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DOE OSTI2025

EMP - Environmental Radiological Air Monitoring Plan: PNNL Operations in Washington

The Environmental Radiological Air Monitoring Plan (EMP) for Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) describes systems/processes/practices related to radiological operations in Richland and Sequim, Washington, that are associated with environmental radiological air monitoring and surveillance activities. The activities described support the lab’s responsibility to maintain safe operations and minimize negative impacts to both onsite and offsite persons and environment. Dose assessments required by regulations and DOE Orders for the public and biota are described. PNNL conducts environmental air surveillance monitoring as part of the PNNL Site Radioactive Air Emissions License (RAEL)-005 for Richland Campus, issued in 2010 with its most recent renewal effective in January 2021. The radioactive air emissions license for the PNNL-Sequim campus (RAEL-014) was issued to the U.S. Department of Energy in 2012 with its most recent renewal effective in January 2023. The EMP is a compilation of the following four documents: - Environmental Radiological Air Monitoring Plan (this main document) (PNNL-20919) - Sampling and Analysis Plan (Attachment 1) (PNNL-20919-1) - Data Management Plan (Attachment 2) (PNNL-20919-2) - Dose Assessment Guidance (Attachment 3) (PNNL-20919-3).

40 CFR 61 Subpart H↗

DOE OSTI2021

Economic Impact of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) on the State of Washington in Fiscal Year 2020

The FY 2020 Economic Impact Report details several of PNNL’s economic indicators, including PNNL’s total economic output, annual spending, jobs, number of employees, purchased goods and services, companies with roots in PNNL, STEM support and corporate charitable contributions. It also explains the economic impact of PNNL operations on the state of Washington—all within the context of PNNL’s response to the COVID pandemic and the effect of COVID-19 on PNNL’s economic impact within the state and local community during FY 2020. The results are impressive. Our response to COVID allowed for the majority of our staff to transition to telework, stay productive, avoid furloughs, and even hire new staff. COVID had minimal impact on our ability to positively effect economic impact in the state and community. Additionally, we directly and indirectly supported more than $1.59B through PNNL payroll and domestic purchased goods and services, and we generated 7,580 jobs in Washington State. PNNL’s annual spending was more than $1.1B. Battelle and PNNL contributions to philanthropic and civic organizations totaled $1.08M, many of which are outlined within the report. This information is intended to answer questions we often get from stakeholders who believe in the power of science and technology institutions to help sustain vibrant, educated communities in our state.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2020

PNNL Measurement Results for the 2018 FlatTop Criticality Nuclear Accident Dosimetry Exercise at the Nevada National Security Site (IER-253)

The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) participated in the FlatTop exercise IER-253 at the National Nuclear Security Site (NNSS) during the week of May 21, 2018. This report summarizes the measurements of the personal nuclear accident dosimeters (PNAD). Additionally, portable survey instrument readings and measurements of the simulated biological samples are included. The FlatTop exercise (IER-253) tested only PNADs and did not include fixed nuclear accident dosimeters (FNAD). Previous PNAD results obtained in 2016 at the Godiva-IV exercise IER-148 were summarized in PNNL Measurement Results for the 2016 Criticality Accident Dosimetry Exercise at the Nevada National Security Site IER-148 (PNNL-26497). The results clearly indicated that the previous dose conversions were a historical legacy of the Hanford Site and corresponded closer to kerma dose (or first collision dose, and not to Hp(10) dose). The technical basis for PNAD dose was based on the Godiva-IV exercise and documented in A New Dose Calculation Methodology for New PNAD and FNAD Designs at PNNL (PNNL-27023). The configuration of the PNAD was described in these two documents. The FlatTop exercise was the first time PNNL tested this new dose calculation methodology. Results were generally favorable with some results conservatively over reported that fell above the performance criteria. The reported gamma dose results fell non-conservatively low because only the default parameters obtained from the Godiva-IV exercise were used, and because the OSL gamma dosimeter has an energy dependency. The results from the simulated biological samples were also favorable, and in several cases conservatively over reported.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗

