Polysaccharide associated protein (PSAP) from the green microalga Botryococcus braunii is a unique extracellular matrix hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein
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Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology↗
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Absorption/transmission measurements of PSAP particle-laden filters from the Biomass Burning Observation Project (BBOP) field campaign
Absorptivity measurements with a laser-heating approach, referred to as the laser-driven thermal reactor (LDTR), were carried out in the infrared and applied at ambient (laboratory) nonreacting conditions to particle-laden filters from a three-wavelength (visible) particle/soot absorption photometer (PSAP). Here, the particles were obtained during the Biomass Burning Observation Project (BBOP) field campaign. The focus of this study was to determine the particle absorption coefficient from field-campaign filter samples using the LDTR approach, and compare results with other commercially available instrumentation (in this case with the PSAP, which has been compared with numerous other optical techniques).
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP) Instrument Handbook
Radiance Research PSAPs as described in this Handbook are deployed in the second ARM Mobile Facility (AMF2) Aerosol Observing System (AOS), the third ARM Mobile Facility (AMF3) AOS, ENA AOS and Mobile Aerosol Observing System (MAOS)-A. An earlier version of the PSAP is currently operated in the ARM Aerial Facility and at SGP. The older SGP instrument is covered in a separate Handbook.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
Active and Passive Supplier Assessment Program (ASAP & PSAP) WWW Sites http://nepp.nasa.gov/imd/asap http://nepp.nasa.gov/imd/psap
The Active and Passive Supplier Assessment Programs (ASAP and PSAP) WWW Sites provide general information to the electronic parts community regarding the availability of electronic parts. They also provide information to NASA regarding modifications to commonly used procurement specifications and test methods. The ASAP and PSAP www sites are ongoing resources produced by Code 562 in support of the NASA HQ funded NASA Electronic Parts and Packaging (NEPP) Program. These WWW sites do not provide information pertaining to patented or proprietary information. All of the information contained in these www sites is available through various other public domain resources such as US Military Qualified Producers Listings (QPLs) and Qualified Manufacturer Listings (QMLs) and industry working groups such as the Electronics Industry Alliance (EIA) and the Space Parts Working Group (SPWG).
Brusse, Jay↗
Nephelometer PSAP, BBOP
This field campaign will address multiple uncertainties in aerosol intensive properties, which are poorly represented in climate models, by means of aircraft measurements in biomass burning plumes. Key topics to be investigated are: Aerosol mixing state and morphology Mass absorption coefficients (MACs) Chemical composition of non-refractory material associated with light-absorbing carbon (LAC) Production rate of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) Microphysical processes relevant to determining aerosol size distributions and single scattering albedo (SSA) CCN activity.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Prosaposin is a biomarker of mesenchymal glioblastoma and regulates mesenchymal transition through the TGF‐β1/Smad signaling pathway
Abstract Mesenchymal glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive subtype of GBM. Our previous study found that neurotrophic factor prosaposin (PSAP) is highly expressed and secreted in glioma and can promote the growth of glioma. The role of PSAP in mesenchymal GBM is still unclear. In this study, bioinformatic analysis, western blotting and RT‐qPCR were used to detect the expression of PSAP in different GBM subtypes. Human glioma cell lines and patient‐derived glioma stem cells were studied in vitro and in vivo , revealing that mesenchymal GBM expressed and secreted the highest level of PSAP among four subtypes of GBM, and PSAP could promote GBM invasion and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐like processes in vivo and in vitro . Bioinformatic analysis and western blotting showed that PSAP mainly played a regulatory role in GBM invasion and EMT‐like processes via the TGF‐β1/Smad signaling pathway. In conclusion, the overexpression and secretion of PSAP may be an important factor causing the high invasiveness of mesenchymal GBM. PSAP is therefore a potential target for the treatment of mesenchymal GBM. © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Jiang, Yang↗
