Observation of a Free-Shercliff-Layer Instability in Cylindrical Geometry
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Roach, AH↗
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Mispairs with Watson-Crick base-pair geometry observed in ternary complexes of an RB69 DNA polymerase variant
Abstract not provided
Xia, Shuangluo↗
Fluctuating geometries, q -observables, and infrared growth in inflationary spacetimes
Not Available
Giddings, Steven B.↗
Influence of Atmospheric Slant Path on Geostationary Hyperspectral Infrared Sounder Radiance Simulations
Accurately simulating a geostationary hyperspectral infrared sounder is critical for quantitative applications. Traditional radiation simulations of such instruments often overlook the influence of slant observation geometry by using vertical profile assumption, leading to inadequate simulation accuracy. By using global atmospheric profiles with 1 km spatial resolution, the slant-path effects on brightness temperature simulations are quantified. Experiments indicate that the slant geometry has less impact on longwave brightness temperature simulations and has a substantial impact on middle-wave brightness temperature simulations. It may introduce 0.5 K (or more) uncertainty to brightness temperatures of water vapor absorption channels when the satellite zenith angle is greater than 45°. Considering the slant profile is recommended for quantitative applications of geostationary hyperspectral sounder data, such as sounding retrieval and data assimilation.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Predictability of Localized Plasmonic Responses in Nanoparticle Assemblies
Design of nanoscale structures with desired optical properties is a key task for nanophotonics. In this work, the correlative relationship between local nanoparticle geometries and their plasmonic responses is established using encoder-decoder neural networks. In the im2spec network, the relationship between local particle geometries and local spectra is established via encoding the observed geometries to a small number of latent variables and subsequently decoding into plasmonic spectra; in the spec2im network, the relationship is reversed. Surprisingly, these reduced descriptions allow high-veracity predictions of local responses based on geometries for fixed compositions and surface chemical states. Analysis of the latent space distributions and the corresponding decoded and closest (in latent space) encoded images yields insight into the generative mechanisms of plasmonic interactions in the nanoparticle arrays. Ultimately, this approach creates a path toward determining configurations that yield the spectrum closest to the desired one, paving the way for stochastic design of nanoplasmonic structures.
nanoparticle arrays↗
Importance of viewing angle: Hotspot effect improves the ability of satellites to track terrestrial photosynthesis
The product of near-infrared reflectance of vegetation and photosynthetic active radiation (NIRvP) is a new tool for monitoring gross primary productivity (GPP) dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems, due to the discovered linear correlation between NIRvP and GPP. While remote sensing-based NIRvP is considerably influenced by sensor geometry, such geometry impacts on the NIRvP-GPP relationship remain underexplored. In this study, we calculate NIRvP using observations from the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) that provide unique hotspot observation geometry in which the sensor viewing angle coincides with the sun direction. We evaluated the linear correlation between NIRvP and GPP in both the common nadir direction and the special hotspot direction. The results indicate that NIRvP in the hotspot direction significantly outperforms that in the nadir direction for tracking GPP variations across different ecosystems from diurnal to daily scales. This conclusion is further supported by data from the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and simulations using the Soil Canopy Observation Photosynthesis Energy (SCOPE) model. Finally, our research highlights the value of using the unconventional hotspot-based sun-tracking satellite observations for a more accurate characterization of GPP dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
PHOTOMETRIC VARIABILITY OF THE DISK-INTEGRATED THERMAL EMISSION OF THE EARTH
Here we present an analysis of the global-integrated mid-infrared emission flux of the Earth based on data derived from satellite measurements. We have studied the photometric annual, seasonal, and rotational variability of the thermal emission of the Earth to determine which properties can be inferred from the point-like signal. We find that the analysis of the time series allows us to determine the 24 hr rotational period of the planet for most observing geometries, due to large warm and cold areas, identified with geographic features, which appear consecutively in the observer's planetary view. However, the effects of global-scale meteorology can effectively mask the rotation for several days at a time. We also find that orbital time series exhibit a seasonal modulation, whose amplitude depends strongly on the latitude of the observer but weakly on its ecliptic longitude. As no systematic difference of brightness temperature is found between the dayside and the nightside, the phase variations of the Earth in the infrared range are negligible. Finally, we also conclude that the phase variation of a spatially unresolved Earth-Moon system is dominated by the lunar signal.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Superlattice reflection signatures of the insulator–metal transition in V 3 O 5 thin films
