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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2026

A Systematic Framework for Tuning Open-Source Multifunctional IBR Models To Emulate OEM Black-Box Fault Dynamics

This paper presents a systematic framework to tune a generic IBR EMT model to match with an OEM provided balckbox inverter model based on the fault current responses. The key learnings and findings are summarized as follows: The tunable key parameters include inner control loops and current limiters to align the fault current magnitude, sequence content, and phase trajectories with the OEM models across diverse fault type and locations. The tuned model's fidelity is validated through comparative analysis with an OEM blackbox model, assessing both the fault current response and the responses of multiple relay elements. The results demonstrate the tuned generic model can trigger relay decision logic that is identical or near identical to that of the OEM model, thus generating very good match model for fault studies.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2026

Evaluation of a Reduced-Order Model for IBR Fault Response Representation via OEM Blackbox Models: Preprint

Driven by the need to capture the electromagnetic transients of transmission lines, inverter switching behavior, and detailed control systems, electromagnetic transient (EMT) studies have become increasingly important in industry, such as IBR interconnection study and fault study. However, original equipment manufacturer (OEM) inverter models typically include extensive parameters and proprietary settings that are unavailable to protection engineers. This paper introduces a data-driven, reduced-order model (ROM) developed as a PSCAD library component for use in EMT-based fault studies. The ROM replicates key OEM model behaviors without requiring detailed knowledge of control design or parameterization. The accompanying Python automation scripts streamline data generation, parameter fitting, and validation. The ROM's performance is demonstrated through comparison with both IEEE 2800-compliant and non-compliant OEM models in a real-world power system. Relay responses show nearly identical results, while simulation runtime is reduced by an average of 32.8\%, highlighting the ROM's practicality for protection engineers.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Evaluation of a Reduced-Order Model for IBR Fault Response Representation via OEM Blackbox Models

This paper presents a fully implemented inverter reduced-order-model (ROM) in an EMT simulation (PSCAD) library component for direct user utilization in protection studies. The developed inverter ROM has the following features: Equivalent to a full inverter-based resource (IBR) inverter model with positive- and negative-sequence current formulation and representation. A Python script is developed to fully automate this process, including training data generation, ROM parameter training, updating parameters, and model verification and validation. The ROM is validated using both IEEE 2800-compliant and non-compliant OEM modes in a real-world system, building confidence of its usability by protection engineers.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Design of an Online Electrochemical Mass Spectrometry System to Study Gas Evolution from Cells with Lean and Volatile Electrolytes

Gas evolution in high-energy Li-ion batteries remains a pervasive problem for a multitude of chemistries, jeopardizing the electrochemical performance and safety for consumers of electric vehicles. Many electrode–electrolyte degradation processes evolve gasses that may be detected in-situ with online electrochemical mass spectrometry (OEMS). In this work, details are provided for the setup and validation of an OEMS system that operates well under lean and volatile electrolyte conditions. Quite notably, the OEMS cells with only 40 µL of electrolyte and intermittent headspace sampling exhibit comparable electrochemical performance to flooded coin-cells. It is demonstrated that the onset time, shape, and magnitude of the gas evolution profiles calculated from mass spectrometer measurements match well to a known pressure reference through the use of an empirically determined fraction of removal. The off-gassing characteristics from a set of layered-oxide materials, NMC532, NMC811, and LNO, are used to further validate the OEMS setup against the literature. It is shown that many of the features present in the OEMS curves for equivalent systems from other groups are captured by this OEMS system. Finally, at an upper cut-off voltage of 4.4 V, LNO exhibits an intense release of CO 2 , O 2 , and CO gas relative to NMC532 and NMC811.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2026

Intramolecular redox-site interplay effect on organic electrode for fast-charging and wide-temperature-range sodium-ion batteries

Organic electrode materials (OEMs) hold great promise for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their exceptional structural tunability and sustainability. However, the development of OEMs with fast redox kinetics and robust structural integrity remains challenging, especially over a wide temperature range. Herein, we propose an effective strategy to address both sluggish redox kinetics and insufficient structural stability in OEMs by constructing an intramolecular redox-site interplay effect. This effect is demonstrated by two hexaazatrinaphthylene-carboxylate isomers, namely HATN-m-COONa and HATN-o-COONa. Systematic experimental and computational results jointly reveal the intramolecular redox-site interplay effect in HATN-o-COONa decreases the rigid π-π stacking interactions and minimizes the skeleton structural distortion, offering faster redox kinetics and enhanced structural integrity in HATN-o-COONa compared to HATN-m-COONa (without intramolecular redox-site interplay effect). Consequently, HATN-o-COONa exhibits superior rate performance (258 mA h g−1 at 10 A g−1) and enhanced cycle stability (93% after 1000 cycles at 5 A g−1) compared to HATN-m-COONa. More importantly, HATN-o-COONa demonstrates exceptional wide-temperature adaptability, ranging from -40 °C (315 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1) to 60 oC (343 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1). This work establishes a promising design rationale for developing fast-charging and wide-temperature adaptable OEMs for energy storage systems.