Simultaneous transmission/absorption photometry of particle-laden filters from wildland fires during the Biomass Burning Observation Project (BBOP) field campaign
Transmissivity and absorptivity measurements were carried out simultaneously in the visible (wavelength of 532 nm) at laboratory conditions using particle-laden filters obtained from a three-wavelength particle/soot absorption photometer (PSAP). Here, the particles were collected on filters from wildland fires over the Pacific Northwest during the Department of Energy Biomass Burning Observation Project (BBOP) field campaign in 2013. The objective of this investigation was to apply this measurement approach, referred to as simultaneous transmission/absorption photometry (STAP), to estimate the aerosol extinction coefficient from actual field-campaign filter aerosol, and compare results with the PSAP. The STAP approach offers several advantages over the PSAP, including estimation of the extinction coefficient from temperature measurements (avoiding the complexities associated with filter reflectivity/scattering measurements), as well as determination of the filter optical properties and filter effects on particle absorption (resulting in particle absorption enhancement). The experimental arrangement included a laser probe beam impinging normal to the particle-coated surface of a vertically mounted filter, and a thermocouple placed flush in the middle of (and in thermal contact with) the filter uncoated back surface. With this simple arrangement, the transmissivity and absorptivity were determined simultaneously at a given laser beam wavelength. The measurement repeatability was better than 0.3 K (95% confidence level) for temperature and 0.4 mW for laser power. The limit of detection for the extinction coefficient was estimated to be (8–12) Mm -1 (95% confidence level) at about 1.9 mW laser power. The extinction coefficient was determined through measurement of both PSAP blank and exposed filters. Filters were obtained from nine different aircraft flights conducted during the BBOP campaign, representing different flight patterns, days, stages of burning, landscapes, and wildland fires. The STAP extinction coefficient matched the darkness of the filter coating, however the PSAP-filter results did not follow the same order. Although there were differences in transmissivity between the two techniques, the estimated values for absorption coefficient were in good agreement.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Filter Aerosol Measurements for ARM
The goal of this study was to determine the best filter media for use in ARM PSAPs following the manufacturer discontinuation of the current filter media. The study comprised by multiple experiments to assess four potential replacement filter medium relative to the Pallflex E-70, which is being discontinued, and is documented in ARM ServiceNow under ENG0003846. The experiments laid out in the document ‘180504 Filter Aerosol Measurements for ARM.docx’ and several subsequent tests suggest that the Pallflex Emfab media is the best candidate for ongoing ARM filter-based absorbance measurements. Other media were ruled out based on particle-capture efficiency for small particles. In tests with Nigrosin, EMFAB exceeded all other media. Tests were done measuring reported absorbance for all media in Particle Soot Absorption Photometers (PSAPs) operated in parallel sampling under several conditions: ambient air, 3 sizes of black-dyed PSL (Poly Styrene Latex) spheres, and Nigrosin particles. These tests indicate a different factor of reported absorbance for each media relative to the original Pallflex E70 filter. The factor for the Azumi media was consistent with unpublished work by Ogren (NOAA). The tests described here were not exhaustive and were complicated by time-varying differences among the PSAPs used. However, it is concluded that they are sufficient to justify ARM switching to Emfab filter media for future ARM PSAP measurements. The remaining store of E70 will be reserved to quantitatively characterize differences between Emfab and E70 (and Azumi?) in both laboratory and field side-by-side tests as put forth in a succeeding ENG. This future work will empirically identify correction factors applicable to Emfab and quantify the uncertainty in comparing the historical E70 measurements with ongoing Emfab measurements. Comparison of PSAP measurements with an independent absolute ‘reference’ for aerosol absorbance, i.e., PhotoThermal Interferometry or difference measurements of Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift extinction (CAPS) minus Nephelometry scattering would be valuable but exceed the scope of ARM Infrastructure. While the characterization of correction factors is required for maintaining and improving accuracy in future absorption measurements, it was beyond the scope of the current study.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Filter Aerosol Measurements for ARM
