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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2023

PACE Technical Report Series, Volume 11: The PACE Postlaunch Airborne eXperiment (PACE-PAX)

The Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE; https://pace.gsfc.nasa.gov) mission is NASA's latest and greatest effort to study the ocean-atmosphere system and build upon the legacy of previous satellite missions that have revolutionized our understanding of our home planet. By using advanced radiometric and polarimetric instruments to measure ocean color and key atmospheric variables, PACE aims to provide new insights into the complex interactions between the ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere. This information will be critical for improving our ability to model and predict changes in the Earth's climate, as well as to manage and conserve our planet's valuable natural resources. Performance assessments and science data product validation is a critical process for any Earth Science space-borne mission, as it involves assessing and verifying the quality of the data products generated by the mission while it is in orbit, as well as assigning uncertainties to these retrievals. More specifically, validation efforts are essential for assessing the accuracy of instrument data and the derived science products across varied spatial and temporal scales and ensuring their reliability and consistency with the mission's scientific goals and objectives. The overall plan for validation of PACE data is described in “PACE Science Data Product Validation Plan” (see, e.g., https://pace.gsfc.nasa.gov), and among range of post-launch activities, it describes the need and requirements for a post-launch airborne field campaign in support of PACE validation. This volume outlines the plans and requirements of the PACE Postlaunch Airborne eXperiment (PACE-PAX). The main goal of PACE-PAX is to gather validation and assessment data for the PACE mission, using a variety of airborne and ground-based assets. These assets will be coordinated to obtain complementary measurements of key ocean and atmospheric variables, such as ocean color, aerosols, and clouds. By collecting data from multiple sources, PACE-PAX will help to validate and refine the data products generated by the PACE mission, as well as to identify any potential errors or biases in the measurements. This will be essential for ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the PACE data products, and for maximizing the scientific value of the mission.

Kirk D Knobelspiesse↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

PACE Microphysical Aerosol Properties from Polarimetry (PACE-MAPP)

We present the Plankton, Aerosols, Clouds and Ecosystems Microphysical Aerosol Properties from Polarimetry (PACE-MAPP) polarimetric remote sensing algorithm developed for the newly launched NASA PACE satellite observing system. The objective of PACE-MAPP is to retrieve detailed fine-mode (marine, pollution and smoke) and coarse-mode (sea-salt and dust) aerosol properties over the ocean for a range of light to heavy aerosol loadings using PACE’s polarimetric-imaging capabilities at multiple angles and wavelengths from the ultraviolet (UV) to the near-infrared (NIR). An additional objective for PACE-MAPP is to discriminate aerosols from thin clouds. The PACE-MAPP polarimetric remote sensing retrieval algorithm uses coupled atmosphere-ocean vector radiative transfer, optimal estimation, artificial intelligence and powerful inherent optical property look-up-tables for the Earth’s aerosol, cloud, and hydrosol particles. PACE-MAPP is the only retrieval algorithm designed to invert aerosol/ocean products using both polarimeters onboard PACE. We present results using PACE-MAPP to retrieve aerosol and ocean remote sensing products from measurements by the Hyper-Angular Rainbow Polarimeter #2 (HARP2) and Spectro-polarimeter for Planetary Exploration one (SPEXone) polarimeter instruments onboard PACE.

Snorre Stamnes↗
NASA NTRS2025

PACE Water Resources: Demonstrating the Use of NASA's PACE Hyperspectral Ocean Color Instrument Data for Enhanced Coastal Management