DOE OSTI2022

PNNL's Characterization Summary for MP-2 Experiment

Characterization of as-fabricated fuel was performed at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in accordance with the characterization plan for the fabrication of U 10Mo plate fuel for the U.S. High Performance Research Reactor conversion program’s Fuel Fabrication Pillar (INL 2021). Similar characterization work is also being performed at Idaho National Laboratory to provide a detailed understanding of the as-fabricated foils that would be irradiated in the Mini-Plate 2 (MP 2) experiment. Under the MP 2 characterization plan, foils are studied that have different fabrication parameters (such as rolling condition, rolling thickness reduction, co-rolling with Zr layers). Similar samples from master foils were sent to both the organizations, so that the testing and analysis can be done independently using similar equipment and standardized measurement and analysis procedures. A final, consolidated report will be prepared based on this work and will summarize all the information obtained from the two laboratories. The MP 2 experiment will provide an opportunity to understand the effects of processing conditions on the final fuel microstructure, to compare results obtained independently, and achieve a two-way validation. In Fiscal Year 2022, PNNL received five MP 2 cast (PD STD2) samples to examine the foils’ chemistry and microstructure. For each cast sample, PNNL received samples from three different locations. PNNL also received and characterized 24 U 10Mo foil samples, by sectioning four pieces/specimens from each foil, in accordance with the MP 2 Characterization Plan (INL 2021). These 24 samples consist of four types of foils from BWX Technologies: 0.047 in. thick hot-rolled and annealed samples with Zr layers; 0.025 in. thick cold-rolled and annealed samples with Zr layers; 0.0105 in. thick cold-rolled and annealed samples with Zr layers. Along with these, PNNL also received four plates with Zr layers that were 0.025 in. and 0.0105 in. thick. This report describes the results of PNNL’s MP 2 foil characterization. Microstructure, Mo homogeneity, carbide fraction and morphology, U 10Mo foil thickness, and Zr thickness were evaluated in both the longitudinal and transverse directions for all the foils of the three different thicknesses.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2026

Development of PNNL’s Plutonium Metallography Capability

The goal of this project was to develop plutonium metallography capabilities and establish workflows for characterization at PNNL’s Radiological Processing Facility (RPL). Developing and expanding on this capability opens more opportunities for PNNL to better support science through collaborations with other labs, plants, and sites withing the Department of Energy Complex and through programs within the National Nuclear Security Administration. This project established metallography equipment in an air glovebox, polishing protocols, as well as radiological and facility controls and procedures so that gram quantities of plutonium metal could be analyzed on multiple characterization tools. Data was collected and analyzed on two different delta phase plutonium - Gallium samples and a calciothermically reduced alpha plutonium metal using a combination of optical and electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and atom probe tomography. This report highlights the metallography capabilities, some preliminary data collections, and plans at PNNL to support plutonium material science.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2026

PNNL INFRARED REFRACTIVE INDEX (n/k) DATASET FOR SEVEN PAH SOLIDS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

This dataset is an open-source repository of spectral data measured at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). This database provides quantitative values for the complex index of refraction for seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) solids. A list of the chemicals is available in the readme file. These spectra consist of the optical constants, i.e., the real, n(ν), and imaginary, k(ν), refractive indices, over the spectral range from 7,800 to 400 cm-1 (1.28 – 25 μm). The conditions under which the individual data were acquired are described in the associated metadata files, and the user is strongly encouraged to read and understand this information to ensure the data are used appropriately for your application. Recommended Citation for Dataset Jessica M Salcido, Jeremy D. Erickson, Ashley M. Bradley, Russell G. Tonkyn, Timothy J. Johnson and Tanya L. Myers. 2026. PNNL INFRARED REFRACTIVE INDEX (n/k) DATASET FOR SEVEN PAH SOLIDS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE. [Data Set] PNNL DataHub. INSERT DOI License Information This work is marked with CC0 1.0: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. The authors do request that you appropriately cite the dataset when referencing or using the dataset.