The goal of this study was to determine the best filter media for use in Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) particle soot absorption photometers (PSAPs) following the manufacturer discontinuation of the current filter media. The study comprised multiple experiments to assess four potential replacement filter medium relative to the Pallflex E-70, which is being discontinued, and is documented in ARM’s ServiceNow system under ENG0003846. The experiments laid out in the document ‘180504 Filter Aerosol Measurements for ARM.docx’ and several subsequent tests suggest that the Pallflex Emfab media is the best candidate for ongoing ARM filter-based absorbance measurements. Other media were ruled out based on particle capture efficiency for small particles. In tests with Nigrosin, Emfab exceeded all other media. Tests were done measuring reported absorbance for all media in PSAPs operated in parallel sampling under several conditions: ambient air, three sizes of black-dyed PSL (polystyrene latex) spheres, and Nigrosin particles. These tests indicate a different factor of reported absorbance for each media relative to the original Pallflex E70 filter. The factor for the Azumi media was consistent with unpublished work by Ogren (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA]). The tests described here were not exhaustive and were complicated by time-varying differences among the PSAPs used. However, it is concluded that they are sufficient to justify ARM switching to Emfab filter media for future ARM PSAP measurements. The remaining store of E70 will be reserved to quantitatively characterize differences between Emfab and E70 (and Azumi?) in both laboratory and field side-by-side tests as put forth in a succeeding ENG. This future work will empirically identify correction factors applicable to Emfab and quantify the uncertainty in comparing the historical E70 measurements with ongoing Emfab measurements. Comparison of PSAP measurements with an independent absolute ‘reference’ for aerosol absorbance, i.e., photo thermal interferometry or difference measurements of cavity attenuated phase shift extinction (CAPS) minus nephelometry scattering, would be valuable but exceed the scope of ARM Infrastructure. While the characterization of correction factors is required for maintaining and improving accuracy in future absorption measurements, it was beyond the scope of the current study.
aerosol observing system↗
Correcting for filter-based aerosol light absorption biases at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program's Southern Great Plains site using photoacoustic measurements and machine learning
Abstract. Measurement of light absorption of solar radiation by aerosols is vital for assessing direct aerosol radiative forcing, which affects local and global climate. Low-cost and easy-to-operate filter-based instruments, such as the Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP), that collect aerosols on a filter and measure light attenuation through the filter are widely used to infer aerosol light absorption. However, filter-based absorption measurements are subject to artifacts that are difficult to quantify. These artifacts are associated with the presence of the filter medium and the complex interactions between the filter fibers and accumulated aerosols. Various correction algorithms have been introduced to correct for the filter-based absorption coefficient measurements toward predicting the particle-phase absorption coefficient (Babs). However, the inability of these algorithms to incorporate into their formulations the complex matrix of influencing parameters such as particle asymmetry parameter, particle size, and particle penetration depth results in prediction of particle-phase absorption coefficients with relatively low accuracy. The analytical forms of corrections also suffer from a lack of universal