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At least 19 records

Conformal and Spectrally Agile Ultra Wideband Phased Array Antenna for Communication and Sensing

There is a continuing need for reducing size and weight of satellite systems, and is also strong interest to increase the functional role of small- and nano-satellites (for instance SmallSats and CubeSats). To this end, a family of arrays is presented, demonstrating ultra-wideband operation across the numerous satellite communications and sensing frequencies up to the Ku-, Ka-, and Millimeter-Wave bands. An example design is demonstrated to operate from 3.5-18.5 GHz with VSWR2 at broadside, and validated through fabrication of an 8 x 8 prototype. This design is optimized for low cost, using Printed Circuit Board (PCB) fabrication. With the same fabrication technology, scaling is shown to be feasible up to a 9-49 GHz band. Further designs are discussed, which extend this wideband operation beyond the Ka-band, for instance from 20-80 GHz. Finally we will discuss recent efforts in the direct integration of such arrays with digital beamforming back-ends. It will be shown that using a novel on-site coding architecture, orders of magnitude reduction in hardware size, power, and cost is accomplished in this transceiver.

Ultra Wideband antenna↗

Wideband Array for C, X, and Ku-Band Applications with 5.3:1 Bandwidth

Satellite communication has largely been accomplished using reflector antennas. However, such antennas are inherently bulky, and rely on mechanical steering. For this reason, ultra-wideband (UWB) and beam forming arrays have received strong interest. These lower weight, size,and cost arrays can combine many satellite applicationsspread throughout the C–Ka bands (4–40 GHz).To this end, we seek to develop an UWB Tightly-Coupled Dipole Array (TCDA) with the following attributes: UWB band operation (3.5–18.5 GHz) with low loss; 45˚ or more scanning in all planes; Low-cost Printed Circuit Board (PCB) fabrication; Scalable to Ka-band and above.

Wideband Array↗

Ultra-Wideband Phased Array for Millimeter-Wave 5G and ISM

Growing mobile data consumption has prompted the exploration of the millimeter-wave spectrum for large bandwidth, high speed communications. However, the allocated bands are spread across a wide swath of spectrum: fifth generation mobile architecture (5G): 28, 38, 39, 64-71 GHz, as well as Industrial, Scientific, and Medical bands (ISM): 24 and 60 GHz. Moreover, high gain phased arrays are required to overcome the significant path loss associated with these frequencies. Further, it is necessary to incorporate several of these applications in a single, small size and low cost platform. To this end, we have developed a scanning, Ultra-Wideband (UWB) array which covers all 5G, ISM, and other mm-W bands from 24-72 GHz. Critically, this is accomplished using mass-production Printed Circuit Board (PCB) fabrication.

Ultra-wide band phased array↗

Ultra-Wideband Array in PCB for Millimeter-Wave 5G and ISM

Growing mobile data consumption has prompted the exploration of the millimeter-wave spectrum for large bandwidth, high speed communications. However, the allocated bands are spread across a wide swath of spectrum: Fifth generation mobile architecture (5G): 28, 38, 39, 6471 GHz; Industrial, Scientific, and Medical bands (ISM): 24, 60 GHz. Moreover, high gain phased arrays are required to overcome the significant path loss associated with these frequencies. Further, it is necessary to incorporate several of these applications in a single, small size and low cost platform. To this end, we have developed a scanning, Ultra-Wideband (UWB) array which covers all 5G, ISM, and other mm-W bands from 2472 GHz. Critically, this is accomplished using mass-production Printed Circuit Board (PCB) fabrication. The results of this work are presented in this poster.

Milli-Meter Wave↗

Printed Wiring Board Technology Infusion and Supplier Capability Overview

Risk based technology infusion is a deliberate and systematic process which defines the analysis and communication methodology by which new technology is applied and integrated into existing and new designs, identifies technology development needs based on trends analysis and facilitates the identification of shortfalls against performance objectives. This presentation at QLF 2018 provides the audience a snapshot of quality variations in printed wiring board quality, as assessed, using experiences in processing and risk analysis of PWB structural integrity coupons. The presentation will focus on printed wiring board quality metrics used, the relative type and number of non-conformances observed and trend analysis using statistical methods. Trend analysis shows the top five non-conformances observed across PWB suppliers, the root cause(s) behind these non-conformance and suggestions of mitigation plans. The trends will then be matched with the current state of the PWB supplier base and its challenges and opportunities. The presentation further discusses the methods being applied at GSFC for evaluating candidate printed wiring board technologies which promote the adoption of higher throughput and faster processing technology for GSFC missions.

