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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2012

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 92

Nuclear structure and decay data pertaining to all nuclides with mass number A = 92 (As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd) have been compiled and evaluated, and incorporated into the ENSDF data file. All literature available by 15 September 2012 has been considered. This evaluation supersedes the previous publication for this mass chain (Coral M. Baglin, Nuclear Data Sheets 91, 423 (2000) (November 2000 cutoff date)), and subsequent unpublished reevaluations by C.M. Baglin for {sup 92}Kr (January 2004 literature cut-off) and {sup 92}Sr (August 2003 literature cut-off).

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

SUPERNOVA NEUTRINO NUCLEOSYNTHESIS OF THE RADIOACTIVE {sup 92}Nb OBSERVED IN PRIMITIVE METEORITES

The isotope {sup 92}Nb decays to {sup 92}Zr with a half-life of 3.47 × 10{sup 7} yr. Although this isotope does not exist in the current solar system, initial abundance ratios for {sup 92}Nb/{sup 93}Nb at the time of solar system formation have been measured in primitive meteorites. The astrophysical origin of this material, however, has remained unknown. In this Letter, we present new calculations which demonstrate a novel origin for {sup 92}Nb via neutrino-induced reactions in core-collapse supernovae (ν-process). Our calculated result shows that the observed ratio of {sup 92}Nb/{sup 93}Nb ∼ 10{sup –5} can be explained by the ν-process.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Neutrino-induced nucleosynthesis in supernovae

The neutrino-induced reactions in supernova explosions produce some rare odd-odd nuclides. We have made a new time-dependent calculation of the supernova production ratio of the long-lived isomeric state of {sup 180}Ta. This time-dependent solution is crucial for understanding the production and survival of this isotope. We find that the explicit time evolution of the synthesis of {sup 180}Ta using the available nuclear data avoids the overproduction relative to {sup 138}La for a {nu}-process neutrino temperature of 4 MeV. An unstable isotope {sup 92}Nb decays to {sup 92}Zr with a half-life of 3.47 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 7} years. We have proposed the {nu}-process origin for {sup 92}Nb. We calculate key neutrino-induced reactions and supernova {nu}-process. Our calculated result shows that the abundance of {sup 92}Nb can be explained by the {nu}-process.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Radiogenic p-isotopes from type Ia supernova, nuclear physics uncertainties, and galactic chemical evolution compared with values in primitive meteorites

The nucleosynthesis of proton-rich isotopes is calculated for multi-dimensional Chandrasekhar-mass models of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) with different metallicities. The predicted abundances of the short-lived radioactive isotopes {sup 92}Nb, {sup 97,} {sup 98}Tc, and {sup 146}Sm are given in this framework. The abundance seeds are obtained by calculating s-process nucleosynthesis in the material accreted onto a carbon-oxygen white dwarf from a binary companion. A fine grid of s-seeds at different metallicities and {sup 13}C-pocket efficiencies is considered. A galactic chemical evolution model is used to predict the contribution of SN Ia to the solar system p-nuclei composition measured in meteorites. Nuclear physics uncertainties are critical to determine the role of SNe Ia in the production of {sup 92}Nb and {sup 146}Sm. We find that, if standard Chandrasekhar-mass SNe Ia are at least 50% of all SN Ia, they are strong candidates for reproducing the radiogenic p-process signature observed in meteorites.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Cosmological and supernova neutrinos

The Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) and the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies are the pillars of modern cosmology. It has recently been suggested that axion which is a dark matter candidate in the framework of the standard model could condensate in the early universe and induce photon cooling before the epoch of the photon last scattering. Although this may render a solution to the overproduction problem of primordial {sup 7}Li abundance, there arises another serious difficulty of overproducing D abundance. We propose a hybrid dark matter model with both axions and relic supersymmetric (SUSY) particles to solve both overproduction problems of the primordial D and {sup 7}Li abundances simultaneously. The BBN also serves to constrain the nature of neutrinos. Considering non-thermal photons produced in the decay of the heavy sterile neutrinos due to the magnetic moment, we explore the cosmological constraint on the strength of neutrino magnetic moment consistent with the observed light element abundances. Core-collapse supernovae eject huge flux of energetic neutrinos which affect explosive nucleosynthesis of rare isotopes like {sup 7}Li, {sup 11}B, {sup 92}Nb, {sup 138}La and {sup 180}Ta and r-process elements. Several isotopes depend strongly on the neutrino flavor oscillation due to the Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein (MSW) effect. Combining the recent experimental constraints on θ{sub 13} with predicted and observed supernova-produced abundance ratio {sup 11}B/{sup 7}Li encapsulated in the presolar grains from the Murchison meteorite, we show a marginal preference for an inverted neutrino mass hierarchy. We also discuss supernova relic neutrinos (SRN) that may indicate the softness of the equation of state (EoS) of nuclear matter and adiabatic conditions of the neutrino oscillation.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Supernova constraints on neutrino oscillation and EoS for proto-neutron star