applicability: different corrections are required for rural and urban sites across the world. In this study, we analyzed and compared 3 months of high-time-resolution ambient aerosol absorption data collected synchronously using a three-wavelength photoacoustic absorption spectrometer (PASS) and PSAP. Both instruments were operated on the same sampling inlet at the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program's Southern Great Plains (SGP) user facility in Oklahoma. We implemented the two most commonly used analytical correction algorithms, namely, Virkkula (2010) and the average of Virkkula (2010) and Ogren (2010)–Bond et al. (1999) as well as a random forest regression (RFR) machine learning algorithm to predict Babs values from the PSAP's filter-based measurements. The predicted Babs was compared against the reference Babs measured by the PASS. The RFR algorithm performed the best by yielding the lowest root mean square error of prediction. The algorithm was trained using input datasets from the PSAP (transmission and uncorrected absorption coefficient), a co-located nephelometer (scattering coefficients), and the Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (mass concentration of non-refractory aerosol particles). A revised form of the Virkkula (2010) algorithm suitable for the SGP site has been proposed; however, its performance yields approximately 2-fold errors when compared to the RFR algorithm. To generalize the accuracy and applicability of our proposed RFR algorithm, we trained and tested it on a dataset of laboratory measurements of combustion aerosols. Input variables to the algorithm included the aerosol number size distribution from the Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer, absorption coefficients from the filter-based Tricolor Absorption Photometer, and scattering coefficients from a multiwavelength nephelometer. The RFR algorithm predicted Babs values within 5 % of the reference Babs measured by the multiwavelength PASS during the laboratory experiments. Thus, we show that machine learning approaches offer a promising path to correct for biases in long-term filter-based absorption datasets and accurately quantify their variability and trends needed for robust radiative forcing determination.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
The effects of 8-week complex training on lower-limb strength and power of Chinese elite female modern pentathlon athletes
Complex training (CT) is a combination training method that alternates between performing high-load resistance training (RT) and plyometric training within one single session. The study aimed to examine the effects of CT on lower-limb strength and power of elite female modern pentathlon athletes under the new modern pentathlon format and competition rules. Ten female participants (age: 23.55 ± 2.22 years, weight: 60.59 ± 3.87 kg, height: 169.44 ± 4.57 cm, and training experience: 6.90 ± 2.08 years) of the national modern pentathlon team completed 8 weeks of RT as followed by 8 weeks of CT, with 2 weeks of break. Then, the participants conducted 8 weeks of CT, which included RT combined with plyometric training (e.g., drop jump and continuous jump). All stages of training were designed by the linear strength training period theories, requiring participants to train twice for the first 4 weeks and three times for the second 4 weeks. The one-repetition maximum (1RM) of squat, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), counter-movement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), pre-stretch augmentation percentage (PSAP), and reaction strength index (RSI) were assessed before and after both RT and CT training. One-way repeated-measure ANOVA models revealed that the 1RM of squat was significantly improved ( p < 0.001) after RT as compared to pre-RT. No significant improvement in IMTP ( p = 0.055), CMJ ( p = 0.194), SJ ( p = 0.692), PSAP ( p = 0.087), and RSI ( p = 0.238) was not observed. After CT, 1RM of squat ( p < 0.001), IMTP ( p < 0.035), CMJ ( p < 0.001), SJ ( p < 0.008), RSI ( p < 0.006) were significant improved as compared to pre-RT, post-RT and pre-CT, while significant improvements in PSAP were observed as compared to pre-RT ( p = 0.003) and pre-CT ( p = 0.027), but not to post-RT ( p = 0.156). This pilot study showed the promise of CT following RT to improve lower-limb strength and power in elite female modern pentathlon athletes. The findings are worthwhile to be confirmed in future studies with larger sample size and randomized design.