Nanoelectronic systems that are inspired by the brain are increasingly looking to insulator–metal transition (IMT) materials as they can mimic the response characteristics of neurons to temperature changes so that these can be used in robotic and computational applications. V 3 O 5 has an insulator–metal transition at ∼430 or ∼80 K higher than VO 2 and provides a unique high-temperature opportunity for these types of applications. Here, in this work, we track the structural evolution of V 3 O 5 thin films across the IMT through conventional selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) and four-dimensional scanning TEM (4D-STEM), correlated with temperature-dependent resistance measurements. SAED patterns show reversible evidence of superlattice reflections associated with the IMT—present below T IMT and absent above it—consistent with the accompanying drop in resistance. At room temperature, nanobeam electron diffraction patterns further reveal three local configurations: (i) type I regions with clean patterns lacking superlattice reflections and spot splitting; (ii) type II regions exhibiting rows of superlattice reflections and split spots indicative of crystallographic variants; and (iii) type III regions with negligible superlattice reflections but larger spot splitting suggestive of overlapping domains of insulating and conducting phases likely driven by local lattice distortions. Upon heating, the superlattice reflections disappear between 413 and 453 K, concurrent with the resistance drop at T IMT , consistent with the emergence of a conducting phase. The overall diffraction geometry remains essentially unchanged up to 573 K, implying that relative domain orientations persist through the transition. These observations reveal nanoscale structural heterogeneity in V 3 O 5 thin films across the IMT and inform operation in regimes where mixed-phase textures are expected. A plausible indexing framework rationalizing the observed geometries is presented in the Discussion section, alongside its limitations and alternative interpretations.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
EFFECT OF LONGITUDE-DEPENDENT CLOUD COVERAGE ON EXOPLANET VISIBLE WAVELENGTH REFLECTED-LIGHT PHASE CURVES
We use a planetary albedo model to investigate variations in visible wavelength phase curves of exoplanets. Thermal and cloud properties for these exoplanets are derived using one-dimensional radiative-convective and cloud simulations. The presence of clouds on these exoplanets significantly alters their planetary albedo spectra. We confirm that non-uniform cloud coverage on the dayside of tidally locked exoplanets will manifest as changes to the magnitude and shift of the phase curve. In this work, we first investigate a test case of our model using a Jupiter-like planet, at temperatures consistent to 2.0 AU insolation from a solar type star, to consider the effect of H{sub 2}O clouds. We then extend our application of the model to the exoplanet Kepler-7b and consider the effect of varying cloud species, sedimentation efficiency, particle size, and cloud altitude. We show that, depending on the observational filter, the largest possible shift of the phase curve maximum will be ∼2°–10° for a Jupiter-like planet, and up to ∼30° (∼0.08 in fractional orbital phase) for hot-Jupiter exoplanets at visible wavelengths as a function of dayside cloud distribution with a uniformly averaged thermal profile. The models presented in this work can be adapted for a variety of planetary cases at visible wavelengths to include variations in planet–star separation, gravity, metallicity, and source-observer geometry. Finally, we tailor our model for comparison with, and confirmation of, the recent optical phase-curve observations of Kepler-7b with the Kepler space telescope. The average planetary albedo can vary between 0.1 and 0.6 for the 1300 cloud scenarios that were compared to the observations. Many of these cases cannot produce a high enough albedo to match the observations. We observe that smaller particle size and increasing cloud altitude have a strong effect on increasing albedo. In particular, we show that a set of models where Kepler-7b has roughly half of its dayside covered in small-particle clouds high in the atmosphere, made of bright minerals like MgSiO{sub 3} and Mg{sub 2}SiO{sub 4,} provide the best fits to the observed offset and magnitude of the phase-curve, whereas Fe clouds are found to be too dark to fit the observations.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DISCOVERY OF A HALO AROUND THE HELIX NEBULA NGC 7293 IN THE WISE ALL-SKY SURVEY
We report the discovery of an extended halo ({approx}40' in diameter) around the planetary nebula NGC 7293 (the Helix Nebula) observed in the 12 {mu}m band from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer all-sky survey. The mid-infrared halo has an axisymmetric structure with a sharp boundary to the northeast and a more diffuse boundary to the southwest, suggesting an interaction between the stellar wind and the interstellar medium (ISM). The symmetry axis of the halo is well aligned with that of a northeast arc, suggesting that the two structures are physically associated. We have attempted to fit the observed geometry with a model of a moving steady-state stellar wind interacting with the ISM. Possible combinations of the ISM density and the stellar velocity are derived from these fittings. The discrepancies between the model and the observations suggest that the stellar mass loss has a more complicated history, including possible time and angle dependences.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Experimental Studies of Anisotropy on Borehole Breakouts in Mancos Shale