Core-collapse supernovae eject huge amount of flux of energetic neutrinos which affect explosive nucleosynthesis of rare isotopes like {sup 7}Li, {sup 11}B, {sup 92}Nb, {sup 138}La and Ta and r-process elements. Several isotopes depend strongly on the neutrino flavor oscillation due to the Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein (MSW) effect. We here discuss how to determine the neutrino temperatures and propose a method to determine still unknown neutrino oscillation parameters, mass hierarchy and θ{sub 13}, simultaneously. Combining the recent experimental constraints on θ{sub 13} with isotopic ratios of the light elements discovered in presolar grains from the Murchison meteorite, we show that our method suggests at a marginal preference for an inverted neutrino mass hierarchy. We also discuss supernova relic neutrinos that may indicate the softness of the equation of state (EoS) of nuclear matter as well as adiabatic conditions of the neutrino oscillation.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Supernova neutrinos and explosive nucleosynthesis

Core-collapse supernovae eject huge amount of flux of energetic neutrinos. We studied the explosive nucleosyn-thesis in supernovae and found that several isotopes {sup 7}Li, {sup 11}B, {sup 92}Nb, {sup 138}La and {sup 180}Ta as well as r-process nuclei are affected by the neutrino interactions. The abundance of these isotopes therefore depends strongly on the neutrino flavor oscillation due to the Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein (MSW) effect. We discuss first how to determine the neutrino temperatures in order to explain the observed solar system abundances of these isotopes, combined with Galactic chemical evolution of the light nuclei and the heavy r-process elements. We then study the effects of neutrino oscillation on their abundances, and propose a novel method to determine the still unknown neutrino oscillation parameters, mass hierarchy and θ{sub 13}, simultaneously. There is recent evidence that SiC X grains from the Murchison meteorite may contain supernova-produced light elements {sup 11}B and {sup 7}Li encapsulated in the presolar grains. Combining the recent experimental constraints on θ{sub 13}, we show that our method sug-gests at a marginal preference for an inverted neutrino mass hierarchy. Finally, we discuss supernova relic neutrinos that may indicate the softness of the equation of state (EoS) of nuclear matter as well as adiabatic conditions of the neutrino oscillation.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Structure and reactive properties of Nb-impregnated two-dimensional pillared MWW zeolites for total oxidation of volatile organic compounds

In this work, the structure and reactive properties of niobium (Nb)-impregnated MWW-type materials were evaluated for gas-phase total oxidation of volatile organic compounds, including BTX (benzene, toluene and o -xylene). The role of the type of structure (two or three-dimensional) and the loading of Nb were considered. The results indicated most Nb species with a tetrahedral coordination on the external surfaces of both two- and three-dimensional zeolites, together with a minimal contribution of octahedral extra-framework Nb 2 O 5 species. The texture and Nb content played a key role in the gas-phase total oxidation of BTX. With the same Nb content (5 wt%), the pillared zeolite exhibited a higher specific surface, larger pore volume and mesopores between the MWW nanosheets when compared to the MCM-22 zeolites, which resulted in high accessibility of the reactant molecules to the active sites, reflected in higher BTX conversion at lower and higher temperatures (50–300 °C). The best performance was achieved with the pillared zeolite (10 wt% Nb), reaching a BTX conversion at 300 °C of 92%, 69% and 58%, respectively. Here, the catalyst was stable for up to 30 h of reaction.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Effect of discharge current and deposition temperature on roughness and density of NbC films fabricated by ion beam sputtering technique

