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DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on NaCS(OF)3 by Materials Project

NaCF3SO3 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of eight fluoroform molecules and one SO3Na sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. In the SO3Na sheet, there are eight inequivalent Na1+ sites. In the first Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.93 Å. In the second Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.36–2.80 Å. In the third Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a square pyramidal geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.33–2.54 Å. In the fourth Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a distorted square pyramidal geometry to five O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.33–2.63 Å. In the fifth Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.33–2.78 Å. In the sixth Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.76 Å. In the seventh Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.43–2.96 Å. In the eighth Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Na–O bond distances ranging from 2.35–2.56 Å. There are eight inequivalent S4+ sites. In the first S4+ site, S4+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of S–O bond distances ranging from 1.45–1.48 Å. In the second S4+ site, S4+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.46 Å) and two longer (1.47 Å) S–O bond length. In the third S4+ site, S4+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.46 Å) and one longer (1.47 Å) S–O bond length. In the fourth S4+ site, S4+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of S–O bond distances ranging from 1.45–1.48 Å. In the fifth S4+ site, S4+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.45 Å) and two longer (1.47 Å) S–O bond length. In the sixth S4+ site, S4+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.46 Å) and one longer (1.47 Å) S–O bond length. In the seventh S4+ site, S4+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.46 Å) and one longer (1.48 Å) S–O bond length. In the eighth S4+ site, S4+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.46 Å) and one longer (1.47 Å) S–O bond length. There are twenty-four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to two Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to two Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Na1+ and one S4+ atom. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Na1+ and one S4+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2022

Salt-Assisted 2H-to-1T' Phase Transformation of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides [plus supplemental information]

Phase engineering of nanomaterials (PEN) has demonstrated great potential in the fields of catalysis, electronics, energy storage and conversion, and condensed matter physics. Recently, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with unconventional metastable phases (e.g., 1T and 1T') have attracted increasing research interest due to their unique and appealing physicochemical properties. However, there is still a lack of a simple, universal, and controlled method for the preparation of large-scale and high-purity unconventional-phase TMD crystals, restricting their further fundamental study and practical applications. Here, a facile, one-step salt-assisted general strategy is reported for the controlled phase transformation of commercially available TMDs with conventional 2H phase, yielding a large amount of metastable 1T'-phase TMDs, including WS 2 , WSe 2 , MoS 2 , and MoSe 2 . It is found that the easily accessible metal salts, such as K 2 C 2 O 4 ·H 2 O, K 2 CO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 , Rb 2 CO 3 , Cs 2 CO 3 , KHCO 3 , NaHCO 3 , and NaC 2 O 4 , can be used to assist the 2H-to-1T' phase transformation, greatly simplifying the synthetic process for producing metastable 1T'-TMDs. Importantly, this method can also be used to prepare 1T'-TMD alloys, such as 1T'-WS 2x Se 2(1–x) . We report this newly developed strategy is robust and highly effective, which can also be used for the phase engineering of other materials with various polymorphs.

1T′ phase↗

DOE OSTI2021

Synaptic Zn2+ potentiates the effects of cocaine on striatal dopamine neurotransmission and behavior

Abstract Cocaine binds to the dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) to regulate cocaine reward and seeking behavior. Zinc (Zn 2+ ) also binds to the DAT, but the in vivo relevance of this interaction is unknown. We found that Zn 2+ concentrations in postmortem brain (caudate) tissue from humans who died of cocaine overdose were significantly lower than in control subjects. Moreover, the level of striatal Zn 2+ content in these subjects negatively correlated with plasma levels of benzoylecgonine, a cocaine metabolite indicative of recent use. In mice, repeated cocaine exposure increased synaptic Zn 2+ concentrations in the caudate putamen (CPu) and nucleus accumbens (NAc). Cocaine-induced increases in Zn 2+ were dependent on the Zn 2+ transporter 3 (ZnT3), a neuronal Zn 2+ transporter localized to synaptic vesicle membranes, as ZnT3 knockout (KO) mice were insensitive to cocaine-induced increases in striatal Zn 2+ . ZnT3 KO mice showed significantly lower electrically evoked DA release and greater DA clearance when exposed to cocaine compared to controls. ZnT3 KO mice also displayed significant reductions in cocaine locomotor sensitization, conditioned place preference (CPP), self-administration, and reinstatement compared to control mice and were insensitive to cocaine-induced increases in striatal DAT binding. Finally, dietary Zn 2+ deficiency in mice resulted in decreased striatal Zn 2+ content, cocaine locomotor sensitization, CPP, and striatal DAT binding. These results indicate that cocaine increases synaptic Zn 2+ release and turnover/metabolism in the striatum, and that synaptically released Zn 2+ potentiates the effects of cocaine on striatal DA neurotransmission and behavior and is required for cocaine-primed reinstatement. In sum, these findings reveal new insights into cocaine’s pharmacological mechanism of action and suggest that Zn 2+ may serve as an environmentally derived regulator of DA neurotransmission, cocaine pharmacodynamics, and vulnerability to cocaine use disorders.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2021

Toxicity of hydraulic fracturing wastewater from black shale natural-gas wells influenced by well maturity and chemical additives

