Models of gas flows with chemical and radiative effects
Physical and mathematical models of gas flows with chemical and radiative effects
MATHEMATICAL MODEL↗
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Proton radiation effects on carrier transport in diamond radiation detectors
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99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
Demonstration of femtosecond X-ray pump X-ray probe diffraction on protein crystals
The development of X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has opened the possibility to investigate the ultrafast dynamics of biomacromolecules using X-ray diffraction. Whereas an increasing number of structures solved by means of serial femtosecond crystallography at XFELs is available, the effect of radiation damage on protein crystals during ultrafast exposures has remained an open question. We used a split-and-delay line based on diffractive X-ray optics at the Linac Coherent Light Source XFEL to investigate the time dependence of X-ray radiation damage to lysozyme crystals. For these tests, crystals were delivered to the X-ray beam using a fixed-target approach. The presented experiments provide probe signals at eight different delay times between 19 and 213 femtoseconds after a single pump event, thereby covering the time-scales relevant for femtosecond serial crystallography. Even though significant impact on the crystals was observed at long time scales after exposure with a single X-ray pulse, the collected diffraction data did not show significant signal reduction that could be assigned to beam damage on the crystals in the sampled time window and resolution range. This observation is in agreement with estimations of the applied radiation dose, which in our experiment was clearly below the values expected to cause damage on the femtosecond time scale. The experiments presented here demonstrate the feasibility of time-resolved pump-multiprobe X-ray diffraction experiments on protein crystals.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Effects of Radiation Reaction Physics on High-Current Power Flow
In this study, we examine the effects of the radiation reaction force on electrons in a radial magnetically insulated transmission line (MITL) near a load with peak currents of 60+ MA. More specifically, we study the differences in electron motion and kinetic energy with or without radiation reaction physics using a novel guiding center drift approach that incorporates E $\times$ B and ∇B drifts. A key finding of this study is that an electron's magnetic moment, which would be conserved when radiation reaction physics is not incorporated, can be significantly reduced in magnetic fields on the order of 10,000's T when radiation reaction is included. The reduction of magnetic moment gives rise to a significant reduction in cycloidal kinetic energy as well as a reduction in the electron's ∇B drift.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Effects of Exercise During Radiation Therapy on Physical Function and Treatment-Related Side Effects in Men With Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Radiation therapy is a commonly used treatment for prostate cancer; however, the side effects may negatively affect quality of life and cause patients to be less physically active. Although exercise has been shown to mitigate radiation therapy–related fatigue in men with prostate cancer during radiation therapy, other adverse effects of treatment such as physical deconditioning, urinary symptoms, or sexual dysfunction have not been systematically reviewed in this patient population. Thus, the purpose of this review was to investigate the effect of exercise on physical function and treatment-related side effects in men with prostate cancer undergoing radiation therapy.
62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
Biological effects and physics of solar and galactic cosmic radiation, Part B; Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Biological Effects and Physics of Solar and Galactic Cosmic Radiation, Algarve, Portugal, Oct. 13-23, 1991
Since there is an increasing interest in establishing lunar bases and exploring Mars by manned missions, it is important to develop appropriate risk estimates and radiation protection guidelines. The biological effects and physics of solar and galactic cosmic radiation are examined with respect to the following: the radiation environment of interplanetary space, the biological responses to radiation in space, and the risk estimates for deep space missions. There is a need for a long-term program where ground-based studies can be augmented by flight experiments and an international standardization with respect to data collection, protocol comparison, and formulation of guidelines for future missions.
