Rapid computation of specific energy losses for energetic charged particles
Rapid computation of specific energy losses for energetic charged particles
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Operation of SC5 rapid scan particle spectrometer on SCATHA satellite
The SC5 rapid scan particle spectrometer, operating on the SCATHA satellite, is discussed. SC5 in-orbit operation and reduction of electrostatic analyzer (ESA) spectra are addressed. ESA data summaries from ion and electron gun operations are explained. Data from gun operations show how the satellite potential responds and provide information on the various time constants involved.
Hanser, F. A.↗
Chain Dynamics in Magnetorheological Suspensions
Magnetorheological (MR) suspensions are composed of colloidal particles which acquire dipole moments when subjected to an external magnetic field. At sufficient field strengths and concentrations, the dipolar particles rapidly aggregate to form long chains. Subsequent lateral cross-linking of the dipolar chains is responsible for a rapid liquid-to-solid-like rheological transition. The unique, magnetically-activated rheological properties of MR suspensions make them ideal for interfacing mechanical systems to electronic controls. Additionally, the ability to experimentally probe colloidal suspensions interacting through tunable anisotropic potentials is of fundamental interest. Our current experimental work has focused on understanding the fluctuations of dipolar chains. It has been proposed by Halsey and Toor (HT) that the strong Landau-Peierls thermal fluctuations of dipolar chains could be responsible for long-range attractions between chains. Such interactions will govern the long-time relaxation of MR suspensions. We have synthesized monodisperse neutrally buoyant MR suspensions by density matching stabilized ferrofluid emulsion droplets with D2O. This allows us to probe the dynamics of the dipolar chains using light scattering without gravitational, interfacial, and polydispersity effects to resolve the short-wavelength dynamics of the dipolar chains. We used diffusing wave spectroscopy to measure these dynamics. The particle displacements at short times that show an independence to the field strength, but at long times exhibit a constrained, sub-diffusive motion that slows as the dipole strength is increased. The experiments are in good qualitative agreement with Brownian dynamics simulations of dipolar chains. Although there have been several important and detailed studies of the structure and interactions in MR suspensions, there has not been conclusive evidence that supports or contradicts the HT model prediction that long-range interactions exist between fluctuating chains of dipolar particles. Resolving this issue would contribute greatly to the understanding of these interesting and important materials. We have begun to test the predictions of the HT model by both examining the dynamics of individual chains and by measuring the forces between dipolar chains directly to accurately and quantitatively assess the interactions that they experience. To do so, we employ optical trapping techniques and video-microscopy to manipulate and observe our samples on the microscopic level. With these techniques, it is possible to observe chains that are fluctuating freely in three-dimensions, independent of interfacial effects. More importantly, we are able to controllably observe the interactions of two chains at various separations to measure the force-distance profile. The techniques also allow us to study the mechanical properties of individual chains and chain clusters. Our work to this point has focused on reversibly-formed dipolar chains due to field induced dipoles where the combination of this chaining, the dipolar forces, and the hydrodynamic interactions that dictate the rheology of the suspensions. One can envision, however, many situations where optical, electronic, or rheological behavior may be optimized with magneto-responsive anisotropic particles. Chains of polarizable particles may have the best properties as they can coil and flex in the absence of a field and stiffen and orient when a field is applied. We have recently demonstrated a synthesis of stable, permanent paramagnetic chains by both covalently and physically linking paramagnetic colloidal particles. The method employed allows us to create monodisperse chains of controlled length. We observed the stability, field-alignment, and rigidity of this new class of materials. The chains may exhibit unique rheological properties in an applied magnetic field over isotropic suspensions of paramagnetic particles. They are also useful rheological models as bead-spring systems. These chains form the basis for our current experiments with optical traps.
Gast, A. P.↗
RAPID: The imaging energetic particle spectrometer on Cluster
The RAPID spectrometer for the Cluster mission, an advanced particle detector for the analysis of suprathermal plasma distributions in the energy range from 20 to 400 keV and from 2 keV/nuc to 1500 keV for electrons and ions, respectively, is presented. Novel detector concepts in combination with pinhole acceptance permit the measurement of angular distributions over a range of 180 deg in polar angle for either species. The detection principle for the ionic component is based on a two dimensional analysis of a particle's velocity and energy. Electrons are identified by the well known energy range relationship. The detection techniques are described and selected areas in geospace are used to highlight the scientific objectives of this investigation.
Wilken, B.↗
Adiabatic charged particle motion in rapidly rotating magnetospheres
Some aspects of adiabatic drift theory are investigated in the regime where the E x B drift velocity is comparable with or larger than the gyro velocity. Particles undergo five drifts in addition to the E x B gradient, and line curvature drifts have three more terms in the parallel equation of motion. The case of the rapidly rotating rigid magnetic field configuration is found to be an exception due to the corotating particle with a nearly periodic motion. The guiding center drift velocity and parallel differential equation of motion are obtained, and the drift velocity in the rotating frame is found to consist of the expected field gradient and line curvature drift, plus centrifugal and coriolis force induced drifts. It is shown that the second invariant is conserved in the rotating frame by the four drifts, so that a particle slowly drifts around on its drift shell and returns to its original field line. Thus, there is no long term energy change, and any energy change is periodic on the bounce and drift time scale.