Salcido, Jessica Marie Ortola↗

DOE OSTI2020

PNNL Richland Campus Radionuclide Air Emissions Report for Calendar Year 2019

This report documents radionuclide air emissions that result in the 2019 highest effective dose equivalent (EDE) to an offsite member of the public, referred to as the maximally exposed individual (MEI). The report has been prepared in compliance with the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Protection of the Environment, Part 61, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, Subpart H, “National Emission Standards for Emissions of Radionuclides Other than Radon from Department of Energy Facilities” and Washington Administrative Code Chapter 246-247, “Radiation Protection–Air Emissions.” The dose to the PNNL Richland Campus MEI from routine major and minor point source emissions in 2019 from PNNL Richland Campus sources is 1.4E-5 mrem (1.4E-7 mSv) EDE. The dose from all fugitive sources is 1.3E-6 mrem (1.3E-8 mSv) EDE. The dose from radon emissions is 1.5E-10 mrem (1.5E-12 mSv) EDE. No nonroutine emissions occurred in 2019. The total radiological dose to the MEI from all PNNL Richland Campus radionuclide emissions, including fugitive emissions and radon, is 1.5E-5 mrem (1.5E-7 mSv) EDE, or more than 10,000 times less than the federal and state standard of 10 mrem/yr, with which the PNNL Richland Campus is in compliance.

40 CFR 61 Subpart H↗

DOE OSTI2021

PNNL Richland Campus Radionuclide Air Emissions Report for Calendar Year 2020

This report documents radionuclide air emissions that result in the 2020 highest effective dose equivalent (EDE) to an offsite member of the public, referred to as the maximally exposed individual (MEI). The report has been prepared in compliance with the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Protection of the Environment, Part 61, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, Subpart H, “National Emission Standards for Emissions of Radionuclides Other than Radon from Department of Energy Facilities” and Washington Administrative Code Chapter 246-247, “Radiation Protection–Air Emissions.” The dose to the PNNL Richland Campus MEI from routine major and minor point source emissions in 2020 from PNNL Richland Campus sources is 1.5E-5 mrem (1.5E-7 mSv) EDE. The dose from all fugitive sources is 2.0E-6 mrem (2.0E-8 mSv) EDE. The dose from radon emissions is 9.3E-9 mrem (9.3E-11 mSv) EDE. No nonroutine emissions occurred in 2020. The total radiological dose to the MEI from all PNNL Richland Campus radionuclide emissions, including fugitive emissions and radon, is 1.7E-5 mrem (1.7E-7 mSv) EDE, or more than 100,000 times less than the federal and state standard of 10 mrem/yr, with which the PNNL Richland Campus is in compliance.

40 CFR 61 Subpart H↗

DOE OSTI2022

PNNL Richland Campus Radionuclide Air Emissions Report for Calendar Year 2021

This report documents radionuclide air emissions that result in the 2021 highest effective dose equivalent (EDE) to an offsite member of the public, referred to as the maximally exposed individual (MEI). The report has been prepared in compliance with the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Protection of the Environment, Part 61, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, Subpart H, “National Emission Standards for Emissions of Radionuclides Other than Radon from Department of Energy Facilities” and Washington Administrative Code Chapter 246-247, “Radiation Protection–Air Emissions.” The dose to the PNNL Richland Campus MEI from routine major and minor point source emissions in 2021 from PNNL Richland Campus sources is 1.7E-5 mrem (1.7E-7 mSv) EDE. The dose from all fugitive sources is 1.2E-6 mrem (1.2E-8 mSv) EDE. The dose from radon emissions is 2.1E-9 mrem (2.1E-11 mSv) EDE. No nonroutine emissions occurred in 2021. The total radiological dose to the MEI from all PNNL Richland Campus radionuclide emissions, including fugitive emissions and radon, is 1.8E-5 mrem (1.8E-7 mSv) EDE, or more than 100,000 times less than the federal and state standard of 10 mrem/yr, with which the PNNL Richland Campus is in compliance.