PCB fabrication↗

Achieving Improved Reliability with Failure Analysis

Reliability is the ability of a product to properly function, within specified performance limits, for a specified period of time, under the life cycle application conditions. Failure analysis is a vital tool in the effort to ensure reliability of electronic products and systems throughout their product lifecycle. Today, organizations involved in activities within the electronics supply chain are facing new challenges, not just from complex assembly styles, harsher lifecycle environments, and sophisticated supply chains, but also from customers who are demanding a quicker turn-around. Unfortunately, root cause failure analysis is often performed incompletely, leading to a poor understanding of failure mechanisms and causes and, customer dissatisfaction due to recurring failures. The PDC (Professional Development Course) starts with an introduction to reliability concepts, physics of failure and an overview of failure mechanisms that affect PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards), PCBAs (Printed Circuit Board Assembly) and components. The PDC then dives into root cause hypothesizing techniques (Pareto, FMEA (Failure Modes and Effects Analysis), fishbone (Cause-And-Effect Diagram), FTA (Fault Tree Analysis)), non-destructive and destructive analysis and, materials characterization will be discussed. Numerous failure analysis case studies will be used to illustrate the techniques and analysis principles to arrive at the root cause(s) of field failures on printed circuit boards, active components, and assemblies. What Attendees will Learn: Topics include: Overview of Reliability Concepts Failure mechanisms of electronic products Root cause analysis Failure analysis techniques -Non-destructive techniques (optical, CSAM (Confocal Scanning Electron Microscopy) etc.) -Destructive analysis (DPA (Destructive Physical Analysis), Decap (Decapsulation), FIB (Focused Ion Beam) etc.) -Materials characterization (XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) , EDS (Error Detection Sequential), TMA/DSC (Thermal Mechanical Analysis/Differential Scanning Calorimetry) etc.)

PCB quality↗

Space to Space Advanced EMU Radio

The main task for this project was the development of a prototype for the Space to Space Advanced EMU Radio (SSAER). The SSAER is an updated version of the Space to Space EMU Radio (SSER), which is the current radio used by EMUs (Extravehicular Mobility Unit) for communication between suits and with the ISS. The SSER was developed in 1999, and it was desired to update the design used in the system. Importantly, besides replacing out-of-production parts it was necessary to decrease the size of the radio due to increased volume constraints with the updated Portable Life Support System (PLSS) 2.5, which will be attached on future space suits. In particular, it was desired to fabricate a PCB for the front-end of the prototype SSAER system. Once this board was manufactured and all parts assembled, it could then be tested for quality of operation as well as compliancy with the SSER required specifications. Upon arrival, a small outline of the target system was provided, and it was my responsibility to take that outline to a finished, testable board. This board would include several stages, including frequency mixing, amplification, modulation, demodulation, and handled both the transmit and receive lines of the radio. I developed a new design based on the old SSER system and the outline provided to me, and found parts to fit the tasks in my design. It was also important to consider the specifications of the SSER, which included the system noise figure, gain, and power consumption. Further, all parts needed to be impedance matched, and spurious signals needed to be avoided. In order to fulfill these two requirements, it was necessary to perform some calculations using a Smith Chart and excel analysis. Once all parts were selected, I drew the schematics for the system in Altium Designer. This included developing schematic symbols, as well as layout. Once the schematic was finished, it was then necessary to lay the parts out onto a PCB using Altium. Similar to the schematic design, in order to accomplish this it was necessary to develop component land patterns and add component 3D models. All of this was achieved, and the PCB is currently in review. After it is finished being reviewed, this board will be sent out for manufacture. All electronic components used in the PCB have been acquired, and once the board arrives they will be soldered onto the board using a machine in building 44. Finally, the board will be tested for performance on-site. This will likely be accomplished by the end of the internship.

Maicke, Andrew↗

PCB Quality Metrics that Drive Reliability

Risk-based technology infusion is a deliberate and systematic process that defines the analysis and communication methodology by which new technology is applied and integrated into existing and new designs, identifies technology development needs based on trends analysis and facilitates the identification of shortfalls against performance objectives. This presentation at IPC Works Asia Aerospace 2021 Events provides the audience a snapshot of quality variations in printed-wiring-board quality, as assessed, using experiences in processing and risk analysis of PWB structural integrity coupons. The presentation will focus on printed-wiring-board quality metrics used, the relative type and number of non-conformances observed and trend analysis using statistical methods. Trend analysis shows the top five non-conformances observed across PWB suppliers, the root cause(s) behind these non-conformance and suggestions of mitigation plans. The trends are then matched with the current state of the PWB supplier base and its challenges and opportunities. The presentation further discusses the risk-based SMA approaches and methods being applied at GSFC for evaluating candidate printed wiring board technologies that promote the adoption of higher throughput and faster processing technology for GSFC missions.