Northrop, T. G.↗
Rapid flow fractionation of particles combining liquid and particulate dielectrophoresis
Rapid, size-based, deposition of particles from liquid suspension is accomplished using a nonuniform electric field created by coplanar microelectrode strips patterned on an insulating substrate. The scheme uses the dielectrophoretic force both to distribute aqueous liquid containing particles and, simultaneously, to separate the particles. Size-based separation is found within nanoliter droplets formed along the structure after voltage removal. Bioparticles or macromolecules of similar size can also be separated based on subtle differences in dielectric property, by controlling the frequency of the AC current supplied to the electrodes.
King, Michael R.↗
Rapid fitting of particle cascade development data from X-ray film densitometry measurements
A semiautomatic method of fitting transition curves to X-ray film optical density measurements of electromagnetic particle cascades is described. Several hundred singly and multiple interacting cosmic ray events from the JACEE 8 balloon flights were analyzed using this procedure. In addition to greatly increased speed compared to the previous manual method, the semiautomatic method offers increased accuracy through maximum likelihood fitting.
Roberts, E.↗
Degradation of Teflon(tm) FEP Following Charged Particle Radiation and Rapid Thermal Cycling
During the Second Servicing Mission (SM2) of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) severe degradation was observed on the outer layer of the thermal control blankets. Astronaut observations and photographs revealed large cracks in the metallized Teflon FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene), the outer layer of the multi-layer insulation (MLI), in many locations around the telescope. In an effort to understand what elements of the space environment might cause such damage, pristine Teflon' FEP was tested for durability to radiation and thermal cycling. Specimens were subjected to electron and proton fluences comparable to those experienced by HST and were subsequently thermal cycled in a custom-built rapid thermal cycle chamber. Tensile tests of the specimens showed that radiation followed by thermal cycling significantly reduced the ultimate strength and elongation of Teflon FEP.
Townsend, Jacqueline A.↗
Degradation of Teflon(tm) FEP Following Charged Particle Radiation and Rapid Thermal Cycling
During the Second Servicing Mission (SM2) of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) severe degradation was observed on the outer layer of the thermal control blankets. Astronaut observations and photographs revealed large cracks in the metallized Teflon' FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene), the outer layer of the multi-layer insulation (MLI), in many locations around the telescope. In an effort to understand what elements of the space environment might cause such damage, pristine Teflon(registered trademark) FEP was tested for durability to radiation and thermal cycling. Specimens were subjected to electron and proton fluences comparable to those experienced by HST and were subsequently thermal cycled in a custom-built rapid thermal cycle chamber. Tensile tests of the specimens showed that radiation followed by thermal cycling significantly reduced the ultimate strength and elongation of Teflon(registered trademark) FEP.
Townsend, Jacqueline A.↗
Degradation of Teflon(tm) FEP Following Charged Particle Radiation and Rapid Thermal Cycling
During the Second Servicing Mission (SM2) of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) severe degradation was observed on the outer layer of the thermal control blankets. Astronaut observations and photographs revealed large cracks in the metallized Teflon(R) FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene), the outer layer of the multi-layer insulation (MLI), in many locations around the telescope. In an effort to understand what elements of the space environment might cause such damage, pristine Teflon(R) FEP was tested for durability to radiation and thermal cycling. Specimens were subjected to electron and proton fluences comparable to those experienced by HST and were subsequently thermal cycled in a custom-built rapid thermal cycle chamber. Tensile tests of the specimens showed that radiation followed by thermal cycling significantly reduced the ultimate strength and elongation of Teflon(R) FEP.
Townsend, Jacqueline↗
Degradation of Teflon(trademark) FEP Following Charged Particle Radiation and Rapid Thermal Cycling
During the Second Servicing Mission (SM2) of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) severe degradation was observed on the outer layer of the thermal control blankets. Astronaut observations and photographs revealed large cracks in the metallized Teflon(trademark) FEP (fluorinated ethylene propylene), the outer layer of the multi-layer insulation (MLI), in many locations around the telescope. In an effort to understand what elements of the space environment might cause such damage, pristine Teflon(trademark) FEP was tested for durability to radiation and thermal cycling. Specimens were subjected to electron and proton fluences comparable to those experienced by HST and were subsequently thermal cycled in a custom-built rapid thermal cycle chamber. Tensile tests of the specimens showed that radiation followed by thermal cycling significantly reduced the ultimate strength and elongation of Teflon(trademark) FEP.