This project developed tools to support the future use of Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) hyperspectral imagery in water resource monitoring and research by NASA DEVELOP teams and members of the PACE applications community. We sought to address a need for support in processing and visualizing hyperspectral PACE Ocean Color Instrument (OCI) data among researchers and decision-makers working in coastal water quality management and harmful algal bloom (HAB) monitoring. To supplement the day of simulated PACE imagery available, we used Aqua MODIS earth observations with Level 3 processing from March 2022 to build a Python graphical user interface (GUI) for visualizing ocean biogeochemical parameters relevant to the early detection and monitoring of HABs. We used simulated PACE OCI Level 2 data derived from the Python Top of Atmosphere Simulation Tool (PyTOAST) to build Jupyter Notebooks for band subset and selection. The Level 3 PACE Viewer components support users with quick visualizations as well as the creation of geoTIFFs and time-series. The Level 2 Jupyter Notebooks address users’ concerns over the volume and complexity of hyperspectral imagery. The PACE Viewer is useful for visual inspection and netCDF data processing but should not be used for geospatial analysis. Once PACE launches, this tool will alleviate the technical burdens of working with hyperspectral data and support the early detection and monitoring of HABs using PACE satellite imagery.

Python Top of Atmosphere Simulation Tool↗
NASA NTRS2018

PACE Technical Report Series, Volume 4: Cloud Retrievals in the PACE Mission: PACE Science Team Consensus Document

Earth is a complex dynamical system exhibiting continuous change in its atmosphere, ocean,and surface elements. Nearly all (99.97%) of the energy driving these systems is linked to the Sun. Measurements of reflected sunlight contain a unique signature of wavelength-specific scattering and absorption interactions occurring between incoming solar energy and atmospheric (molecules, aerosols,clouds) and surface features Clouds can affect significantly both shortwave and long wave radiation, depending on altitude/vertical structure, thermodynamic phase, and optical properties. Low, warm, and optically thick clouds predominantly have a cooling effect, while high, cold, optically thin clouds can cause warming by absorbing warmer radiation emitted from the surface and lower atmosphere.When the net difference between outgoing and incoming solar radiation is matched by the net infrared radiation emitted to space, the Earth's climate is in radiative balance. While radiative forcing components (GHGs, aerosols - direct and indirect) contribute to a net radiative imbalance, climate sensitivity is ultimately determined by the contribution of various system feed backs. The role of cloud feedback in a warming climate is currently the largest inter-model uncertainty in climate sensitivity and therefore in climate prediction [Bony and Dufresne 2005]. A comprehensive understanding of current cloud propertiesand dynamic/microphysical processes requires a global perspective from satellites.

Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE)↗
NASA NTRS2020

PACE Technical Report Series, Volume 9: PACE Applications Plan

This volume presents PACE mission’s plan for development and execution of a PACE Applications Program. NASA maintains an Applied Sciences Program (https://appliedsciences.nasa.gov) to help institutions and individuals make better decisions about our environment, food, water, health and safety through the use of NASA data. In 2016, NASA Headquarters began requiring all flight projects to implement a Project Applications Program with the purpose of: (a) scoping and developing applied research and applications as part of the overall mission concept; (b) demonstrating the project’s benefit to society and contributions to the achievement of societal outcomes; (c) identifying specific product applications and Communities of Potential to better understand the impacts and benefit from using project products and models; (d) increasing the utility of data products; and (e) fostering a Community of Practice who can work with the project throughout the emission life cycle. In response to and in support of this NASA Headquarters directive, the PACE mission developed this PACE Applications Program Plan. While consideration of applications and applied sciences has always been embedded into PACE, the Applications Program truly kicked into high gear in December 2019 (see https://pace.gsfc.nasa.gov). At the time of this writing, the number of PACE Early Adopters has already reached 20. And, the first PACE Applications Workshop will be held (virtually) in late September 2020, with 500 attendees registered. My congratulations and thanks to the PACE Applications Program team for a tremendous first year.