Swenberg, Charles E.↗
Identification of localized radiation damage in power MOSFETs using EBIC imaging
The rapidly increasing use of electronics in high-radiation environments and the continued evolution in transistor architectures and materials demand improved methods to characterize the potential damaging effects of radiation on device performance. Here, electron-beam-induced current is used to map hot-carrier transport in model metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors irradiated with a 300 KeV focused He + beam as a localized line spanning across the gate and bulk Si. By correlating the damage to the electronic properties and combining these results with simulations, the contribution of spatially localized radiation damage on the device characteristics is obtained. Furthermore, this identified damage, caused by the He + beam, is attributed to localized interfacial P b centers and delocalized positive fixed-charges, as surmised from simulations. Comprehension of the long-term interaction and mobility of radiation-induced damage are key for future design of rad-hard devices.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Magnetic properties of proton irradiated BiFeO{sub 3}
The crystal structure and magnetic properties of BiFeO{sub 3} samples, proton-irradiated with 0, 10, and 20 pC/{mu}m{sup 2}, were investigated with x-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating sample magnetometer, and Moessbauer spectroscopy measurements. From the Rietveld refinement analysis of the XRD patterns, the crystal structure of BiFeO{sub 3} is determined to be rhombohedral with the space group of R3c. We have observed the decrease in the lattice constant and oxygen occupancy with proton irradiation. The magnetization hysteresis (M-H) curves show the appearance of the weak ferromagnetic behavior in the proton irradiated BiFeO{sub 3} samples. The Moessbauer spectra of proton irradiated BiFeO{sub 3} samples at 295 K were analyzed with two-sextets (B{sub 1} and B{sub 2}) and doublet. From the isomer shift ({delta}) values, ionic states were determined to be Fe{sup 3+}. Compared to non-irradiated sample, having the antiferromagnetic area ratio (two-sextets) of 45.47, 54.53% the antiferromagnetic and paramagnetic area ratios (doublet) of 10 and 20 pC/{mu}m{sup 2} proton irradiated BiFeO{sub 3} samples are 41.36, 51.26, and 7.38% and 41.03, 50.90, and 8.07%, respectively. Our experimental observation suggests that the increase in the paramagnetic area ratio is due to the disappearance of superexchange interaction, resulted from the removal of the oxygen with proton irradiation. Also, the appearance of the weak ferromagnetic behavior is caused by the breaking of the antiferromagnetic coupling.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Charge trapping in aligned single-walled carbon nanotube arrays induced by ionizing radiation exposure
The effects of near-interfacial trapping induced by ionizing radiation exposure of aligned single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) arrays are investigated via measurements of gate hysteresis in the transfer characteristics of aligned SWCNT field-effect transistors. Gate hysteresis is attributed to charge injection (i.e., trapping) from the SWCNTs into radiation-induced traps in regions near the SWCNT/dielectric interface. Self-consistent calculations of surface-potential, carrier density, and trapped charge are used to describe hysteresis as a function of ionizing radiation exposure. Hysteresis width (h) and its dependence on gate sweep range are investigated analytically. The effects of non-uniform trap energy distributions on the relationship between hysteresis, gate sweep range, and total ionizing dose are demonstrated with simulations and verified experimentally.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
The Effect of Physically Based Ice Radiative Processes on Greenland Ice Sheet Albedo and Surface Mass Balance in E3SM
Abstract A significant portion of surface melt on the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is due to dark ice regions in the ablation zone, where solar absorption is influenced by the physical properties of the ice, light absorbing constituents (LACs), and the overlying crustal surface or melt ponds. Earth system models (ESMs) typically prescribe the albedo of ice surfaces as a constant value in the visible and near‐infrared spectral regions. This work advances ESM ice radiative transfer modeling by (a) incorporating a physically based radiative transfer model (SNow, ICe and Aerosol Radiation model Adding‐Doubling Version 4; SNICAR‐ADv4) into the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM), (b) determining spatially and temporally varying bare ice physical properties over the GrIS ablation zone from satellite observations to inform SNICAR‐ADv4, and (c) assessing the impacts on simulated GrIS albedo and surface mass balance associated with modeling of more realistic bare ice albedo. GrIS‐wide bare ice albedo in E3SMv2 is overestimated by ∼4% in the visible and ∼7% in the near‐infrared wavelengths compared to the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer. Our bare ice physical property retrieval method found that LACs, ice crustal surfaces, and melt ponds reduce visible albedo by 30% in the bare ice region of the GrIS ablation zone. The realistic bare ice albedo reduces surface mass balance by ∼145 Gt, or 0.4 mm of sea‐level equivalent between 2000 and 2021 compared to the default E3SM. This work highlights the importance of simulating bare ice albedo accurately and realistically to improve our ability to quantify changes in the GrIS surface mass and radiative energy budgets.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
Magnetization control for bit pattern formation of spinel ferromagnetic oxides by Kr ion implantation
As a first step toward the development of bit-patterned magnetic media made of oxides, we investigated the effectiveness of magnetism control by Kr implantation in a typical spinel ferromagnetic oxide, Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}. We implanted Kr ions accelerated at 30 kV on 13-nm-thick Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} thin films at dosages of (1–40) × 10{sup 14} ions/cm{sup 2}. Magnetization decreased with increase in ion dosages and disappeared when irradiation was greater than 2 × 10{sup 15} ions/cm{sup 2} of Kr ions. These dosages are more than ten times smaller than that used in the N{sub 2} implantation for metallic and oxide ferromagnets. Both the temperature dependence of magnetization and the Mössbauer study suggest that the transition of Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic took place sharply due to Kr ion irradiation, which produces two-phase separation—ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic with insufficient dosage of Kr ions.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
TH-AB-BRA-10: The Physics of Interface Effects for Radiation Treatments in a MRI-Linac: A Monte Carlo Study
Purpose: To investigate and explain the interface effects for clinically relevant materials being irradiated in the presence of a 1.5 T transverse magnetic field. Methods: Interface effects were investigated using Geant4.10.1 both with (B-On) and without (B-Off) a magnetic field for an Elekta MRI-Linac. A slab of thickness 8 cm, representing inhomogeneity, was placed at a depth of 4 cm in a 20×20×20 cm water phantom. Backscattered electron fluence was calculated through a 20×20 cm plane aligned with the surface of the inhomogeneity. Inhomogeneities investigated were lung, bone, aluminum, titanium, stainless steel, and dental filling. A photon beam with field size of 2×2 cm at the isocenter and SAD of 143.5 cm was generated from a point source with energy distribution sampled from a histogram representing the true Elekta MRI-Linac photon spectrum. Results: In the B-On case, if the heterogeneity is a low Z{sub eff} material, such as lung, the backscattered electron fluence is increased considerably, i.e. by 54 %, and the corresponding dose is expected to be higher near the interface compared to the B-Off case. On the contrary, if the heterogeneity is a high Z{sub eff} material then the backscattered electron fluence is reduced in the B-On electron fluence is reduced in the B-On case. This reduction leads to a lower dose deposition at the interface compared to the B-Off case. Conclusion: The reduction in dose at the interface, in the B-On case, is directly related to the reduction in backscattered electron fluence. The reduction in backscattered electron fluence occurs due to two different reasons. First, the electron energy spectrum hitting the interface is changed for the B-On case which changes the electron scattering probability. Second, some electrons that are looping under the influence of the magnetic field are captured by the higher density side of the interface and no longer contribute to the backscattered electron stream. Funding support for this study was provided by ElektaTM.
60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
Annual Conference on Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects, 17th, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., July 15-18, 1980, Proceedings
The conference covered the radiation effects on devices, circuits, and systems, physics and basic radiation effects in materials, dosimetry and radiation transport, spacecraft charging, and space radiation effects. Other subjects included single particle upset phenomena, systems-generated electromagnetic pulse phenomena, fabrication of hardened components, testing techniques, and hardness assurance.
