Plastic yield behavior of glassy polymers
Plastic yield behavior of polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate
Andrews, R. D., Jr.↗
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Experimental study of plastic yielding at the tip of surface flaw cracks Final report, 14 May 1969 - 30 May 1971
Experimental investigation to determine stability, surface deformation characteristics, and extent of plastic yielding associated with surface cracks in plates subjected to tensile loading
Burghard, H. C.↗
On nonlinear effects in fracture mechanics.
Linear elastic treatment of fracture is considered applicable for net section stress up to about 0.8 the uniaxial tensile yield stress. Crack front plastic yield is still small enough to be viewed and treated as a small perturbation to the local crack front elastic stress field. Assuming these same circumstances and adopting the same point of view, an approach is presented for incorporating the nonlinear effects of small scale crack front plastic yield and slow crack extension in determination of the energy release rate and fracture toughness. Deviation from linearity of the load-displacement record in a fracture toughness test offers a quantifiable measure of these effects and is used to calculate the energy release rate. Fracture toughness values for one-eight inch thick 7075-T6 center cracked aluminum sheet are compared with uncorrected values and with values obtained by the Irwin method of plasticity correction.
Liebowitz, H.↗
Yield criteria for plastic deformation on glassy high polymers in general stress fields
Yield criteria for plastic deformation on glassy high polymers induced by stress field, noting crazing and shear yielding dependence on first stress invariant
Ongchin, L.↗
Yield stress of cemented tungsten carbide
Cemented tungsten carbide yields plastically at room temperature in the presence of a large hydrostatic pressure component. By approximate analysis of the state of stress in supported opposed anvils and by measurement of the pressure at which the anvil tips exhibit a permanent deviation from planarity, we have obtained the yield stress of such materials. Our value for the yield stress of a 3% cobalt cemented tungsten carbide is 86 kbar.
Ruoff, A. L.↗
New aspects of photoplasticity
Photoplastic material thickness change from mechanical and holographic measurements, showing correlation with isochromatics during plastic yielding
Brinson, H. F.↗
Correcting for nonlinear effects in fracture toughness testing.
Expressions for fracture toughness, which include nonlinear effects due to crack front plastic yield and possible small crack extension prior to fracture instability, are obtained for several test specimen configurations. Inclusion of such effects is based on a simple compliance type determination of the total energy rate at onset of fast fracture.
Liebowitz, H.↗
Seismic analysis of nuclear power plant structures
Primary structures for nuclear power plants are designed to resist expected earthquakes of the site. Two intensities are referred to as Operating Basis Earthquake and Design Basis Earthquake. These structures are required to accommodate these seismic loadings without loss of their functional integrity. Thus, no plastic yield is allowed. The application of NASTRAN in analyzing some of these seismic induced structural dynamic problems is described. NASTRAN, with some modifications, can be used to analyze most structures that are subjected to seismic loads. A brief review of the formulation of seismic-induced structural dynamics is also presented. Two typical structural problems were selected to illustrate the application of the various methods of seismic structural analysis by the NASTRAN system.
Go, J. C.↗
On fracture toughness in the nonlinear range
A general definition of fracture toughness is developed which is appropriate to situations of subcritical crack growth and/or large-scale crack border plastic yield. The theoretical basis as well as comparisons with other proposed measures of fracture toughness are discussed. A simple method is given for evaluating fracture toughness which is based on use of the load-displacement test record.
Eftis, J.↗
Biaxial load effects in fracture mechanics
It is found that the standard expressions for elastic stress and displacement in the crack-tip region (i.e., the so-called singular solution) cannot be considered to be approximations that are acceptable in a completely general sense. This conclusion is best illustrated by the instance of a biaxially loaded infinite sheet with a flat horizontal central crack, where the effect of load applied parallel to the plane of the crack appears entirely in the second terms of the series representations for local stresses and displacements. An elastoplastic finite-element analysis of the same biaxially loaded finite specimen geometry shows that the global energy release rate, the J-integral, the plastic stress and strain intensity factors (in the sense of Hilton and Hutchinson), and the size of the crack border region plastic yield, all have pronounced biaxial load dependence.