Gao, Yawei [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000225672853)↗
DOE OSTI2022

AI-Enabled Discovery and Physics-Based Optimization of Energy Efficient Processing Strategies for Advanced Turbine Alloys (Final Technical Report)

In this project, the multi-organizational team of academic and industrial researchers from the University of Kentucky an aerospace and energy generation OEM partner has leveraged novel Digital Process Twin (DPT) models of process/structure interactions (i.e., process-induced surface integrity) to advance a paradigm of fully integrated computational materials engineering (ICME). Using efficient process models as the core of a digital process simulator for a reinforcement learning algorithm, the team has integrated industrial data and metrics of structure/performance/energy relationships and manufacturing-related energy metrics to optimize dynamic processing parameters for significantly improved life-cycle energy efficiency of advanced γ-TiAl low-pressure turbine (LPT) alloys, as indicated by a set of design relevant parameters (e.g., residual stresses and scrap rate). The key objective and anticipated outcome of the project was at least a 10% reduction in life-cycle embodied energy for a recently developed, γ-TiAl low-pressure turbine (LPT) alloy and nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718, through the adoption of the proposed AI-enabled process optimization approach. The final project outcomes significantly exceeded this original target, realizing manufacturing-related energy efficiency improvements of more than 130% for TiAl and up to 80% for Inconel 718. Rather than following the prevailing and highly inefficient empirical paradigm, the proposed study demonstrated the feasibility of adopting a digital, physics-based process design and optimization paradigm. The recurring need for manual intervention, rework, reinspection causes significant production bottlenecks and unnecessary expense associated with delivering the requisite component quality. The OEM partner, and turbine industry in general, expect to reap significant cost and resource savings if an AI-optimized set of parameters can be applied to specific machining operations. The technical scope of the proposed project involved the paving of a realistic path towards model-based and AI-enabled Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME), and away from inefficient empirical process optimization and legacy manufacturing practices, which are no longer able to efficiently process novel high-performance turbine alloy materials. The project team will address the fundamental knowledge gap that currently exists within the ICME paradigm with respect to the process/structure/performance/energy impacts of finishing processes. While significant resources have been devoted to the ‘early stages’ of manufacturing, such as alloy design, primary and secondary processing, finishing processes have not been adequately integrated within ICME. To provide an actionable path towards model-based finishing process design (e.g., machining, burnishing, grinding, polishing), we will employ a novel AI-enabled process optimization paradigm, based on a computationally efficient, physics-based process simulator. Through limited experimental work to calibrate and validate our process simulator model via an advanced in-situ characterization technique and process optimization via reinforcement learning, the project will seek to demonstrate a viable alternative to the inefficient ‘legacy’ processing strategies, empirical testing and broad scope machining learning approaches, all of which fail to adequately consider complex process physics. The project team has identified an intermetallic γ-TiAl LPT alloy, which is currently being used as part of the OEM partner’s advanced gas turbine designs. This particular alloy poses significant manufacturing challenges during finishing operations, which limit the degree to which the current turbine design can be manufactured in an energy- and cost-efficient manner. Empirical testing and numerical modeling efforts to optimize processing parameters for γ-TiAl have not been able to resolve these manufacturing challenges, so the proposed physics-based AI-enabled optimization technology would offer a truly novel and transformative capability. The multi-organizational team of academic and industry experts from the UKY and the OEM partner will work together closely to demonstrate the analytical and experimental critical function and characteristic proof of concept of this novel approach.

20 FOSSIL-FUELED POWER PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2022

2020 Component Innovation Awardee: Windurance LLC

Currently, there is no wind system power-conversion component available to wind turbine OEMs that is certified to applicable standards for use in the U.S. distributed wind energy market. Off-the-shelf industrial drives have features that are not needed by distributed wind OEMs and lack other features that would be valuable for the operation and control of wind turbine generating systems. In addition to adding costs for OEMs, these industrial drives increase uncertainty and risk for project developers and prospective owners. All of this presents barriers and increases costs for the development of distributed wind in the United States. With funding from CIP, Windurance plans to develop an industry-specific power-conversion component that will offer application-specific features at lower cost for distributed wind OEMs.