Maria Tzortziou↗
NASA NTRS2018

PACE Technical Report Series, Volume 3: Polarimetry in the PACE Mission: Science Team Consensus Document

The first goal of PACE mission science is to open new vistas in aquatic bio geochemistry by measuring non-chlorophyll pigments, separate chlorophyll and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and characterize phytoplankton taxonomy. PACE science will follow aquatic biochemistry into ecosystems in coastal regions, estuaries, tidal wetlands and lakes. PACE's second science goal is to extend aerosoland cloud data-records begun by the passive EOS-era instruments, as an aerosol- cloud-climate continuation mission. Besides PACE, NASA has no plans for multi-angle radiometry to continue the MISR record nor for multi-angle polarimetry to continue the PARASOL record. A multi-angle polarimeter on PACE will reduce risk towards meeting the first goal and enable the realization of the second.

Cetinic, Ivona↗
NASA NTRS2024

PACE Technical Report Series, Volume 12: The PACE Level 1C data format

NASA's Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission will make global ocean color and atmospheric measurements to provide extended data records of ocean ecology and global biogeochemistry, along with polarimetric measurements for advanced observations of aerosols, clouds and the ocean. PACE will contain three instruments: the primary Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), and two multi-angle polarimeters (MAPs). The latter instruments are contributed under a ‘Do-No-Harm’ (to the rest of the PACE mission) principle, and the PACE Science Data Processing System (SDPS) is only required to produce Level-1b (geolocated radiances with calibration applied) data without performance requirements. However, there is a strong desire to produce data in a format that merges the disparate spatial resolutions, viewing geometry and sampling nature of the three instruments. Our terminology for this format is Level 1c (L1C). This format will be an input to Level 2 algorithms produced from standalone MAP instrument observations, or from algorithms employing multi-sensor fusion. Creating the L1C format has several components. This includes choice of projection method, the means by which multi-angle views are properly incorporated into that projection (‘aggregation’) the means to represent wavelength and light polarization state, the selection of data to be included within the L1C file, and the handling of ancillary data either required for L1C file generation or needed in that format for L2 processing.

PACE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Designing and Executing Measurement and Verification Standards for C-PACE Programs: Lessons Learned from Leading C-PACE Programs

This brief seeks to inform Commercial Property Assessed Clean Energy (C-PACE) program administrators about design and execution of measurement and verification (M&V) standards by leveraging the experience of existing C-PACE programs. It also serves as a resource for state and local jurisdictions interested in establishing new C-PACE programs that incorporate M&V standards. It defines M&V standards in broad terms as technical standards to verify and demonstrate performance of C-PACE projects and programs, regardless of whether the programs require performance guarantees or ongoing post-project M&V.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗
NASA NTRS2018

Pre-Aerosol, Clouds, and Ocean Ecosystem (PACE) Mission Science Definition Team Report: PACE Technical Report Series - Volume 2

We live in an era in which increasing climate variability is having measurable impact on marine ecosystems within our own lifespans. At the same time, an ever-growing human population requires increased access to and use of marine resources. To understand and be better prepared to respond to these challenges, we must expand our capabilities to investigate and monitor ecological and bio geo chemical processes in the oceans. In response to this imperative, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) conceived the Pre-Aerosol, Clouds, and ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission to provide new information for understanding the living ocean and for improving forecasts of Earth System variability. The PACE mission will achieve these objectives by making global ocean color measurements that are essential for understanding the carbon cycle and its inter-relationship with climate change, and by expanding our understanding about ocean ecology and biogeochemistry. PACE measurements will also extend ocean climate data records collected since the 1990s to document changes in the function of aquatic ecosystems as they respond to human activities and natural processes over short and long periods of time. These measurements are pivotal for differentiating natural variability from anthropogenic climate change effects and for understanding the interactions between these processes and various human uses of the ocean. PACE ocean science goals and measurement capabilities greatly exceed those of our heritage ocean color sensors, and are needed to address the many outstanding science questions developed by the oceanographic community over the past 40 years.