Hydraulic fracturing of deep shale formations generates large volumes of wastewater that must be managed through treatment, reuse, or disposal. Produced wastewater liberates formation-derived radionuclides and contains previously uncharacterized organohalides thought to be generated within the shale well, both posing unknown toxicity to human and ecological health. Here, we assess the toxicity of 42 input media and produced fluid samples collected from four wells in the Utica formation and Marcellus Shale using two distinct endpoint screening assays. Broad spectrum acute toxicity was assessed using a bioluminescence inhibition assay employing the halotolerant bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri, while predictive mammalian cytotoxicity was evaluated using a N-acetylcysteine (NAC) thiol reactivity assay. The acute toxicity and thiol reactivity of early-stage flowback was higher than later produced fluids, with levels diminishing through time as the natural gas wells matured. Acute toxicity of early stage flowback and drilling muds were on par with the positive control, 3,5-dichlorophenol (6.8 mg L -1 ). Differences in both acute toxicity and thiol reactivity between paired natural gas well samples were associated with specific chemical additives. Samples from wells containing a larger diversity and concentration of organic additives resulted in higher acute toxicity, while samples from a well applying a higher composition of ammonium persulfate, a strong oxidizer, showed greater thiol reactivity, predictive of higher mammalian toxicity. Both acute toxicity and thiol reactivity are consistently detected in produced waters, in some cases present up to nine months after hydraulic fracturing. These results support that specific chemical additives, the reactions generated by the additives, or the constituents liberated from the formation by the additives contribute to the toxicity of hydraulic fracturing produced waters and reinforces the need for careful consideration of early produced fluid management.

03 NATURAL GAS↗

DOE OSTI2022

NACS 2022 FRIB Investment Strategy

The Facility for Rare Isotope Beams (FRIB) that will begin operations later this year will vastly increase the number of unstable isotopes available for experiments that, together with new theoretical developments will expand our understanding of nuclear structure and nuclear reactions that produce the elements of the periodic table and power the cosmos. The knowledge and understanding gained from FRIB will benefit a variety of applications including stockpile science, nuclear forensics, nonproliferation, nuclear energy, and nuclear medicine. LLNL is actively involved in a variety of basic and applied science activities related to FRIB. These activities are listed below and documented in the following sections: 1. FRIB Decay Station, 2. Isotope Harvesting, 3. Direct Reactions, 4. Surrogate Reactions, 5. Nuclear Structure and Collectivity, 6. Nuclear Fission, and 7. Nuclear Theory.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

PotLib 2023: New version of a potential energy surface library for chemical systems

POTLIB is a library of global and semiglobal potential energy surface subprograms. The library currently features 410 entries, including both single-state entries and multi-state entries. When one calls the routine of a single-state entry, it returns the ground-electronic-state adiabatic potential energy surface at the input geometry. In addition, some entries also return the gradient of the surface. Further, when one calls a multi-state entry, it returns a diabatic potential energy matrix (DPEM). If the entry also has the gradient of the DPEM, one can compute adiabatic surfaces, their gradients, and the nonadiabatic coupling vectors (NACs) from the DPEM and its gradient by diagonalization. Some but not all the routines conform to one of a set of standard interfaces. The goal is to facilitate chemical dynamics research by collecting and disseminating a comprehensive collection of state-of-the-art potential energy routines (developed by a wide, international group of researchers) with systematic and well-defined interfaces for use with chemical dynamics programs. Systems in the library include CHArO 2 , CHN 2 O + , CH 2 O, CH 2 O 2 , CH 3 N 2 , CH 3 O, CH 4 , CH 4 Br, CH 4 Cl, CH 4 F, CH 4 O, CH 4 OCl, CH 4 OF, CH 4 OH, CH 5 , CH$^{+}_{5}$, CH 5 N, CH 5 O 2 , CH 8 O 2 , C 2 H 2 N 2 O, C 2 H 2 O, C 2 H 4 N, C 2 H 4 O 4 , C 2 H 6 Cl, C 2 H 6 F, C 2 H 6 H, C 2 H 6 O, C 2 H 6 OH, C 2 H 7 , C 2 O 2 , C 3 H 4 O 2 , C 3 H 7 NO, C 6 H 6 O, C 6 H 6 S, C 7 H8S, HBrCl, HCl 2 , HF 2 , HI 2 , HLiF, HNaF, HO 2 , HO 3 , HOBr, HSiO, H 2 Br, H 2 ClO, H 2 F, H 2 F 2 , H 2 FO, H 2 Na, H 2 O, H 2 O 2 , H 2 OBr, H 3 , H 3 Cl, H 3 ClN, H 3 ClO, H 3 N, H 3 O, H 3 O 2 , H$^{+}_{3}$, H 3 S, H 4 ClSi, H 4 N, H 4 NO, H 4 O 2 , H 5 GeO, H 5 Si, H$^{+}_{7}$, Al m H n , Al n , Ar N O, K 2 Rb 2 , NO 2 , N 2 O, N 2 O 2 , N 3 , N 4 , O 3 , and O 4 .

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2020

Optimization of Dry Storage Canister Cutting Operations - 20534

A recent project investigated the optimal cutting method for the opening of a welded dry storage/shielded canister (DSC) or dual purpose canister (DPC) containing Used Nuclear Fuel (UNF). Due to the lack of a disposal path for UNF in the U.S., the majority of UNF is currently moved into welded DSCs and DPCs designed by Orano TN, NAC, and Holtec. As the DSCs/DPCs were neither designed nor licensed for disposal and may not be able to be emplaced in a geologic repository due to physical emplacement constraints, near-term thermal limitations, or long-term criticality issues, the UNF in these existing DSCs/DPCs may need to be repackaged into transportation, aging, and disposal canisters (TADs), generic standard TADs (STADs), transportation casks, new cask/canister systems, and/or cask/canister/package systems suitable for disposal. These DSCs/DPCs may also be opened to simply remove the UNF in preparation for recycling, re-storage, or placement into a waste package suitable for disposal. Regardless of need, the DSCs/DPCs would require to be cut open by a potentially large scale operation. This project examined the multiple means for cutting welded metal systems and considered several factors to determine an optimal approach. Issues arose around some of the cutting approaches when applied to systems with 2 or 3 lids and with pre-cutting gas testing required. The resulting preferences in cutting methods with an optimized application for the opening of DSCs/DPCs are presented. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