Mcgarrity, J. M.↗
Analysis of MIR-18 results for physical and biological dosimetry: radiation shielding effectiveness in LEO
We compare models of radiation transport and biological response to physical and biological dosimetry results from astronauts on the Mir space station. Transport models are shown to be in good agreement with physical measurements and indicate that the ratio of equivalent dose from the Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) to protons is about 3/2:1 and that this ratio will increase for exposures to internal organs. Two biological response models are used to compare to the Mir biodosimetry for chromosome aberration in lymphocyte cells; a track-structure model and the linear-quadratic model with linear energy transfer (LET) dependent weighting coefficients. These models are fit to in vitro data for aberration formation in human lymphocytes by photons and charged particles. Both models are found to be in reasonable agreement with data for aberrations in lymphocytes of Mir crew members: however there are differences between the use of LET dependent weighting factors and track structure models for assigning radiation quality factors. The major difference in the models is the increased effectiveness predicted by the track model for low charge and energy ions with LET near 10 keV/micrometers. The results of our calculations indicate that aluminum shielding, although providing important mitigation of the effects of trapped radiation, provides no protective effect from the galactic cosmic rays (GCR) in low-earth orbit (LEO) using either equivalent dose or the number of chromosome aberrations as a measure until about 100 g/cm 2 of material is used.
Flight Experiment↗
Impact of total ionizing dose irradiation on electrical property of ferroelectric-gate field-effect transistor
P-type channel metal-ferroelectric-insulator-silicon field-effect transistors (FETs) with a 300 nm thick SrBi{sub 2}Ta{sub 2}O{sub 9} ferroelectric film and a 10 nm thick HfTaO layer on silicon substrate were fabricated and characterized. The prepared FeFETs were then subjected to {sup 60}Co gamma irradiation in steps of three dose levels. Irradiation-induced degradation on electrical characteristics of the fabricated FeFETs was observed after 1 week annealing at room temperature. The possible irradiation-induced degradation mechanisms were discussed and simulated. All the irradiation experiment results indicated that the stability and reliability of the fabricated FeFETs for nonvolatile memory applications will become uncontrollable under strong irradiation dose and/or long irradiation time.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Influence of irradiation upon few-layered graphene using electron-beams and gamma-rays
Few-layered graphene (FLG) is irradiated by electron beams and gamma rays. After 100 keV electron irradiation, the edges of FLG start bending, shrinking, and finally generate gaps and carbon onions due to sputtering and knock-on damage mechanism. When the electron beam energy is increased further to 200 keV, FLG suffers rapid and catastrophic destruction. Unlike electron irradiation, Compton effect is the dominant damage mechanism in gamma irradiation. The irradiation results indicate the crystallinity of FLG decreases first, then restores as increasing irradiation doses, additionally, the ratio (O/C) of FLG surface and the relative content of oxygen groups increases after irradiation.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Effect of Ga{sup +} irradiation in molecular-beam epitaxy grown Pt/Co/Pt thin films studied by magneto-optic spectroscopy
In-depth profile changes induced by Ga{sup +} ion irradiation in Pt(5 nm)/Co(3.3 nm)/Pt(20 nm)/Mo(20 nm) sandwiches MBE grown on Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} substrates are deduced from complex magneto-optic polar Kerr effect (PMOKE) measurements at photon energies between 1 and 5 eV. The Ga{sup +} irradiation stimulates a redistribution of Pt and Co and leads to broadening of alloyed regions at Pt-Co and Co-Pt interfaces, which is evaluated using PMOKE spectra. The effect of four Ga{sup +} fluences D between zero and 6 × 10{sup 15} Ga{sup +}/cm{sup 2} was studied. The observed PMOKE azimuth rotation peak centered at 4.5 eV reaches the maximum of 0.42° at D = 1 × 10{sup 15} Ga{sup +}/cm{sup 2} and becomes thus enhanced by a factor of 3.2 with respect to that in the non-irradiated sample. At D = 6 × 10{sup 15} Ga{sup +}/cm{sup 2} the peak amplitude falls to 0.05°. To find the in-depth profile of Co concentration s in the sandwiches as a function of D, the PMOKE azimuth rotation and ellipticity spectra are compared with a multilayer model, where ideal flat interfaces are replaced by sequences of Co{sub s}Pt{sub 1−s} layers. The dependence on D is compared with that evaluated by simulations of the structural effects of ion irradiation. At the highest D, the irradiation produces an almost complete erosion of the top Pt and Co accompanied by mixing at the Pt-Mo interface.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Reconciling Conflicting Estimates of the Beirut Explosion Yield and Mushroom Cloud Height - Effects of an Aqueous Near Source Environment
Abstract not provided.
45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