Cetinic, Ivona↗
NASA NTRS1996

Higher sympathetic nerve activity during ventricular (VVI) than during dual-chamber (DDD) pacing

OBJECTIVES: We determined the short-term effects of single-chamber ventricular pacing and dual-chamber atrioventricular (AV) pacing on directly measured sympathetic nerve activity. BACKGROUND: Dual-chamber AV cardiac pacing results in greater cardiac output and lower systemic vascular resistance than does single-chamber ventricular pacing. However, it is unclear whether these hemodynamic advantages result in less sympathetic nervous system outflow. METHODS: In 13 patients with a dual-chamber pacemaker, we recorded the electrocardiogram, noninvasive arterial pressure (Finapres), respiration and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (microneurography) during 3 min of underlying basal heart rate and 3 min of ventricular and AV pacing at rates of 60 and 100 beats/min. RESULTS: Arterial pressure was lowest and muscle sympathetic nerve activity was highest at the underlying basal heart rate. Arterial pressure increased with cardiac pacing and was greater with AV than with ventricular pacing (change in mean blood pressure +/- SE: 10 +/- 3 vs. 2 +/- 2 mm Hg at 60 beats/min; 21 +/- 5 vs. 14 +/- 2 mm Hg at 100 beats/min; p < 0.05). Sympathetic nerve activity decreased with cardiac pacing and the decline was greater with AV than with ventricular pacing (60 beats/min -40 +/- 11% vs. -17 +/- 7%; 100 beats/min -60 +/- 9% vs. -48 +/- 10%; p < 0.05). Although most patients showed a strong inverse relation between arterial pressure and muscle sympathetic nerve activity, three patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction < or = 30%) showed no relation between arterial pressure and sympathetic activity. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term AV pacing results in lower sympathetic nerve activity and higher arterial pressure than does ventricular pacing, indicating that cardiac pacing mode may influence sympathetic outflow simply through arterial baroreflex mechanisms. We speculate that the greater incidence of adverse outcomes in patients treated with single-chamber ventricular rather than dual-chamber pacing may be due in part to increased sympathetic nervous outflow.

NASA Discipline Cardiopulmonary↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, Ocean Ecosystem (Pace) Mission Overview: From Concept to Launch

Abstract for Technical Review: The Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission is a strategic climate continuity mission that was defined in the 2010 document Responding to the Challenge of Climate and Environmental Change: NASA’s Plan for Climate-Centric Architecture for Earth Observations and Applications from Space (referred to as the “Climate Initiative”). Launched in February 2024, the PACE mission represents NASA’s next investment in ocean biology, clouds, and aerosol data records. PACE will extend the high quality ocean ecological, ocean biogeochemical, cloud, and aerosol particle data records begun by NASA in the 1990s, building on the exceptional heritages of the Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (SeaWiFS), the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS). NASA Headquarters directed the mission development and implementation to the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) with guidance to utilize a Design-to-Cost (DTC) process. Mission studies were conducted to define appropriate approaches within and across elements while maximizing science capabilities at a high cost confidence. Mission baseline requirements development is also embedded within the DTC process, as these requirements were not established at the onset of the mission concept development. The PACE project office at NASA’s GSFC was responsible for the satellite development, launch and commissioning. The NASA Headquarters PACE Program Science office is responsible for supporting the science data processing system and assembling competed community science teams, which includes field-based vicarious calibration and data product validation efforts to support the PACE Project Science team. The PACE observatory is comprised of three instruments, the Ocean Color Instrument (OCI) and two polarimeters, the Hyper-Angular Rainbow Polarimeter 2 (HARP2) and the Spectro-Polarimeter for Exploration (SPEXone) and the PACE spacecraft. The observatory has been commissioned and is performing on-orbit science data collection operations. Summary for Program: The Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission is a strategic climate continuity mission that was defined in the 2010 document Responding to the Challenge of Climate and Environmental Change: NASA’s Plan for Climate-Centric Architecture for Earth Observations and Applications from Space (referred to as the “Climate Initiative”). Launched in February 2024 under the leadership of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), the PACE mission represents NASA’s next investment in ocean biology, clouds, and aerosol data records. PACE will extend the high quality ocean ecological, ocean biogeochemical, cloud, and aerosol particle data records begun by NASA in the 1990s. The PACE observatory is comprised of the Ocean Color Instrument (OCI), the Hyper-Angular Rainbow Polarimeter 2 (HARP2) and the Spectro-Polarimeter for Exploration (SPEXone), along with the PACE spacecraft.