Qiao, Zining↗
IPN Absorption Coefficients
The dataset contains aerosol light absorption and scattering coefficients measured by three single-wavelength Integrated Photoacoustic Nephelometers (IPN). The absorption coefficients were measured at 405, 721, and 1047 nm, while the scattering coefficients were measured at 405 and 721 nm. The single scattering albedo (SSA) at 405 and 721 nm were also calculated from the IPN measurements. The three IPNs shared a common inlet without impactor/cyclone in July; in August, a PM2.5 cyclone inlet was installed to reduce measurement noise and improve data quality. The 721-nm IPN experienced laser shutdown issues, causing missing of a large fraction of the 721-nm measurements, especially in July. As described before, the 721-nm laser issue was less frequent in August after the cyclone installation, improving the data completeness and quality. The IPN raw data were noisy, making identifying patterns and trends difficult; therefore, the hourly average data are recommended over the raw data. The hourly average data were cross-checked with the filter-based TAP and PSAP measurements, which showed that their patterns, trends, and peaks matched. However, due to the differences in working mechanisms and principles of the filter-based and photoacoustic particle-phase instruments, the IPN measurements are lower than the filter-based measurements despite that they have consistent patterns, trends, and peaks.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Measurements of Aerosol Vertical Profiles and Optical Properties during INDOEX 1999 Using Micro-Pulse Lidars
Micro-pulse lidar systems (MPL) were used to measure aerosol properties during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) 1999 field phase. Measurements were made from two platforms: the NOAA ship RN Ronald H. Brown, and the Kaashidhoo Climate Observatory (KCO) in the Maldives. Sunphotometers were used to provide aerosol optical depths (AOD) needed to calibrate the MPL. This study focuses on the height distribution and optical properties (at 523 nm) of aerosols observed during the campaign. The height of the highest aerosols (top height) was calculated and found to be below 4 km for most of the cruise. The marine boundary layer (MBL) top was calculated and found to be less than 1 km. MPL results were combined with air mass trajectories, radiosonde profiles of temperature and humidity, and aerosol concentration and optical measurements. Humidity varied from approximately 80% near the surface to 50% near the top height during the entire cruise. The average value and standard deviation of aerosol optical parameters were determined for characteristic air mass regimes. Marine aerosols in the absence of any continental influence were found to have an AOD of 0.05 +/- 0.03, an extinction-to-backscatter ratio (S-ratio) of 33 +/- 6 sr, and peak extinction values around 0.05/km (near the MBL top). The marine results are shown to be in agreement with previously measured and expected values. Polluted marine areas over the Indian Ocean, influenced by continental aerosols, had AOD values in excess of 0.2, S-ratios well above 40 sr, and peak extinction values approximately 0.20/km (near the MBL top). The polluted marine results are shown to be similar to previously published values for continental aerosols. Comparisons between MPL derived extinction near the ship (75 m) and extinction calculated at ship-level using scattering measured by a nephelometer and absorption using a PSAP were conducted. The comparisons indicated that the MPL algorithm (using a constant S-ratio throughout the lower troposphere) calculates extinction near the surface in agreement with the ship-level measurements only when the MBL aerosols are well mixed with aerosols above. Finally, a review of the MPL extinction profiles showed that the model of aerosol vertical extinction developed during an earlier INDOEX field campaign (at the Maldives) did not correctly describe the true vertical distribution over the greater Indian Ocean region. Using the average extinction profile and AOD obtained during marine conditions, a new model of aerosol vertical extinction was determined for marine atmospheres over the Indian Ocean. A new model of aerosol vertical extinction for polluted marine atmospheres was also developed using the average extinction profile and AOD obtained during marine conditions influenced by continental aerosols.
Welton, Ellsworth J.↗
Airborne Sunphotometer Measurements of Aerosol Optical Depth and Water Vapor in ACE-Asia and Their Comparisons to Correlative Measurements
In the Spring 2001 phase of the Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia), the 6-channel NASA Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS-6) operated on 15 of the 19 research flights of the NCAR C-130, while its 14-channel counterpart (AATS-14) flew successfully on all 19 research flights of the CIRPAS Twin Otter. ACE-Asia studied aerosol outflow from the Asian continent to the Pacific basin. It was designed to integrate suborbital and satellite measurements and models to reduce the uncertainty in calculations of the climate forcing due to aerosols. AATS-6 and AATS-14 measured solar beam transmission at six and 14 wavelengths (380-1021 and 354-1558 nm, respectively), yielding aerosol optical depth (AOD) spectra and columnar water vapor (CWV). Vertical differentiation in profiles yielded aerosol extinction spectra and water vapor concentration. In this paper, we plan to present examples of the following, preliminary findings that are based in part on our airborne sunphotometer measurements: (1) The wavelength dependence of sunphotometer-derived AOD and extinction indicates that supermicron dust was often a major component of the aerosol, frequently extending to high altitudes. The percentage of full-column AOD (525 nm) that Jay above 3 km was typically 34+/-13%. In contrast, the analogous percentage of columnar water vapor was only 10+/-4%; (2) Initial comparison studies between AOD data obtained by AATS-6 and AATS-14 during coordinated low-level flight legs show agreement well within the instruments' error bars; (3) Aerosol extinction has been derived from airborne in situ measurements of scattering (nephelometers) and absorption (particle soot/ absorption photometer, PSAP) or calculated from particle size distribution measurements (mobility analyzers and aerodynamic particle sizers). Comparison with corresponding extinction values derived from the Ames airborne sunphotometer measurements shows good agreement for the vertical distribution of aerosol layers. However, the level of agreement in absolute magnitude of the derived aerosol extinction/optical depth varied among the aerosol layers sampled; (4) Initial comparisons of sunphotometer and satellite-derived AOD using SeaWiFS, MISR and AVHRR show promising results. We also plan to include comparisons with MODIS and TOMS: (5) Initial comparisons of sunphotometer-derived AOD and aerosol extinction profiles with lidars in Tokyo and on a ship show reasonable agreement.