Printed circuit boards↗

A Physics of Failure Approach to Evaluate Printed Circuit Board Reliability

Risk based technology infusion is a deliberate and systematic process which defines the analysis and communication methodology by which new technology is applied and integrated into existing and new designs, identifies technology development needs based on trends analysis and facilitates the identification of shortfalls against performance objectives. This presentation at IPC Works Asia Aerospace 2019 Events provides the audience a snapshot of quality variations in printed wiring board quality, as assessed, using experiences in processing and risk analysis of PWB structural integrity coupons. The presentation will focus on printed wiring board quality metrics used, the relative type and number of non-conformances observed and trend analysis using statistical methods. Trend analysis shows the top five non-conformances observed across PWB suppliers, the root cause(s) behind these non-conformance and suggestions of mitigation plans. The trends will then be matched with the current state of the PWB supplier base and its challenges and opportunities. The presentation further discusses the risk based SMA approaches and methods being applied at GSFC for evaluating candidate printed wiring board technologies which promote the adoption of higher throughput and faster processing technology for GSFC missions.

Printed Circuit Boards↗

Additively Manufactured Ink-based Cell Batteries for Flexible Conformational Applications

With the rise of additively manufactured electronics, the importance of thin, flexible printed batteries has increased for shape-conformal electronics. Traditionally, battery cells such as industry-standard lithium-ion batteries, have been rigid and therefore unable to conform to time-variant surfaces such as smart cards/RFID devices, disposable battery-powered skin patches, foldable electronic devices, and IoT nodes. Aligned with the effort to advance technologies on printed electronics for habitat systems and advanced manufacturing, this proof-of-concept will focus on printing a 50 mAh Zn-Ag battery implementing a DIW Technique. After prototype manufacturing, electrical and environmental testing on the flexible battery cell will be conducted to the evaluate energy and power density over 50 charge cycles under standard atmosphere conditions. The project aims to provide PCB designers, fabricators, and assemblers an integrated battery package to eliminate external batteries, external wiring and connectors, and conformational complexity. Potential end uses of the printed battery process will be within Martian and lunar habitat systems, Gateway, and surface vehicles, or aerial robots where space and geometry is a restriction.

Printed Electronics↗

Design of Rigid-Flex PCB Robotics Leveraging Validated Finite Element Simulations

The use of rigid-flex printed circuit board (PCB) as primary structure has the potential to reduce the weight and volume of robotic systems. In the case of robotics for interplanetary exploration, these systems can leverage origami-inspired folding for increased mobility options and reduced storage volume. Folding rigid-flex PCB robotics can be constructed with rigid PCB connected by short Nomex fabric hinges coupled with flex PCB ribbon cables that permits enhanced system flexibility and energy dissipation to promote impact survivability. This paper presents a design methodology of rigid-flex PCB systems with an emphasis on impact resistance. The design process considers solder joint adequacy, panel bending, and fracture using a finite element (FE) model. The proposed design methodology is developed using a case study with NASA JPL's Pop-Up Folding Flat Explorer Robot (PUFFER). First, the finite-element (FE) modeling methodology is presented with consideration to both frequency and time-domain modeling applications, which include operational self-contact analysis and high impact scenarios. The time-domain impact modeling methodology utilizes hyperelastic material properties for the Nomex hinges. This modeling method is validated using image correlation of PUFFER drop tests. A flowchart is presented to guide users through a validated Abaqus modeling procedure for highly flexible rigid-flex systems. Next, a case study is presented in which PUFFER is subject to drop heights representative of falls into Lunar pits and then the design is refined for a more optimum impact performance. Finally, the results of the case study are used to inform a generalized design methodology for rigid-flex PCB robotics subject to high-impact loads with the considerations presented.