Liebowitz, H.↗
Drop testing and analysis of six-foot diameter graphite-epoxy frames
Graphite-epoxy frames were drop tested onto a concrete floor to simulate crash loadings. The frames have Z-shaped cross-sections typical of designs often proposed for fuselage structure of advanced composite transports. The 6-foot diameter of the frames was chosen to reduce specimen fabrication costs and to facilitate testing. Response of the frames from accelerometer, strain gage, and photographic measurements are presented which characterize the behavior under 25-30 fps vertical impact velocity onto concrete. Failure of the graphite-epoxy frames involved a complete separation through the cross section near the impact point. All damage to the composite frame was confined to an area close to the impact point. Failure of aluminum frames tested for comparison were different from the composite specimens. The aluminum frames yielded (plastic hinges formed) at several locations around the lower portion of the frame without failing completely across the section.
Boitnott, R. L.↗
Coatings for high-temperature bearings and seals
Criteria are discussed for predicting the probable lubricating ability of candidate solid materials from a consideration of their basic chemical and physical properties. The properties considered to be important in the model are thermochemical potential, adhesion, low hardness, plasticity, yield strength in shear, and brittle-to-ductile transition characteristics. A review of the selection and tribological testing of materials, which were selected for use in self-lubricating composite coatings by employing this model, is given. Two series of plasma-sprayed coatings with good tribological properties over a wide temperature spectrum are described. The PS 100 series of coatings contain oxidatively stable solid lubricants in a nichrome matrix. The PS 200 series contains the same solid lubricants in a very wear resistant metal-bonded chromium carbide matrix. Examples are given of applications of these coatings in high speed shaft seals, sliding contact bearings, and Stirling engine cylinder liners.
Sliney, Harold E.↗
Origin of periodically spaced wrinkle ridges on the Tharsis Plateau of Mars
The mechanism responsible for the periodic spacing of wrinkle ridges observed on the Tharsis Plateau of Mars is investigated by examining the characteristics of the spacing of ridges in six major provinces on the plateau; these regions were further divided into domains on the basis of ridge orientation. The ridges are interpreted to be folds resulting from buckling, followed by reverse to thrust faulting (flexure-fracture). Several buckling models that may account for the periodic nature of the ridges are analyzed. The model that would account for the periodic spacing and the asymmetric fold geometry of the ridges involves plastic yielding confined to the hinge area, that would result in rapid closing of the fold and, with continued horizontal shortening, the eventual development of reverse to thrust faulting.
Watters, Thomas R.↗
Micromechanical thermal analysis of interphase region in a titanium aluminide MMC
The high reactivity between the fiber and matrix in silicon carbide/titanium aluminide MMCs leads to the formation of brittle reaction products at the fiber/matrix (F/M) interface. Also, the high thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between the fiber and matrix leads to high tensile residual stresses at the F/M interface, and this can lead to premature cracking during cooldown. One solution to these problems is the use of a metallic fiber coating like Ta which acts as an F/M diffusion barrier and reacts with the matrix to form a beta stabilized compliant layer. A finite element micromechanics analysis was performed to study the effects of Ta and beta interphase layers on the thermal residual stresses during consolidation. A 5-micron-thick beta layer reduced cool-down stresses by 8 percent compared to a 2 percent reduction computed for a Ta layer of the same thickness. Plastic yielding in the Ta was not effective in reducing cool-down stresses. Compliant alpha-2 particles next to the stiffer gamma particles reduced stresses in the gamma particles by less than 2 percent. A simple closed form analysis was developed to calculate thermal residual stresses in a fiber/interphase/matrix system. A 2-micron-thick Ag interphase layer was found to reduce residual stresses by about 11 percent.
Naik, R. A.↗
Creep Strength of Stabilized Wrought-aluminum Alloys
Rohn-type equipment has been mounted on rubber blocks, for the purpose of damping the vibrations of the ground and of rendering the plastic yielding of the test bars less subject to outside interferences. New equipment also included three shockproof creep-testing machines with the Martens mirror instruments for recording the strain curve of the fatigue-tested specimens.