CIP↗
DOE OSTI2024

Factors Influencing Gas Evolution from High‐Nickel Layered Oxide Cathodes in Lithium‐Based Batteries

Abstract Gas evolution from high‐nickel layered oxide cathodes (>90% Ni) remains a major issue for their practical application. Gaseous species, such as CO 2 , O 2 , and CO, that are evolved at high states of charge (SOC) worsen the overall safety of batteries, as pressure build‐up within the cell may lead to cell rupture. Since these gasses are produced during cathode degradation, tracking the formation of gasses is also important in diagnosing cathode failure. Online electrochemical mass spectrometry (OEMS) is a powerful in situ technique to study gas evolution from the cathode during high‐voltage charge. However, the differences in the OEMS experimental setups between different groups make it challenging to compare results between groups. In this perspective, the various factors that influence gas evolution based on the OEMS results collected in this group are presented. The focus is on the conditions that lead to gas release, with a particular emphasis on reactive oxygen formation and subsequent chemical reactions with the electrolyte. Promising strategies, such as electrolytes, compositional tuning, and surface coatings that are effective at suppressing gas evolution from the cathode are highlighted. Critical insights into mitigating cathode degradation and gas evolution are provided to guide the development of safer, high‐energy batteries.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2022

Establishing substitution rules of functional groups for high-capacity organic anode materials in Na-ion batteries

Tailoring molecular structures of organic electrode materials (OEMs) can enhance their performance in Na-ion batteries, however, the substitution rules and the consequent effect on the specific capacity and working potential remain elusive. Herein, by examining three sodium carboxylates with selective N substitution or extended conjugation structure, we exploited the correlation between structure and performance to establish substitution rules for high-capacity OEMs. Our results show that substitution position and types of functional groups are essential to create active centers for uptake/removal of Na+ and thermodynamically stabilize organic structures. Furthermore, rational host design and electrolytes modulation were performed to extend the cycle life to 500 cycles. A full cell based on the optimal 2,2’-bipyridine-4,4’-dicarboxylic acid disodium salt anode and the polyaniline cathode is demonstrated to confirm the feasibility of achieving all-organic batteries. Lastly, this work provides a valuable guideline for the design principle of high-capacity and stable OEMs for sustainable energy storage.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

ER-associated VAP27-1 and VAP27-3 proteins functionally link the lipid-binding ORP2A at the ER-chloroplast contact sites

Abstract The plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts heterotypic membranes at membrane contact sites (MCSs) through largely undefined mechanisms. For instance, despite the well-established and essential role of the plant ER-chloroplast interactions for lipid biosynthesis, and the reported existence of physical contacts between these organelles, almost nothing is known about the ER-chloroplast MCS identity. Here we show that the Arabidopsis ER membrane-associated VAP27 proteins and the lipid-binding protein ORP2A define a functional complex at the ER-chloroplast MCSs. Specifically, through in vivo and in vitro association assays, we found that VAP27 proteins interact with the outer envelope membrane (OEM) of chloroplasts, where they bind to ORP2A. Through lipidomic analyses, we established that VAP27 proteins and ORP2A directly interact with the chloroplast OEM monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), and we demonstrated that the loss of the VAP27-ORP2A complex is accompanied by subtle changes in the acyl composition of MGDG and PG. We also found that ORP2A interacts with phytosterols and established that the loss of the VAP27-ORP2A complex alters sterol levels in chloroplasts. We propose that, by interacting directly with OEM lipids, the VAP27-ORP2A complex defines plant-unique MCSs that bridge ER and chloroplasts and are involved in chloroplast lipid homeostasis.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

Efficiency droop contributors in InGaN green light emitting diodes

Here, efficiency droop contributors (i.e., inherent Auger–Meitner recombination, polarization-induced effects, thermal effects, and light extraction) in InGaN green light emitting diodes (LEDs) are decoupled and quantified. First, a modified ABC model is developed, and external quantum efficiency measurements are taken under constant and pulsed currents (⁠ EQE Constant and EQE Pulsed ⁠, respectively). The LED internal quantum efficiency with and without thermal effects (⁠ IQE$^{ABC}_{Constant}$ and IQE$^{ABC}_{Pulsed}$⁠, respectively) is extracted using the modified model. Then, using Raman spectroscopy, the LED junction temperature is extracted. Finally, using the optical-electrical model (OEM), the polarization- and temperature-independent LED internal quantum efficiency (⁠ IQE OEM ) is calculated from the modified ABC model and the extracted junction temperature. By comparing external (⁠ EQE Constant ⁠) and the three internal quantum efficiencies (⁠ IQE$^{ABC}_{Constant}$, IQE$^{ABC}_{Pulsed}$⁠, and IQE OEM ), the impacts of inherent Auger–Meitner recombination, polarization-induced effects, thermal effects, and light extraction on the efficiency droop are decoupled and quantified. It is found that inherent Auger–Meitner recombination-induced droop is approximately 49% of the total efficiency droop in commercial green LEDs, while polarization-induced effects contribute about 35%, and thermal droop accounts for nearly 16%. Lastly, these findings suggest, to quash the green gap, it is critical to search for materials and device designs with low inherent Auger–Meitner coefficients and polarization fields, respectively.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Fast‐Charging and High‐Temperature All‐Organic Rechargeable Potassium Battery