Calculating the size and orientation of borehole breakouts is one of the key methods for determining the orientation and magnitudes of the in situ stresses in the subsurface. To better understand the effects of anisotropy on borehole breakouts, experiments were conducted on Mancos Shale, a finely laminated mudrock. A novel testing configuration was developed to conduct borehole breakout experiments in a standard triaxial vessel and load frame. Samples were prepared at three different orientations and deformed under 6.9 to 20.7 MPa confining pressure. The results show a variation of peak strength and breakout geometry depending on the lamination orientation. Samples deformed parallel to laminations failed at a higher maximum compressive stress than samples deformed perpendicular to laminations, which were stronger than inclined samples. These relationships are quantified by a cosine-based failure envelope. Observed breakout shapes in perpendicular samples are V-shaped and symmetric around the borehole, which advance as a series of fractures of increasing size into the sidewalls. In inclined samples, fractures form along weaker laminations planes and grow in an en echelon pattern towards the axial stress direction. In parallel samples, long fractures grow from the wellbore towards the axial stress direction. The observed geometries point to potential sources of error in calculating in situ stresses from borehole breakouts.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
UNRAVELING THE GEOMETRY OF THE CRAB NEBULA's 'INNER RING'
Chandra images of the Crab Nebula resolve the detailed structure of its 'inner ring', possibly a termination shock where pulsar-accelerated relativistic particles begin to emit X radiation. Analysis of these images finds that the center of the ellipse-presumably a circular ring in projection-lies about 0.''9 (10 light days at 2 kpc) from the pulsar's image, at a position angle of about 300 Degree-Sign (east of north). This analysis also measures properties of the ellipse: the position angle of the semi-major axis is about 210 Degree-Sign (east of north); the aspect ratio is 0.49. In a simple-albeit, not unique-de-projection of the observed geometry, a circular ring is centered on the axis of symmetry of the pulsar wind nebula. This ring is not equatorial but rather lies near +4.{sup 0}5 latitude in pulsar-centered coordinates. Alternative geometries are briefly discussed.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Observation and modeling of geocoronal charge exchange X-ray emission during solar wind gusts
Solar wind charge exchange (SWCX) X-rays are emitted when highly charged solar wind ions such as O{sup 7{sup +}} collide with neutral gas, including the Earth's tenuous outer atmosphere (exosphere or geocorona) and hydrogen and helium from the local interstellar medium drifting through the heliosphere. This geocoronal and heliospheric emission comprises a significant and varying fraction of the soft X-ray background (SXRB) and is seen in every X-ray observation, with the intensity dependent on solar wind conditions and observation geometry. Under the right conditions, geocoronal emission can increase the apparent SXRB by roughly an order of magnitude for an hour or more. In this work, we study a dozen occasions when the near-Earth solar wind flux was exceptionally high. These gusts of wind lead to abrupt changes in SWCX X-ray emission around Earth, which may or may not be seen by X-ray observatories depending on their line of sight. Using detailed three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamical simulations of the solar wind's interaction with the Earth's magnetosphere, and element abundances and ionization states measured by ACE, we model the time-dependent brightness of major geocoronal SWCX emission lines during those gusts and compare with changes in the X-ray background measured by the Chandra X-ray Observatory. We find reasonably good agreement between model and observation, with measured geocoronal line brightnesses averaged over 1 hr of up to 136 photons s{sup –1} cm{sup –2} sr{sup –1} in the O VII Kα triplet around 564 eV.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
d -Cysteine Ligands Control Metal Geometries within De Novo Designed Three-Stranded Coiled Coils
Abstract not provided
Ruckthong, Leela↗
Complex-plane generalization of scalar Levin transforms: A robust, rapidly convergent method to compute potentials and fields in multi-layered media
We propose the complex-plane generalization of a powerful algebraic sequence acceleration algorithm, the method of weighted averages (MWA), to guarantee exponential-cum-algebraic convergence of Fourier and Fourier–Hankel (F–H) integral transforms. This “complex-plane” MWA, effected via a linear-path detour in the complex plane, results in rapid, absolute convergence of field and potential solutions in multi-layered environments regardless of the source-observer geometry and anisotropy/loss of the media present. In this work, we first introduce a new integration path used to evaluate the field contribution arising from the radiation spectra. Subsequently, we (1) exhibit the foundational relations behind the complex-plane extension to a general Levin-type sequence convergence accelerator, (2) specialize this analysis to one member of the Levin transform family (the MWA), (3) address and circumvent restrictions, arising for two-dimensional integrals associated with wave dynamics problems, through minimal complex-plane detour restrictions and a novel partition of the integration domain, (4) develop and compare two formulations based on standard/real-axis MWA variants, and (5) present validation results and convergence characteristics for one of these two formulations.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Topologically identical, but geometrically isomeric layers in hydrous α-, β-Rb[UO{sub 2}(AsO{sub 3}OH)(AsO{sub 2}(OH){sub 2})]·H{sub 2}O and anhydrous Rb[UO{sub 2}(AsO{sub 3}OH)(AsO{sub 2}(OH){sub 2})]