Muller, W↗
Analysis of Potential for Titanium Liner Buckling after Proof in a Large Kevlar/Epoxy COPV
We analyze the potential for liner buckling in a 40-in Kevlar49/epoxy overwrapped spherical pressure vessel (COPV) due to long, local depressions or valleys in the titanium liner, which appeared after proof testing (autofrettage). We begin by presenting the geometric characteristics of approximately 20 mil (0.02 in.) deep depressions measured by laser profilometry in several vessels. While such depths were more typical, depths of more than 40 mils (0.02 in.) were seen near the equator in one particular vessel. Such depressions are largely the result of overlap of the edges of overwrap bands (with rectangular cross-section prepreg tows) from the first or second wrap patterns particularly where they start and end. We then discuss the physical mechanisms of formation of the depressions during the autofrettage process in terms of uneven void compaction in the overwrap around the tow overlap lines and the resulting 10-fold increase in through-thickness stiffness of the overwrap. We consider the effects of liner plastic yielding mechanisms in the liner on residual bending moments and interface pressures with the overwrap both at the peak proof pressure (approx.6500 psi) and when reducing the pressure to 0 psi. During depressurization the Bauschinger phenomenon becomes very important whereby extensive yielding in tension reduces the magnitude of the yield threshold in compression by 30 to 40%, compared to the virgin annealed state of the liner titanium. In the absence of a depression, the liner is elastically stable in compression even at liner overwrap interface pressures nominally 6 times the approx. 1000 psi interface pressure that exists at 0 psi. Using a model based on a plate-on-an-elastic-foundation, we develop an extensive analysis of the possible destabilizing effects of a frozen-in valley. The analysis treats the modifying effects of the residual bending moments and interface pressures remaining after the proof hold as well as the Bauschinger effect on the compressive yield threshold. The key result is that depression depths of up to 40 mils can be tolerated, but above 40 mils, the Bauschinger effect drives destabilization, and buckling becomes increasingly likely depending on the details of depression formation during autofrettage. It is almost certain that destabilization and buckling will occur for depression depths beyond 55 mils. The main equations and formulas for treating the various phases of depression development and potential buckling, are only briefly outlined in the paper, but are available from the authors.
Phoenix, S. Leigh↗
Fracture Prediction of Epoxy Resin using Morse Bond Potential Embedded in GAFF using Molecular Dynamics Simulations
A generic method is developed to investigate the fracture behavior of an epoxy resin using atomistic molecular (MD) dynamics simulations. The epoxy system consisted of the stoichiometric mixture of tetra-/tri-functional epoxies and di-functional hardener molecules and was cured with a step-growth crosslinking algorithm. A hybrid force field (hFF) in which Morse bond function were added in second generation-general Amber Force Field (GAFF2) was used to capture bond breaking of the crosslinked epoxy system under uniaxial deformation. The Morse bond parameters for covalent bonds in the crosslinked backbone were fit to dissociation curves computed by CASPT2/6-311+G**. After the systems in various crosslink densities were obtained and equilibrated, the full length of stress-strain (𝜎-𝜀) curve was produced including initial elastic regime, yielding, plastic flow, strain hardening, and progressive failure. We found that the hFF was effective in studying the dissociation of crosslinked polymers and understanding the failure mechanism. In the results, the hFF delivered the same elastic property obtained from the unmodified force field GAFF. The stress-strain curve, however, began to be distinct in the plastic regime due to broken covalent bonds capable of altering the tensile behavior. Once the stress reached maximum, it progressively decreased until the ultimate failure (𝜎=0). Since hFF employed the existing GAFF functions with including a minimal change of its bond potential, this approach is easier to perform and computationally more efficient for unveiling the fracture behavior of polymer materials at the molecular level than other approaches with reactive force fields. We expect this approach will be utilized to accelerate the material-by-design process for thermosets by incorporate data from molecular models.
Changwoon Jang↗
Effect of plastic viscosity and yield value on spray characteristics of magnesium-slurry fuel
Magnesium slurries were sprayed onto a sheet of paper from an air-atomizing injector. Drop sizes and distributions were then determined from photomicrographs. Four different surface-active additives were used in preparing the slurries to give plastic viscosities between 0.22 and 0.51 poise and yield values between 150 and 810 dynes-cm(exp 2). It was found that there was no significant variation in the spray characteristics of these slurries when tested under the same conditions.
Prok, George M↗