40 CFR 61 Subpart H↗

DOE OSTI2023

PNNL-Richland Campus Radionuclide Air Emissions Report for Calendar Year 2022

This report documents radionuclide air emissions that result in the 2022 highest effective dose equivalent (EDE) to an offsite member of the public, referred to as the maximally exposed individual (MEI). The report has been prepared in compliance with the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Protection of the Environment, Part 61, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, Subpart H, “National Emission Standards for Emissions of Radionuclides Other than Radon from Department of Energy Facilities” and Washington Administrative Code Chapter 246-247, “Radiation Protection–Air Emissions.” The dose to the PNNL Richland Campus MEI from routine major and minor point source emissions in 2022 from PNNL Richland Campus sources is 2.1E-5 mrem (2.1E-7 mSv) EDE. The dose from all fugitive sources is 1.2E-6 mrem (1.2E-8 mSv) EDE. The dose from radon emissions is 9.2E-9 mrem (9.2E-11 mSv) EDE. No nonroutine emissions occurred in 2022. The total radiological dose to the MEI from all PNNL Richland Campus radionuclide emissions, including fugitive emissions and radon, is 2.3E-5 mrem (2.3E-7 mSv) EDE, or more than 100,000 times less than the federal and state standard of 10 mrem/yr, with which the PNNL Richland Campus is in compliance.

40 CFR 61 Subpart↗

DOE OSTI2021

Confirmation of PNNL Quantitative Infrared Cross-Sections for Isobutane

The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) gas-phase database is a compilation of quantitative experimental (5, 25, 50 °C) infrared spectra of ca. 500 molecules, designed for in situ, standoff or remote sensing of gases and vapors at or near atmospheric pressure. The data are characterized by calibration on both the wavenumber and intensity axes. Recent papers have called into question the PNNL intensity values for isobutane, (2-methylpropane, HC(CH 3 ) 3 ) suggesting discrepancies of 30 to 40%. In this study we re-measure and re-examine the intensity values of isobutane using both similar and alternate methods to those used to generate the original PNNL database spectra. Here, indirect confirmation from literature data of homologous molecules and direct confirmation from new results confirm that for many band integrals across the isobutane spectrum, the original PNNL data are indeed accurate to within the reported 3% experimental uncertainty.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

DOE OSTI2022

Developing in-situ capabilities for synchrotron light source relevant to PNNL mission research areas

The main objective of the proposed research is to engage synchrotron light source capabilities to address the critical mission areas at PNNL. We have carried out Multi-model chemical analysis and imaging to unravel the role of surface chemistry during realistic heterogeneous interfacial processes - through a close collaboration that will help BES and BER research projects. In particular, we performed the following activities to understand role of surface chemistry on metal and oxide reactivity and metal ion transfer across oxide surface and aqueous solutions: 1) Perform light source experiments utilizing samples generated at PNNL; 2) Develop early career PNNL scientists utilizing light sources; 3) Build collaborations with ALS scientists in developing new in-situ capabilities; 4) Complete AMBER capabilities in collaboration with ALS scientists and make those available to the scientific community including PNNL scientists.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

DOE OSTI2025

PNNL-Richland Campus Radionuclide Air Emissions Report for Calendar Year 2024

This report documents radionuclide air emissions that result in the 2024 highest effective dose equivalent (EDE) to an offsite member of the public, referred to as the maximally exposed individual (MEI). The report has been prepared in compliance with the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Protection of the Environment, Part 61, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, Subpart H, “National Emission Standards for Emissions of Radionuclides Other than Radon from Department of Energy Facilities” and Washington Administrative Code Chapter 246-247, “Radiation Protection–Air Emissions.” The total dose to the MEI from all PNNL-Richland campus radionuclide emissions in 2024, including fugitive emissions and radon, is 1.3E-05 mrem (1.3E-07 mSv) EDE, or 100,000 times less than the federal and state standard of 10 mrem/yr, with which the PNNL Richland campus is in compliance. The dose attributable to radon emissions is 4.1E-10 mrem (4.1E-12 mSv) EDE.

40 CFR 61 Subpart H↗

DOE OSTI2026

PNNL Richland Campus Radionuclide Air Emissions Report for Calendar Year 2025

This report documents radionuclide air emissions that result in the 2025 highest effective dose equivalent (EDE) to an offsite member of the public, referred to as the maximally exposed individual (MEI). The report has been prepared in compliance with the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Protection of the Environment, Part 61, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, Subpart H, “National Emission Standards for Emissions of Radionuclides Other than Radon from Department of Energy Facilities” and Washington Administrative Code Chapter 246-247, “Radiation Protection–Air Emissions.” The total dose to the MEI from all PNNL Richland Campus radionuclide emissions in 2025, including fugitive emissions and radon, is 1.8E-05 mrem (1.8E-07 mSv) EDE, or more than 100,000 times less than the federal and state standard of 10 mrem/yr, with which the PNNL Richland Campus is in compliance. The dose attributable to radon emissions is 1.5E-13 mrem (1.5E-15 mSv) EDE.