The hydrothermal reaction of uranyl nitrate with rubidium nitrate and arsenic (III) oxide results in the formation of polymorphic α- and β-Rb[UO{sub 2}(AsO{sub 3}OH)(AsO{sub 2}(OH){sub 2})]·H{sub 2}O (α-, β-RbUAs) and the anhydrous phase Rb[UO{sub 2}(AsO{sub 3}OH)(AsO{sub 2}(OH){sub 2})] (RbUAs). These phases were structurally, chemically and spectroscopically characterized. The structures of all three compounds are based upon topologically identical, but geometrically isomeric layers. The layers are linked with each other by means of the Rb cations and hydrogen bonding. Dehydration experiments demonstrate that water deintercalation from hydrous α- and β-RbUAs yields anhydrous RbUAs via topotactic reactions. - Graphical abstract: Three different layer geometries observed in the structures of Rb[UO{sub 2}(AsO{sub 3}OH)(AsO{sub 2}(OH){sub 2})] and α- and β- Rb[UO{sub 2}(AsO{sub 3}OH)(AsO{sub 2}(OH){sub 2})]·H{sub 2}O. Two different coordination environments of uranium polyhedra (types I and II) are shown schematically on the top of the figure. - Highlights: • Three new uranyl arsenates were synthesized from the hydrothermal reactions. • The phases consist of the topologically identical but geometrically different layers. • Topotactic transitions were observed in the processes of mono-hyrates dehydration.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Growth of faceted SiC nanostructures using vapor phase condensation: Microstructural analysis
Highlights: • Synthesis of nanocrystalline SiC using thermal plasma route. • XRD data indicates presence of both α- and β-SiC polytypes with β-SiC as the major content. • HRTEM and SAED analysis reveals polytypic arrangement with stacking faults SiC nanoparticles. • TEM micrograph reveals presence of faceted structures such as hexagonal, triangular, triangular pyramidal structure. - Abstract: The paper emphasizes the morphological and microstructural analysis of SiC nanostructures grown by thermal plasma assisted gas phase condensation process. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopic and Selected Area Electron Diffraction studies are used to analyze the growth directions and the polytypic arrangement with stacking faults in the as synthesized SiC nanoparticles. The results help in understanding the hierarchical poly-types related to the observed geometries and showed the presence of both α- and β-SiC polytypes. The microstructural study is supported by X-Ray diffraction and UV–Visible absorption spectroscopic studies.
77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗
Chiral Spectroscopy of Nanostructures
Chirality is ubiquitous in the universe and in living creatures over detectable length scales from the subatomic to the galactic, as exemplified in the two extremes by subatomic particles (neutrinos) and spiral galaxies. Between them are living creatures that display multiple levels of chirality emerging from hierarchically assembled asymmetric building blocks. Not too far from the bottom of this pyramid are the foundational building blocks with chiral atomic centers on sp 3 carbon atoms exemplified by L-amino acids and D-sugars that are self-assembled into higher-order structures with increasing dimensions forming highly complex, amazingly functional, and energy-efficient living systems. The organization and materials employed in their construction inspired scientists to replicate complex living systems via the self-assembly of chiral components. Multiple studies pointed to unexpected and unique electromagnetic properties of chiral structures with nanoscale and microscale dimensions, including giant circular dichroism and collective circularly polarized scattering that their constituent units did not possess. To address the wide variety of chiral geometries observed in continuous materials, singular particles, and their complex systems, multiple analytic techniques are needed. Simultaneously, their spectroscopic properties create a pathway to multiple applications. For example, mirror-asymmetric vibrations at chiral centers formed by sp 3 carbon atoms lead to optical activity for the infrared (IR) wavelength regions. At the same time, understanding the optical activity in, for example, the IR region enables biomedical applications because multiple modalities of biomedical imaging and vibrational optical activity (VOA) of biomolecules are known for IR range. In turn, VOA can be realized in both absorption and emission modalities due to large magnetic transition moments, as vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) or Raman optical activity (ROA) spectroscopy. In addition to the VOA, in the range of longer wavelengths, lattice vibrational mode or phononic behavior occurs in chiral crystals and nanoassemblies, which can be readily detected by terahertz circular dichroism (TCD) spectroscopy. Meanwhile, chiral self-assembly can induce circularly polarized light emission (CPLE) regardless of the existence of chirality in coassembled fluorophores. The CPLE from self-assembled chiral materials is particularly interesting because the CPLE can originate from both circularly polarized luminescence and circularly polarized scattering (CPS). Furthermore, because self-assembled nanostructures often exhibit stronger optical activity than their building blocks owing to dimension and resonance effects, the optical activity of single assembled nanostructures can be investigated by using microscopic technology combined with chiral optics. Here, we describe the state of the art for spectroscopic methods for the comprehensive analysis of chiral nanomaterials at various photon wavelengths, addressed with special attention given to new tools emerging both for materials with self-organized hierarchical chirality and single-particle spectroscopy.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