John Bell↗

Design of Rigid-Flex PCB Robotics Leveraging Validated Finite Element Simulations

The use of rigid-flex printed circuit board (PCB) as primary structure has the potential to reduce the weight and volume of robotic systems. In the case of robotics for interplanetary exploration, these systems can leverage origamiinspired folding for increased mobility options and reduced storage volume. Folding rigid-flex PCB robotics can be constructed with rigid PCB connected by short Nomex fabric hinges coupled with flex PCB ribbon cables that permits enhanced system flexibility and energy dissipation to promote impact survivability. This paper presents a design methodology of rigidflex PCB systems with an emphasis on impact resistance. The design process considers solder joint adequacy, panel bending, and fracture using a finite element (FE) model. The proposed design methodology is developed using a case study with NASA JPL’s Pop-Up Folding Flat Explorer Robot (PUFFER). First, the finite-element (FE) modeling methodology is presented with consideration to both frequency and time-domain modeling applications, which include operational self-contact analysis and high impact scenarios. The time-domain impact modeling methodology utilizes hyperelastic material properties for the Nomex hinges. This modeling method is validated using image correlation of PUFFER drop tests. A flowchart is presented to guide users through a validated Abaqus modeling procedure for highly flexible rigid-flex systems. Next, a case study is presented in which PUFFER is subject to drop heights representative of falls into Lunar pits and then the design is refined for a more optimum impact performance. Finally, the results of the case study are used to inform a generalized design methodology for rigid-flex PCB robotics subject to high-impact loads with the considerations presented.

de la Croix, Jean-Pierre↗

Modular Composite Damage Detection System (MCDDS)

The 2020 CIF funded Modular Composite Damage Detection System (MCDDS) aims to advance the technology of damage detection in composites in the areas of thin, flexible damage detection panel construction, encapsulation techniques in composite matrixes, innovative integration and interfacing techniques with flexible embedded sensory panels, repair methods of composite materials, and improved packaging of the MCDDS. Custom thin, flexible polyimide printed circuit boards (PCBs) were designed and procured for fabrication of test specimens. A custom interface PCB was designed and fabricated to monitor the newly developed damage detection test specimens. Test specimens were fabricated using the novel flexible circuitry that were either fully or partially encapsulated. The fully encapsulated specimens were used to demonstrate embedded damage detection concepts and the partially encapsulated specimens were used to demonstrate surface-mounted (laminate) damage detection concepts. The new composite damage detection test specimens were tested and evaluated to determine if the novel damage detection sensory panels could withstand low-cycle threshold fatigue loading per a modified version of American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 7264 for up to 50 cycles without void formation. The data for multiple sensory panels indicates that the newly fabricated sensory panels are robust and do indeed withstand three-point bend flexural loading for more than 50 cycles. Additionally, testing was performed to determine if damage could be detected in damage detection test specimens subjected to failure using a 3-point bend test per a modified version of ASTM D 7264. Again, multiple sensory panels (both fully and partially encapsulated) showed the ability to detect damage to specimens subjected to failure per a modified version of ASTM D 7264. Additionally, a novel concept for tracking and monitoring of cracking (and potentially delamination) in composites was designed and developed that utilizes painted-on conductors.

Christopher Forney↗

Distributed Capacitive Sensor for Sample Mass Measurement

Previous robotic sample return missions lacked in situ sample verification/ quantity measurement instruments. Therefore, the outcome of the mission remained unclear until spacecraft return. In situ sample verification systems such as this Distributed Capacitive (DisC) sensor would enable an unmanned spacecraft system to re-attempt the sample acquisition procedures until the capture of desired sample quantity is positively confirmed, thereby maximizing the prospect for scientific reward. The DisC device contains a 10-cm-diameter pressure-sensitive elastic membrane placed at the bottom of a sample canister. The membrane deforms under the weight of accumulating planetary sample. The membrane is positioned in close proximity to an opposing rigid substrate with a narrow gap. The deformation of the membrane makes the gap narrower, resulting in increased capacitance between the two parallel plates (elastic membrane and rigid substrate). C-V conversion circuits on a nearby PCB (printed circuit board) provide capacitance readout via LVDS (low-voltage differential signaling) interface. The capacitance method was chosen over other potential approaches such as the piezoelectric method because of its inherent temperature stability advantage. A reference capacitor and temperature sensor are embedded in the system to compensate for temperature effects. The pressure-sensitive membranes are aluminum 6061, stainless steel (SUS) 403, and metal-coated polyimide plates. The thicknesses of these membranes range from 250 to 500 m. The rigid substrate is made with a 1- to 2-mm-thick wafer of one of the following materials depending on the application requirements glass, silicon, polyimide, PCB substrate. The glass substrate is fabricated by a microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication approach. Several concentric electrode patterns are printed on the substrate. The initial gap between the two plates, 100 m, is defined by a silicon spacer ring that is anodically bonded to the glass substrate. The fabricated proof-of-concept devices have successfully demonstrated tens to hundreds of picofarads of capacitance change when a simulated sample (100 g to 500 g) is placed on the membrane.