Abstract Developing fast‐charging, high‐temperature, and sustainable batteries is critical for the large‐scale deployment of energy storage devices in electric vehicles, grid‐scale electrical energy storage, and high temperature regions. Here, a transition metal‐free all‐organic rechargeable potassium battery (RPB) based on abundant and sustainable organic electrode materials (OEMs) and potassium resources for fast‐charging and high‐temperature applications is demonstrated. N‐doped graphene and a 2.8 m potassium hexafluorophosphate (KPF 6 ) in diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DEGDME) electrolyte are employed to mitigate the dissolution of OEMs, enhance the electrode conductivity, accommodate large volume change, and form stable solid electrolyte interphase in the all‐organic RPB. At room temperature, the RPB delivers a high specific capacity of 188.1 mAh g −1 at 50 mA g −1 and superior cycle life of 6000 and 50000 cycles at 1 and 5 A g −1 , respectively, demonstrating an ultra‐stable and fast‐charging all‐organic battery. The impressive performance at room temperature is extended to high temperatures, where the high‐mass‐loading (6.5 mg cm −2 ) all‐organic RPB exhibits high‐rate capability up to 2 A g −1 and a long lifetime of 500 cycles at 70–100 °C, demonstrating a superb fast‐charging and high‐temperature battery. The cell configuration demonstrated in this work shows great promise for practical applications of sustainable batteries at extreme conditions.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Mixed-Polarity Copolymers Based on Ethylene Oxide and Cyclic Carbonate: Insights into Li-Ion Solvation and Conductivity

Here, this study investigates the relationship between polarity and ionic conductivity in random and block copolymer electrolytes comprising highly flexible oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate (OEM) and highly polar but glassy glycerol carbonate methacrylate (GCMA) monomers, blended with either lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) or lithium triflate. Interestingly, the high polarity of GCMA did not significantly enhance ionic dissociation, and the random copolymers (POEM-r-PGCMA) showed similar or lower ionic conductivities than the POEM homopolymer. Further analysis revealed that Li + only interacts with OEM and its counterion, not with GCMA. The less-intermixed and weakly phase-separated block copolymer (POEM-b-PGCMA) exhibited even lower conductivities than the random copolymer. Our results suggest that Li + solvation occurs only in the POEM-rich phase and that the larger PGCMA regions, depleted of Li + , disrupt long-range ion transport. These findings provide valuable insights into the design of polymer electrolytes and how segmental mobility and functional groups with contrasting polarities affect ion transport.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Middleware for a Heterogeneous CAV Fleet

This paper introduces CAN to ROS, a model-based code generation tool used in development, testing, and deployment of a heterogeneous fleet of vehicles with robotic sensing in ROS. Code generation supports two main features: (1) self-configuration for deployment in a heterogeneous vehicle fleet, and (2) quick iteration for testing and development of reading vehicle sensors and robotic control. This tool features the ability to detect the vehicle it is in and regenerate and rebuild itself at runtime to provide the proper two-way bridge between ROS and the sensed on-board vehicle sensor network. Code generation relies on a per-model defined JSON to map a CAN database (DBC) to the desired ROS topic names and message types. The live ROS publishing of CAN messages allows for instant feedback, and the code regeneration allows for adjustments in DBC or vehicle JSON to iteratively hone in on new vehicle signals. Generated ROS nodes are written in C++ for runtime use in lightweight embedded computers. This has been tested in vehicles from three different Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), and can be extended to support a wide array of vehicles. By using a unifying ROS specification, a heterogeneous set of vehicles can be unified into a fleet with abstracted model-specific details; this opens the door for developing cross-model software applications for vehicle control, connected vehicle applications, or fleet monitoring systems.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Carbon Fiber Prepreg Recycling- Automated Perform Manufacturing Equipment (Final Technical Report)

