_cooling_frac – fraction of year when data center uses mechanical cooling system water_cooling_frac– fraction of year when data center uses evaporative cooling system cooling_energy_demand_mwh – total annual facility energy demand for cooling (MWh) cooling_water_demand_mgy – total annual facility water demand for cooling (MG) cooling_water_consumption_mgy – total annual facility water consumed (MG) normalized_locational_cost – normalized total locational cost score for location normalized_gravity_score – normalized market gravity score for location weighted_siting_score – total weighted siting score of locational cost and gravity score geometry – polygon geometry of facility Acknowledgment IM3 is a multi-institutional effort led by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and supported by the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science as part of research in MultiSector Dynamics, Earth and Environmental Systems Modeling Program. License This data is made available under a CCBY4.0 License Disclaimer This material was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor the United States Department of Energy, nor the Contractor, nor any or their employees, nor any jurisdiction or organization that has cooperated in the development of these materials, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness or any information, apparatus, product, software, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof, or Battelle Memorial Institute. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATIONAL LABORATORYoperated byBATTELLEfor theUNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGYunder Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830

Mongird, Kendall (ORCID:0000000328077088)↗