NbC films were prepared using Ion beam sputtering system at various discharges current from 0.4 amps to 1.2 amps at room temperature. Effect of temperature on NbC films were also studied by depositing NbC films at various temperatures from room temperature to 200,300,400 and 600°C. X-ray reflectivity (XRR) study shows that surface roughness of the film decreases with decrease in discharge current. The optimum lowest roughness 3.2Å having density 92% of bulk was achieved at discharge current 0.6 amps at 3.0 cm{sup 3}/min Ar gas flow. X-ray study also shows that film roughness decreases with increase in temperature of the film and after a certain temperature it increases with increase in temperature. The lowest surface roughness 2.1Å was achieved at 300°C with density 83% of bulk NbC at constant discharge current 0.6 amps.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Structure and physical properties of EuTa{sub 2}O{sub 6} tungsten bronze polymorph

A tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) polymorph of EuTa{sub 2}O{sub 6} was prepared and analyzed. EuTa{sub 2}O{sub 6} crystallizes in the centrosymmetric Pnam space group (with unit cell: a = 12.3693, b = 12.4254, and c = 7.7228 Å) isomorphous with orthorhombic β-SrTa{sub 2}O{sub 6}. In contrast to early reports, we see no evidence of deviation from paramagnetic Curie-Weiss behavior among the Eu{sup 2+} 4f{sup 7}spins in EuTa{sub 2}O{sub 6} down to 2 K. Dielectric constant shows a broad peak at ca. 50 K with dielectric dispersion resembling diffuse phase transition. The relaxation time, however, follows a simple (non-freezing) thermally activated process with an activation energy of 92 meV and an attempt frequency of f{sub 0} = 5.79 × 10{sup 12 }Hz. A thermal conductivity of EuTa{sub 2}O{sub 6} shows a low-temperature (T ≈ 30 K) “plateau” region reminiscent of a glass-like behaviour in Nb-based TTB compounds. This behaviour can be attributed to the loosely bound Eu{sup 2+} ions occupying large tricapped trigonal prismatic sites in the EuTa{sub 2}O{sub 6} structure.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Processing and properties of hafnium-doped tin-modified lead zirconate titanate 95/5 ceramics

Niobium (Nb)-doped lead-tin-zirconate-titanate (PSZT) ceramics near the lead-zirconate-titanate 95/5 orthorhombic AFE-rhombohedral FE morphotropic phase boundary (PSZT 13.5/81/5.5 -1.6Nb) were prepared with up to 10 mol.% of hafnium (Hf) substituted for zirconium. The ceramics were prepared by a traditional solid-state synthesis route and sintered to near full density at 1150°C for 6 h in sealed alumina crucibles with self-same material as the lead vapor source. All compositions were ~98% dense with no detectable secondary phases by X-ray diffraction. The grain size was ~3 μm for all compositions, consisting of equiaxed grains with intergranular porosity. The compositions exhibited remnant polarization values of ~32 μC/cm 2 . Depolarization by the hydrostatic pressure-induced FE-AFE phase transition occurred at 310 MPa for all compositions, resulting in a total depolarization output of 32.4 μC/cm 2 for the PSZT ceramics. Evaluation of the R3c-R3m and R3m-Pm $\bar{3}$ m phase transition temperatures by impedance spectroscopy showed temperatures on heating ranging from 86 to 92°C and 186 to 182°C, respectively, for increasing nominal Hf content. Thermal hysteresis of the phase transitions was also observed in the ceramics, with the transition temperature on cooling being 1–4°C lower. The study demonstrated that the PSZT ceramics are relatively insensitive to variations in Hf content in the range of 0 to 10 mol.%.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Effect of the Boron Content on the Amorphization Process and Magnetic Properties of the Mechanically Alloyed Fe{sub 92−x}Nb{sub 8}B{sub x} Powders

The effect of the B content on the microstructural, structural, and magnetic properties of partially amorphous Fe{sub 92−x}Nb{sub 8}B{sub x} (x = 5, 10, 15, and 20) alloys has been investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, high and low-temperature extraction-type magnetometers. The XRD results reveal the formation of a nanocomposite structure where nanocrystalline bcc α-Fe and Fe{sub 2}B phases are embedded into an amorphous matrix. The FeB boride is observed for higher boron contents (x = 15 and 20), and the crystallite sizes are in the range of 7–24 nm. As the B content increases, the amorphous phase-relative proportion and coercivity increase, whereas the saturation magnetization decreases. An important magnetic hardening occurs by lowering the temperature from 400 to 5 K for x = 20% B. The variation of the Curie temperature can be attributed to the heterogeneity of the amorphous matrix.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