Discontinuous fiber composites have a compelling business case as related to light metals such as aluminum and magnesium machined or die cast components. DFC’s have been in commercial production using carbon fiber/epoxy prepreg for both commercial aircraft and for military applications for a number of years and their usage is expanding into automotive and consumer goods components. Reasons for this include significantly lower cost as compared to continuous fiber composites easier design and understanding of the material by metal traditionalists, higher degree of part complexity with relatively simple and low cost molds when compared to high-pressure die casting, and potential for near zero waste. IACMI’s 10-year goals of reduction in carbon fiber reinforced plastics manufacturing cost by 25%, reduction in their embodied energy by 50%, and recyclability of 95% can all be advanced through robust recycling. With recycling We have shown that a 15% contribution in manufacturing cost reduction is feasible, that a significant reduction in embodied energy (over 90% for the recycled fraction) is achievable, and that when combined with primary pyrolysis recycling, the 95% target can be met. Large-scale application of advanced composites began with the aerospace industry, and CRTC’s location in Washington State provided access to a waste stream of nearly 900 tonnes/year that was going to landfill. As the aerospace industry has automated parts production, their material forms have become significantly easier to recycle, and some evidence of this exists for the future automotive and wind turbine components as well. CRTC decided to focus on re-purposing the carbon fiber/epoxy aerospace scrap streams through materials reformatting and reuse, and not on primary recycling (pyrolysis mainly) as this technology is commercially available. The main reasons for this were that it offers a route to effective use of the most widely available and consistent feedstock called edge-trim, as well as allows creation of complex and low-cost parts using rapid and cost-effective compression molding technologies. The reasons also include leading the way for potential automotive pre-preg recycling as the combination of roughly 85% virgin pre-preg and 15% recycled pre-preg directly supports IACMI’s goals and enables significant part cost reduction and a path to zero-waste composite manufacturing at the OEMs or Tier 1’s. The purpose of the project was to develop equipment and technology to transform continuous fiber pre-preg in roll forms into smaller chip-format DFC feedstock, and to determine impacts on moldability and performance based on lessons learned along the path. The availability of scrap from pre-preg manufacturers was a significant value to the program even though the aerospace pre-preg is designed to be autoclave molded thus has handling, tackiness, and processing factors that are not ideal for DFCs. The scope of the project was to develop a Phase 1 system that could identify and resolve some of the major hurdles, determine where to focus effort on building a commercial-scale Phase 2 system, and develop technology for handling a wide variety of incoming scrap materials to produce the most usable product. A chopping system was developed and reduced to practice via an experimental approach that enabled all forms of scrap coming from the pre-preg manufacturers and some forms of the scrap coming from OEM production lines to be very effectively re-purposed. The systems that were developed were not considered to be production robust but rather identified and resolved some of the major technical hurdles, and demonstrated the path towards effective full-scale commercialization.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Study of Additive Manufacturing Applications to Geothermal Technologies Final Project Report

This report summarizes work performed to assess the potential for utilizing additive manufacturing (AM) to substantially improve either the availability, performance or cost basis for tools and components that are required for geothermal energy production. A systematic cataloging of geothermal activities, associated technologies, and current manufacturing methods was first undertaken. This included literature reviews as well as interviews with subject matter experts, service companies and OEMs. An industry workshop was held as part of this portion of the project to obtain input and concerns from a broad range of OEMs, service providers and end users. This workshop was also used to gage the current level of AM activity in industry, receptiveness to the use of AM manufactured parts, and any up front concerns that may exist. A summary of the workshop is presented in this report. Representative components and assemblies and their current manufacturing methods were then analyzed by additive manufacturing experts at a company called Senvol to determine the feasibility and required steps for producing parts by additive manufacturing. A step by step description of conventional manufacturing of the parts was also performed to establish a manufacturing baseline for comparison purposes. This analysis also considered and described the benefits of additively manufacturing the parts in terms of specific AM systems, material availability for AM, dimensional requirements and potential economic advantages. Details of the manufacturability assessment were summarized in a report which is included as a chapter in this document. The analysis of the AM subject matter experts was then be used by techno-economic analysts to perform a comparative economic evaluation of the manufacturing of select technologies by AM and conventional approaches. This activity leveraged ORNL expertise and prior experience in other applications. A framework based on assessing cost, volume production considerations, and time to manufacture was created to more easily discern the advantages or disadvantages of additive versus conventional manufacturing methods. The report concludes with a general assessment of the current applicability of AM for geothermal technologies, AM gaps and needs related to typical geothermal hardware, and the potential benefits and impacts of AM to geothermal energy production.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