Townsend, Jacqueline↗
Subionospheric VLF/LF phase perturbations produced by lightning-whistler induced particle precipitation
Rapid phase perturbations of subionospherically propagating VLF/LF signals are associated with lightning-generated whistlers which propagate in the magnetosphere. The perturbations, called 'Trimpi events' or 'Trimpi effects' after their discoverer, are attributed to alterations in the earth-ionosphere waveguide caused by localized enhancements in the ionospheric D region. These enhancements are produced by bursts of high-energy electrons which are precipitated out of the earth's radiation belts by the whistler waves. The present paper has the objective to present and discuss new evidence of whistler-associated phase perturbations of subionospheric signals. Events of this type, called phase Trimpi's were first reported by Lohrey and Kaiser (1979). Attention is given to occurrence statistics in terms of the seasonal distribution and hourly rate of events, possible effects on global VLF/LF navigation, and an interpretive model.
Inan, U. S.↗
Infrared radiative properties of rapidly cooling, initially molten Al2O3 particles
A shock tube technique was used to investigate the effects of rapid cooling of molten Al2O3 particles on their radiative signatures below the melt. Optically thin clouds of submicron Al2O3 particles in an Ar bath were shock-heated and then quench-cooled by a rarefaction wave. Visible pyrometry monitored the temperature history of the particles and infrared detectors quantified the IR signatures at several wavelengths. Data analysis gave values of the imaginary refractive index, k. As the particles cooled to submelt temperatures (1600 to 2300 K), the values of k remained near 0.1, comparable to the liquid values and several orders of magnitude larger than those for bulk alpha-Al2O3. This results in an enhancement of SWIR radiation by three or more orders of magnitude. These results give strong evidence that a rapid-cooling solidification process is primarily responsible for discrepancies between observed and predicted radiation in SRM tests.
Rawlins, W. T.↗
Micrometeoroid and Lunar Secondary Ejecta Flux Measurements: Comparison of Three Acoustic Systems
This report examines the inherent capability of three large-area acoustic sensor systems and their applicability for micrometeoroids (MM) and lunar secondary ejecta (SE) detection and characterization for future lunar exploration activities. Discussion is limited to instruments that can be fabricated and deployed with low resource requirements. Previously deployed impact detection probes typically have instrumented capture areas less than 0.2 square meters. Since the particle flux decreases rapidly with increased particle size, such small-area sensors rarely encounter particles in the size range above 50 microns, and even their sampling the population above 10 microns is typically limited. Characterizing the sparse dust population in the size range above 50 microns requires a very large-area capture instrument. However it is also important that such an instrument simultaneously measures the population of the smaller particles, so as to provide a complete instantaneous snapshot of the population. For lunar or planetary surface studies, the system constraints are significant. The instrument must be as large as possible to sample the population of the largest MM. This is needed to reliably assess the particle impact risks and to develop cost-effective shielding designs for habitats, astronauts, and critical instrument. The instrument should also have very high sensitivity to measure the flux of small and slow SE particles. is the SE environment is currently poorly characterized, and possess a contamination risk to machinery and personnel involved in exploration. Deployment also requires that the instrument add very little additional mass to the spacecraft. Three acoustic systems are being explored for this application.
Corsaro, R. D.↗
Disappearance and reappearance of particles of energies 50 keV as seen by P78-2 (SCATHA) near geosynchronous orbit
The nightside particle environment as observed by the AFGL Rapid Scan Particle Detector on SCATHA showing large, sudden simultaneous changes in the fluxes of electrons and protons with energies above 50 keV (dropouts) is considered. An interesting feature of SCATHA dropouts is the quasiperiodic behavior of the particle flux amplitudes which often vary with a period of the order of 15 minutes both during the dropout and after the return. A flux return during eclipse caused a major spacecraft charging event of several kilovolts. The SCATHA observations are compared with those reported for other geosynchronous satellites. In agreement with ATS-5, a marked dependence in the frequency of occurrence due to an effect of the orbit is found. ATS-5 experienced few dropouts during quiet geomagnetic conditions. However, for an L shell greater than seven, SCATHA particle dropouts occur routinely during quiet conditions. Thus, for SCATHA's orbit, both the orbital position and geomagnetic conditions must be taken into account in evaluating the potential hazard of flux returns.
Feynman, J.↗
Balloon Observations of Rapid Variations in Solar Particle Flux During July 1972
Solar energetic particles were observed with excellent time resolution with the aid of a large hodoscope flown on a balloon. A transient increase in the intensity of solar protons which can be interpreted in considerable detail as evidence for the coherent propagation of particles injected by a west limb flare occurring at 1025UT on July 22, 1972 is reported.
Bagg, L. E.↗
Balloon observations of rapid variations in solar particle flux during July 1972
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Bagg, L. E.↗
Inert gases in fines at three levels of the trench at Van Serg Crater
Inert-gas measurements were conducted with three soil samples collected from a trench of about 17 cm depth which had been dug at Station 9, approximately 60-m southeast of the rim of Van Serg Crater on the moon. The particular trench is interesting because it is located in the continuous ejecta blanket of a relatively young crater. The results of the inert-gas measurements are presented in a table. They confirm an earlier conclusion reported by Heymann et al. (1974) that fines from Station 9 are among the most gas rich in the whole landing site. The three fines are agglutinate rich and most of the trapped gas is contained in the constructional particles. Agglutinate contents of fines tend to decrease rapidly for particles greater than about 250 micrometers.
Jordan, J. L.↗