Schmid, B.↗
Cavity Ring-Down Measurement of Aerosol Optical Properties During the Asian Dust Above Monterey Experiment and DOE Aerosol Intensive Operating Period
Large uncertainties in the effects of aerosols on climate require improved in-situ measurements of extinction coefficient and single-scattering albedo. This paper describes preliminary results from Cadenza, a new continuous wave cavity ring-down (CW-CRD) instrument designed to address these uncertainties. Cadenza measures the aerosol extinction coefficient for 675 nm and 1550 nm light, and simultaneously measures the scattering coefficient at 675 nm. In the past year Cadenza was deployed in the Asian Dust Above Monterey (ADAM) and DOE Aerosol Intensive Operating Period (IOP) field projects. During these flights Cadenza produced measurements of aerosol extinction in the range from 0.2 to 300/Mm with an estimated precision of 0.1/Mm for 1550 nm light and 0.2/Mm for 675 nm light. Cadenza data from the ADAM and Aerosol IOP missions compared favorably with data from the other instruments aboard the CIRPAS Twin Otter aircraft and participating in those projects. We present comparisons between the Cadenza measurements and those from a TSI nephelometer, Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP), and the AATS 14 sun-photometer. Measurements of the optical properties of smoke and dust plumes sampled during these campaigns are presented and estimates of heating rates due to these plumes are made.
Ricci, K.↗
Airborne Cavity Ring-Down Measurement of Aerosol Extinction and Scattering During the Aerosol IOP
Large uncertainties in the effects of aerosols on climate require improved in-situ measurements of extinction coefficient and single-scattering albedo. This paper describes preliminary results from Cadenza, a new continuous wave cavity ring-down (CW-CRD) instrument designed to address these uncertainties. Cadenza measures the aerosol extinction coefficient for 675 nm and 1550 nm light, and simultaneously measures the scattering coefficient at 675 nm. In the past year Cadenza was deployed in the Asian Dust Above Monterey (ADAM) and DOE Aerosol Intensive Operating Period (IOP) field projects. During these flights Cadenza produced measurements of aerosol extinction in the range from 0.2 to 300 Mm-1 with an estimated precision of 0.1 Min-1 for 1550 nm light and 0.2 Mm-1 for 675 nm light. Cadenza data from the ADAM and Aerosol IOP missions compared favorably with data from the other instruments aboard the CIRPAS Twin Otter aircraft and participating in those projects.= We present comparisons between the Cadenza measurements and those friom a TSI nephelometer, Particle Soot Absorption Photometer (PSAP), and the AATS 14 sun-photometer. Measurements of the optical properties of smoke and dust plumes sampled during these campaigns are presented and estimates of heating rates due to these plumes are made.
Strawa, A. W.↗