Robert H Estep, Jr↗
DOE OSTI2018

Assessing the PACE of California residential solar deployment: Impacts of Property Assessed Clean Energy programs on residential solar photovoltaic deployment in California, 2010-2015

A new study by Berkeley Lab found that residential Property Assessed Clean Energy (R-PACE) programs increased deployment of residential solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in California, raising it by about 7-12% in cities that adopt these programs. R-PACE is a financing mechanism that uses a voluntary property tax assessment, paid off over time, to facilitate energy improvements and, in some jurisdictions, water and resilience measures. While previous studies demonstrated that early, regional R-PACE programs increased solar PV deployment, this new analysis is the first to demonstrate these impacts from the large, statewide R-PACE programs dominating the California market today, which use private capital to fund the upfront costs of the improvements. Berkeley Lab estimated the impacts using econometric techniques on two samples: -Large cities only, allowing annual demographic and economic data as control variables -All California cities, without these annual data Analysis of both samples controls for several factors other than R-PACE that would be expected to drive solar PV deployment. We infer that on average, cities with R-PACE programs were associated with greater solar PV deployment in our study period (2010-2015). In the large cities sample, solar PV deployment in jurisdictions with R-PACE programs was higher by 1.1 watts per owner-occupied household per month, or 12%. Across all cities, solar PV deployment in jurisdictions with R-PACE programs was higher by 0.6 watts per owner-occupied household per month, or 7%. The large cities results are statistically significant at conventional levels; the all-cities results are not. The estimates imply that the majority of solar PV deployment financed by R-PACE programs would likely not have occurred in their absence. Results suggest that R-PACE programs have increased PV deployment in California even in relatively recent years, as R-PACE programs have grown in market share and as alternate approaches for financing solar PV have developed. The U.S. Department of Energy’s Building Technologies Office supported this research.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Practices for Demonstrating Energy Savings from Commercial PACE Projects

Nearly three-fourths of U.S. states have authorized local governments to use voluntary special assessments on commercial properties to finance energy improvements that boost economic development, create jobs, increase property values and advance energy goals. Commercial Property Assessed Clean Energy (C-PACE) financing allows building owners to repay the borrowed capital — from private or public sources — over time using their property as security. Berkeley Lab is supporting the Department of Energy’s Commercial PACE Working Group by developing a series of C-PACE issue briefs. The second brief in this series, Practices for Demonstrating Energy Savings from Commercial PACE Projects, looks at common practices for demonstrating energy savings to support state and local governments that sponsor C-PACE programs and want to track their energy impacts. This brief reviews: -The value proposition and trade-offs of conducting energy impact assessments for C-PACE programs; -Methods to quantify energy savings impacts from energy efficiency building improvements; and -Available resources and tools to support energy impact assessments. C-PACE programs may benefit from energy impact assessments for many reasons, including: -Validating the public benefits of the programs -Demonstrating that C-PACE can deliver participant benefits -Illustrating program impacts on public policy goals -Generating data to help improve program performance Many C-PACE programs are collecting data on project energy savings impacts, and these data can be leveraged to further support decision making and program implementation. Potential drawbacks to energy impact assessments may include added cost and burdens on property owners (e.g., the need to collect building energy consumption data). Where these burdens are considerable, they might slow program uptake. State and local governments can balance the benefits of energy impact assessments with the range of costs and accuracy inherent to available assessment methodologies. Additionally, depending on the policy context in the state or local government, a C-PACE program may be able to leverage existing efforts (e.g., building energy benchmarking programs) to reduce impact assessment costs, align with building owner practices and expectations, and efficiently assess program impact.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