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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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ODYSSEY: A PUBLIC GPU-BASED CODE FOR GENERAL RELATIVISTIC RADIATIVE TRANSFER IN KERR SPACETIME

General relativistic radiative transfer calculations coupled with the calculation of geodesics in the Kerr spacetime are an essential tool for determining the images, spectra, and light curves from matter in the vicinity of black holes. Such studies are especially important for ongoing and upcoming millimeter/submillimeter very long baseline interferometry observations of the supermassive black holes at the centers of Sgr A* and M87. To this end we introduce Odyssey, a graphics processing unit (GPU) based code for ray tracing and radiative transfer in the Kerr spacetime. On a single GPU, the performance of Odyssey can exceed 1 ns per photon, per Runge–Kutta integration step. Odyssey is publicly available, fast, accurate, and flexible enough to be modified to suit the specific needs of new users. Along with a Graphical User Interface powered by a video-accelerated display architecture, we also present an educational software tool, Odyssey-Edu, for showing in real time how null geodesics around a Kerr black hole vary as a function of black hole spin and angle of incidence onto the black hole.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Zero Energy Building Pays for Itself: Odyssey Elementary

Odyssey Elementary is a large public school in an area of Utah with a growing population. Created as a prototype for the Davis School District, Odyssey is a zero energy building whose design has already been copied for two other new schools, both of which are targeting zero energy. It has a unique design with four 'houses' (or classroom wings) featuring generously daylit classrooms. This design contributes to the school's energy efficiency. In an effort to integrate positive messages about fitness into the learning environment, each house has a different take on the theme of 'bodies in motion' in the natural world. In a postoccupancy survey of parents, students, and teachers, more than 87% were satisfied with the building overall.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

New and Extended Data Processing of Mars Odyssey Neutron Spectrometer Data

The Los Alamos National Laboratory designed and built Mars Odyssey Neutron Spectrometer (MONS) has been operating and collecting data from February 2002 to the present. MONS measures the neutron leakage albedo from galactic cosmic ray bombardment of Mars. These signals can indicate the presence of near-surface water deposits on Mars, and can also be used to study properties of the seasonal polar CO 2 ice caps. This work outlines a new analysis of the MONS data that results in new and extended time-series maps of MONS thermal and epithermal neutron data. The new data are compared to previous publications on the MONS instrument. We then present preliminary results studying the inter-annual variability in the polar regions of Mars based on 8 Mars-Years of MONS data from the new dataset.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Role of Congress in the High Level Radioactive Waste Odyssey: The Wisdom and Will of the Congress - 13096

Congress has had a dual role with regard to high level radioactive waste, being involved in both its creation and its disposal. A significant amount of time has passed between the creation of the nation's first high level radioactive waste and the present day. The pace of addressing its remediation has been highly irregular. Congress has had to consider the technical, regulatory, and political issues and all have had specific difficulties. It is a true odyssey framed by an imperative and accountability, by a sense of urgency, by an ability or inability to finish the job and by consequences. Congress had set a politically acceptable course by 1982. However, President Obama intervened in the process after he took office in January 2009. Through the efforts of his Administration, by the end of 2012, the US government has no program to dispose of high level radioactive waste and no reasonable prospect of a repository for high level radioactive waste. It is not obvious how the US government program will be reestablished or who will assume responsibility for leadership. The ultimate criteria for judging the consequences are 1) the outcome of the ongoing NRC's Nuclear Waste Confidence Rulemaking and 2) the concomitant permissibility of nuclear energy supplying electricity from operating reactors in the US. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

Spheres, charges, instantons, and bootstrap: A five-dimensional odyssey

We combine supersymmetric localization and the conformal bootstrap to study five-dimensional superconformal field theories. To begin, we classify the admissible counter-terms and derive a general relation between the five-sphere partition function and the conformal and flavor central charges. Along the way, we discover a new superconformal anomaly in five dimensions. We then propose a precise triple factorization formula for the five-sphere partition function, that incorporates instantons and is consistent with flavor symmetry enhancement. We numerically evaluate the central charges for the rank-one Seiberg and Morrison-Seiberg theories, and find strong evidence for their saturation of bootstrap bounds, thereby determining the spectra of long multiplets in these theories. Lastly, our results provide new evidence for the F-theorem and possibly a C-theorem in five-dimensional superconformal theories.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Integrated Reliability and Economic Modeling for Transmission Across Large Regions: A Space Odyssey

Power flow modeling and stability analysis are needed to more-comprehensively assess system reliability but the development of the system portfolios and conditions require use of economic models (e.g., production cost). What are the state of art methods for efficiently linking economic and reliability models to enable examination of multiple snapshots and perform detailed nodal analyses?