40 CFR 61 Subpart H↗

DOE OSTI2024

PNNL-Richland Campus Radionuclide Air Emissions Report for Calendar Year 2023

This report documents radionuclide air emissions that result in the 2023 highest effective dose equivalent (EDE) to an offsite member of the public, referred to as the maximally exposed individual (MEI). The report has been prepared in compliance with the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Protection of the Environment, Part 61, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, Subpart H, “National Emission Standards for Emissions of Radionuclides Other than Radon from Department of Energy Facilities” and Washington Administrative Code Chapter 246-247, “Radiation Protection–Air Emissions.” The dose to the PNNL-Richland campus MEI from routine emissions sources, excluding radon, in 2023 from campus sources is 2.0E-5 mrem (2.0E-7 mSv) EDE. The dose from radon emissions is 4.0E-7 mrem (4.0E-09 mSv) EDE. No nonroutine emissions occurred in 2023. The total radiological dose to the MEI from all PNNL-Richland campus radionuclide emissions, including fugitive emissions and radon, is 2.1E-5 mrem (2.1E-7 mSv) EDE, or more than 100,000 times less than the federal and state standard of 10 mrem/yr, with which the PNNL-Richland campus is in compliance.

40 CFR 61 Subpart H↗

DOE OSTI2025

PNNL Dose-per-Unit-Release Factors for Calculating Radionuclide Emissions Potential-to-Emit Doses

Revised PNNL-Richland campus dose-per-unit release factors based on the Environmental Protection Agency code CAP88-PC Version 4.1.1 code are provided. In addition to maximum receptor dose factors, maximum air concentration dose factors are provided. The PNNL-Sequim campus dose-per-unit release factors are included, as well, based on the Environmental Protection Agency code COMPLY Version 1.7.1.

40 CFR 61 Subpart H↗

DOE OSTI2020

Evaluation of Exterior Shades at PNNL Lab Homes and Occupied Field Sites (Final Report)

In residential applications, heat transfer through windows accounts for a significant portion of a home’s cooling load. Exterior shades are window attachments that can be applied on the exterior-side of windows in a home. Exterior shades can reduce solar heat gain, reduce glare through a window, and improve comfort in the home. To assess the performance of residential exterior shades, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Building Technologies Office (BTO) commissioned a series of field studies for exterior fabric shades to be performed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) during the cooling seasons of 2019 and 2020. This report describes the experimental setup and results of these exterior shade field studies. PNNL, in collaboration with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), evaluated exterior shades at the PNNL Lab Homes and three occupied field sites in Richland, Washington. At the Lab Homes, the energy performance of exterior shades was evaluated in a controlled side-by-side environment. At the occupied field sites, exterior shades were characterized by measuring shade usage, documenting installation practices, and surveying customer perspectives.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2021

Evaluation of Thin Triple-Pane Windows in the PNNL Lab Homes

In recent years, improvements in glass manufacturing have allowed the production of thin triple-pane windows, which are manufactured with a thickness similar to standard double-pane windows. Because this highly insulating “thin triple” glass product can be incorporated into almost any existing window frame and can be fabricated at a modest added cost, the U.S. Department of Energy is sponsoring laboratory and field demonstration testing of thin triple-pane windows to validate thermal performance and installation requirements in real-life field settings. To examine the performance of thin triple-pane windows, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) evaluated the windows at the PNNL Lab Homes, a matched pair of homes located on PNNL’s campus in Richland, Washington. In this study, one Lab Home contained a complete set of nine thin triple-pane windows, while the other Lab Home contained baseline double-pane windows. The Lab Homes experiments demonstrated significant that replacing clear glass double-pane windows with thin triple-pane windows provided year-round energy savings and reduced peak demand both in the heating and cooling seasons. The Lab Homes experiments also validated other performance benefits of the thin triple-pane windows including reduced condensation potential, more even temperatures throughout the home and near the windows, and reduced sound attenuation through the windows, leaving the home quieter and more comfortable for the occupants.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