Toda, Risaku↗

Wideband Array for C, X, and Ku-Band Applications with 5.3:1 Bandwidth

Planar arrays that exploit strong intentional coupling between elements have allowed for very wide bandwidths in low-profile configurations. However, such designs also require complex impedance matching networks that must also be very compact. For many space applications, typically occurring at C-, X-, Ku-, and most recently at Ka-band, such designs require specialized and expensive fabrication techniques. To address this issue, a novel ultra-wideband array is presented, using a simplified feed network to reduce fabrication cost. The array operates from 3.5-18.5 GHz with VSWR less than 2.4 at broadside, and is of very low profile, having a total height of lambda/10 at the lowest frequency of operation. Validation is provided using a 64-element prototype array, fabricated using common Printed Circuit Board (PCB) technology. The low size, weight, and cost of this array make it attractive for space-borne applications.

X-↗

Reducing Printed Circuit Board Emissions with Low-Noise Design Practices

This paper presents the results of an experiment designed to determine the effectiveness of adopting several low-noise printed circuit board (PCB) design practices. Two boards were designed and fabricated, each consisting of identical mixed signal circuitry. Several important differences were introduced between the board layouts: one board was constructed using recommended low-noise practices and the other constructed without such attention. The emissions from the two boards were then measured and compared, demonstrating an improvement in radiated emissions of up to 22 dB.

Bradley, Arthur T.↗

Characterization of Low-Temperature, Co-Fired Ceramic-Manufactured Electrostatic Thruster-Closeout Report

The goal of the project was to evaluate prototypes of an experimental thruster developed by the University of Arkansas (UA), Fayetteville, AR. The design under evaluation is a radio frequency (RF) electrostatic thruster that was fabricated using the low-temperature, co-fired ceramic (LTCC) materials and fabrication process. This materials system is analogous to printed circuit board (PCB) technology with the most significant difference being that the laminate is replaced by a ceramic material and the copper layer is replaced by printed sinterable silver paste. LTCC designs are baked after fabrication and assembled to realize an entirely monolithic structure with internal conductors, vias, and cavities. In this process, the LTCC electrostatic thruster (LTCC-ET) that is the subject of the present work becomes a monolithic ceramic thruster capable of withstanding temperatures in excess of 500 ºC. The UA and NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) jointly performed prototype testing on the LTCC-ET under a NASA Cooperative Agreement Notice (CAN) award. The LTCC-ET was tested at MSFC in May 2018 over a 1-week period. There were two goals for the test program: (1) Testing to determine the operating parameters required to create plasma ignition in the test articles. This was explored by setting a propellant flowrate and increasing RF power until plasma ignition was observed. Testing was conducted with both argon and krypton. (2) Investigate the thrust and specific impulse (Isp) performance of the thruster as a function of propellant flowrate and grid voltage. This goal was not met during the project as technical challenges in maintaining stable plasma ignition arose due to stress and heating of the RF power feed. In summary, a prototype thruster design (consisting of three packaged units) was fabricated by UA and tested for the first time under vacuum conditions at MSFC to experimentally determine basic performance metrics and functionality. It was found that the design was not sufficiently optimized or robust enough in its initial iteration to support a significant test campaign or characterization program. It was concluded that the propellant outlet channels must be reduced in size with the flowpaths adjusted to increase propellant residence time in the thruster, and that the RF connector must be replaced with a version capable of handling higher power throughput and heating. However, even in its unoptimized form, a plasma could be produced in the LTCCET, demonstrating the efficacy of the design approach. The design is especially compelling due to its low cost to manufacture and, more importantly, its scalability of size and power throughput. Low cost and scalability are also important in that additional functionalities, such as thrust vectoring and plume charge neutralization, can be integrated into future designs with minimal additional cost. This project has matured the LTCC-ET development Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from 1 to 2. The low-cost RF plasma source portion of the LTCC device was matured from TRL 2 to 4 through the demonstration of RF plasma ignition under vacuum conditions.

Huang, P.-H. A.↗

Ultra-Wideband Array in PCB for Millimeter-Wave 5G and ISM

Next generation 5G mobile architectures will take advantage of the millimeter-wave spectrum to deliver unprecedented bandwidth. Concurrently, there is a need to consolidate numerous disparate allocations into a single, multi-functional array. Existing arrays are either narrow-band, prohibitively expensive or cannot be scaled to these frequencies. In this paper, we present the first ultra-wideband millimeter-wave array to operate across the six 5G and ISM bands spanning 24-71 GHz. Critically, the array is realized using low-cost PCB. The design concept and optimized layout are presented, and fabrication and measurement considerations are discussed.

Ultra-Wideband Array↗