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

Investigation of the therapeutic potential of N-acetyl cysteine and the tools used to define nigrostriatal degeneration in vivo

The glutathione precursor N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) is currently being tested on Parkinson's patients for its neuroprotective properties. Our studies have shown that NAC can elicit protection in glutathione-independent manners in vitro. Thus, the goal of the present study was to establish an animal model of NAC-mediated protection in which to dissect the underlying mechanism. Mice were infused intrastriatally with the oxidative neurotoxicant 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 4 μg) and administered NAC intraperitoneally (100 mg/kg). NAC-treated animals exhibited higher levels of the dopaminergic terminal marker tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the striatum 10d after 6-OHDA. As TH expression is subject to stress-induced modulation, we infused the tracer FluoroGold into the striatum to retrogradely label nigrostriatal projection neurons. As expected, nigral FluoroGold staining and cell counts of FluoroGold{sup +} profiles were both more sensitive measures of nigrostriatal degeneration than measurements relying on TH alone. However, NAC failed to protect dopaminergic neurons 3 weeks following 6-OHDA, an effect verified by four measures: striatal TH levels, nigral TH levels, nigral TH{sup +} cell counts, and nigral FluoroGold levels. Some degree of mild toxicity of FluoroGold and NAC was evident, suggesting that caution must be exercised when relying on FluoroGold as a neuron-counting tool and when designing experiments with long-term delivery of NAC—such as clinical trials on patients with chronic disorders. Finally, the strengths and limitations of the tools used to define nigrostriatal degeneration are discussed. - Highlights: • N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) was injected into animals infused with the toxicant 6-OHDA. • Retrograde tracing with FluoroGold was used to define nigrostriatal cell loss. • Infrared Odyssey imaging and cell counts were used to screen for nigral cell loss. • NAC protected transiently against 6-OHDA but this effect waned over time. • Mildly toxic effects of chronic NAC delivery may influence future clinical trials.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

High energy emission of GRB 130821A: Constraining the density profile of the circum-burst medium as well as the initial Lorentz factor of the outflow

GRB 130821A was detected by Fermi-GBM/LAT, Konus-WIND, SPI-ACS/INTEGRAL, RHESSI and Mars Odyssey-HEND. Although the data of GRB 130821A are very limited, we show in this work that the high energy γ-ray emission (i.e., above 100 MeV) alone imposes tight constraint on the density profile of the circum-burst medium as well as the initial Lorentz factor of the outflow. The temporal behavior of the high energy γ-ray emission is consistent with the forward shock synchrotron radiation model, and the circum-burst medium likely has a constant-density profile. The Lorentz factor is about a few hundred, similar to other bright GRBs.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

SU-E-T-268: Proton Radiosurgery End-To-End Testing Using Lucy 3D QA Phantom

Purpose: To check the overall accuracy of proton radiosurgery treatment delivery using ready-made circular collimator inserts and fixed thickness compensating boluses. Methods: Lucy 3D QA phantom (Standard Imaging Inc. WI, USA) inserted with GaFchromicTM film was irradiated with laterally scattered and longitudinally spread-out 126.8 MeV proton beams. The tests followed every step in the proton radiosurgery treatment delivery process: CT scan (GE Lightspeed VCT), target contouring, treatment planning (Odyssey 5.0, Optivus, CA), portal calibration, target localization using robotic couch with image guidance and dose delivery at planned gantry angles. A 2 cm diameter collimator insert in a 4 cm diameter radiosurgery cone and a 1.2 cm thick compensating flat bolus were used for all beams. Film dosimetry (RIT114 v5.0, Radiological Imaging Technology, CO, USA) was used to evaluate the accuracy of target localization and relative dose distributions compared to those calculated by the treatment planning system. Results: The localization accuracy was estimated by analyzing the GaFchromic films irradiated at gantry 0, 90 and 270 degrees. We observed 0.5 mm shift in lateral direction (patient left), ±0.9 mm shift in AP direction and ±1.0 mm shift in vertical direction (gantry dependent). The isodose overlays showed good agreement (<2mm, 50% isodose lines) between measured and calculated doses. Conclusion: Localization accuracy depends on gantry sag, CT resolution and distortion, DRRs from treatment planning computer, localization accuracy of image guidance system, fabrication of ready-made aperture and cone housing. The total deviation from the isocenter was 1.4 mm. Dose distribution uncertainty comes from distal end error due to bolus and CT density, in addition to localization error. The planned dose distribution was well matched (>90%) to the measured values 2%/2mm criteria. Our test showed the robustness of our proton radiosurgery treatment delivery system using ready-made collimator inserts and fixed thickness compensating boluses.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗

WE-AB-BRB-06: A Temperature Independent Plastic Scintillation Detector Capable of Simultaneous Dose and Temperature Measurement

Purpose: To evaluate a measurement method that renders plastic scintillation detectors temperature independent and capable of recovering dose and temperature information simultaneously. Methods: A novel approach was developed to account for the temperature dependence of plastic scintillation detectors (PSDs) without prior knowledge of the temperature. To enable this, the optical response of the scintillating element is separated into two sub-components, one being the response at a given temperature and the other accounting for the change in the optical emission spectrum with temperature. Using a previously demonstrated hyperspectral approach and following the proper calibration protocol, the contribution to scintillator emission and physical value of both dose and temperature can be obtained in real-time. To validate the method, dose and temperature were measured under cobalt irradiation in a temperature controlled water tank developed for this study. The temperature was varied from 22°C to 42°C. Depth-dose curves were also obtained during irradiations from a linear accelerator, first maintaining the water at room temperature and then warming it to 40°C and letting it cool down naturally over the course of the second measurement. Results: Dose measurements delivered with the Co-60 unit showed an average relative difference to the expected value of (1.0±0.8)%, with a maximum difference of 2.3% over the entire range of temperatures. The measured temperatures using the PSD were all within 1°C of the expected values. The difference between room temperature and warmer depth dose measurements differed by only (1.2±0.4)%. The dosimeter showed to be accurate for temporal resolution down to 0.1s. Conclusion: The proposed method was shown to reliably correct for the temperature dependence of a PSD. Additionally, it makes it possible to assess the temperature at the point of measurement. These are significant advances in PSD technology, particularly in relation to real-time in vivo dosimetry. Part of this research was supported by the Odyssey Program at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗

Transportation Electrification Education Partnership for Green Jobs and Sustainable Mobility

This collaborative educational project between the University of Michigan—Ann Arbor, University of Michigan—Dearborn and the Kettering University successfully executed almost all the elements we proposed to do. In the original proposal, we proposed to develop four graduate courses, six undergraduate courses, four professional short courses, a K-12 electric vehicle education kit, a Saturday morning seminar series, and a set of consumer education material to support the advancement of transportation electrification. The first four deliverables were all successfully developed and offered. When we held the kick-off meeting in NETL in Morgantown back in early 2010 with all the ten ARRA education teams, however, it quickly became clear that among the ten ARRA education grantee teams, our proposed “consume education” activities are not better or with the potential to create bigger impact than some of activities proposed in other teams. For example, the Odyssey 2010 event held by the West Virginia University team had planned and successfully reached to more than 230,000 attendees, which is way more than what our proposed 100k event could ever reach. It was under the suggestion of Joseph Quaranta, the ARRA education Program Director at that time, that we should coordinate and eliminate redundancy. The resources should then be focused on activities that have less overlap. Therefore, the originally proposed activities: Saturday morning seminar series, and a set of consumer education material were dropped from our scope. We expanded the scope of our “education kit” activity to include some educational materials, mainly in the form of videos. The target audience also changed from general public to K-12 students. The majority of the project cost (~70%) goes toward the establishment of three undergraduate laboratories, which provides critically needed hands-on learning experience for next-generation green mobility engineers. We are very proud that the ARRA money, which was distributed as part of the economy stimulus package back in 2009, was used to invest in laboratories which are already impacting the learning experience of our undergraduate and graduate students, and will continue to do so in the coming decades. The offering and enrollments of the ten undergraduate and graduate courses developed under the support of this educational grant is summarized in the table below. The grant was finalized in September 2009, and four new courses were developed and offered soon after in Winter 2010. The other six courses were developed thereafter. The total number of students who took these new courses over the duration of this grant is just over 1,000. In the first 2 years, under the DOE funding, the courses are offered more regularly. After that, the courses were considered together with other existing courses in the planning of teaching schedule and may not be offered each year. Almost all of the 10 courses have healthy enrollments and we do expect them to be offered continuously in the future. The graduate courses perhaps will be offered every 2-3 years, and the undergraduate courses most likely on a yearly basis.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

Improved Derived Neutron Data User Guide, V1.0

The purpose of this document is to provide a brief overview of the Mars Odyssey Improved Derived Neutron Data (IDND) archive. This document is designed to instruct the user on how to find and access the IDND data in order to make basic plots and analyses. It does not explain how to navigate the PDS, nor does it explain how to do high level processing of the data.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Motor Control Center Design

This poster contains information dealing with the design of a Motor Control Center that drives an exhaust, heating and lighting system inside a deep well house.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