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11 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

The Jefferson Lab Eta Factory Experiment and Applications of PbWO4 Calorimeters in Future Experimental Facilities

The goal of the new JLab Eta Factory (JEF) experiment, conducted with the GlueX detector in Hall D at Jefferson Lab, is to perform measurements of various ¿(') decays with a primary focus on rare neutral modes. The experiment’s physics program ranges from precision tests of low-energy QCD to searches for gauge bosons with masses below 1 GeV that could couple the Standard Model (SM) sector to the dark sector. The experiment will collect a high-statistics data sample of ¿(') mesons produced via a beam of tagged photons. The GlueX detector features a large, nearly uniform acceptance for both neutral and charged particles, enabling efficient identification of complex multi-particle final states. To meet the requirements of the JEF experiment, the inner section of the forward lead-glass calorimeter in the GlueX detector has been upgraded with lead tungstate (PbWO4) scintillating crystals. PbWO4 offers exceptional characteristics, such as a small radiation length and Molire radius, and large light yield, that make it ideal for constructing high- granularity, high-resolution, radiation-hard detectors. These properties enable excellent spatial separation and energy resolution of reconstructed electromagnetic showers, establishing PbWO4 as the material of choice for many high-precision experiments. The JEF experiment began data collection in April 2025 and will operate concurrently with the GlueX experiment, whose primary objective is the search for gluonic excitations in the meson spectrum. I will give an overview of the JEF experiment, the GlueX detector, and the feasibility of further upgrades to support future ¿ physics studies. Special attention will be given to the newly constructed PbWO4 scintillating calorimeter and recent advancements in calorimeter instrumentation.

Somov, Alexander↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on PbWO4 by Materials Project

PbWO4 crystallizes in the monoclinic Cc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent W6+ sites. In the first W6+ site, W6+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 1.83–2.36 Å. In the second W6+ site, W6+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of W–O bond distances ranging from 1.83–2.37 Å. There are two inequivalent Pb2+ sites. In the first Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.52–2.81 Å. In the second Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.52–2.82 Å. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one W6+ and two Pb2+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two W6+ and two Pb2+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two W6+ and two Pb2+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one W6+ and two Pb2+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two W6+ and two Pb2+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one W6+ and two Pb2+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one W6+ and two Pb2+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two W6+ and two Pb2+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on PbWO4 by Materials Project

PbWO4 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent W6+ sites. In the first W6+ site, W6+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.82 Å) and three longer (1.83 Å) W–O bond length. In the second W6+ site, W6+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.82 Å) and three longer (1.83 Å) W–O bond length. There are two inequivalent Pb2+ sites. In the first Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.62–2.75 Å. In the second Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.58–2.86 Å. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one W6+ and two Pb2+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one W6+ and two Pb2+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one W6+ and two Pb2+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one W6+ and two Pb2+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one W6+ and two Pb2+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one W6+ and two Pb2+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one W6+ and two Pb2+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one W6+ and two Pb2+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on PbWO4 by Materials Project

Computed materials data using density functional theory calculations. These calculations determine the electronic structure of bulk materials by solving approximations to the Schrodinger equation. For more information, see https://materialsproject.org/docs/calculations

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

A new active base of photomultiplier R4125 designed for the PbWO4 calorimeter

This paper presents the design, performance, and results of the radiation tests of an active base for Hamamatsu R4125 photomultiplier tube. The active base was designed at Jefferson Lab and comprises of a high voltage divider and an on-board amplifier. The photomultiplier with the active base is used to detect light from lead tungstate scintillating crystals of the forward electromagnetic calorimeter of the GlueX detector. The active base amplifier allows to operate the tube at lower high voltage and thus to limit the photomultiplier anode current to a few micro ampereres at the maximum counter rate of 1 MHz counter, while retaining the dynamic range of output signals. The performance of calorimeter modules instrumented with the active base was studied using detector prototypes positioned into the beam of photons. The key performance parameters such as the linearity, high-rate capability, and the energy resolution verified that the active base design meets the detector specifications

Somov, Alexander [Thomas Jefferson National Accele↗
DOE OSTI2024

Lead tungstate calorimeters at Jefferson Lab and perspectives for the Electron–Ion Collider

Electromagnetic calorimeters based on PbWO4 scintillating crystals have a widespread applica- tion in experiments at different accelerator facilities such as CERN, FNAL, GSI, and Jefferson Lab. The unique properties of PbWO4 crystals, including a small radiation length and Molire radius, make them ideal for building high-granularity, radiation-hard detectors. This enables excellent spa- tial separation and energy resolution of reconstructed electromagnetic showers, making PbWO4 crystals the material of choice for numerous experiments. Lead tungstate calorimeters have been successfully used in several experiments at Jefferson Lab. Two large-scale detectors have been re- cently fabricated for future experiments : the Neutral Particle Spectrometer and the lead tungstate calorimeter of the GlueX detector. The future application of PbWO4 crystals in the ElectronIon Collider further highlights their ongoing importance in advancing experimental capabilities. In planning new experiments, the development of calorimeter instrumentation technologies becomes paramount. The integration of modern photodetectors, such as Silicon photomultipliers that are capable of operating in strong magnetic fields, and the implementation of streaming readout data acquisition systems, sophisticated shower reconstruction algorithms, and real-time data analysis are some examples of the continuously growing requirements of experimental setups. I will give an overview of the lead tungstate scintillating calorimeters and discuss some recent advancement in the calorimeter instrumentation.

Somov, Alexander↗
DOE OSTI2024

Novel 4x4 SiPM array readout with integrated preamplification stage, optimized for the PWO detectors of the EIC EEEMCal

Here we are reporting on a new readout circuit developed for the lead tungstate (PbWO4) scintillation detectors for the Electron Ion Collider (EIC) Electron Endcap Electromagnetic Calorimeter EEEMCal. The high magnetic field region precludes the use of photomultiplier tubes while the detector requirements specify good spectral resolution performance and fast pulse integration over a large dynamic range. We selected a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) from Hamamatsu and produced a matrix of 4 x 4 sensors to cover the 20 mm x 20 mm scintillator coupling surface. Signal acquisition and amplification electronics boards were designed and integrated with the sensor board to produce a compact high performance readout package. A prototype detector was built and tested at Jefferson Lab with encouraging resolution and timing performance results.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2026

Commissioning of the large-scale lead tungstate scintillating calorimeter

Here, we report on the installation and initial commissioning of a large-scale lead tungstate (PbWO4) scintillating crystal calorimeter developed for high-rate photon detection and precise energy measurement. The calorimeter comprises 1596 high-granularity, high-resolution scintillating crystals optimized for electromagnetic-shower detection over a wide energy range. Scintillation light from each crystal is read out by Hamamatsu R4125 photomultiplier tubes equipped with a custom voltage divider and front-end amplifier to ensure stable gain at high rates. All calorimeter modules were fabricated and characterized using a light-emitting diode–based optical test system prior to installation to verify uniformity and photodetector performance. After installation, the electromagnetic calorimeter was fully integrated into the experiment data acquisition and energy-based trigger systems. The optical response of the modules was equalized using the light-monitoring system, cosmic-ray muons, and photons from Compton-scattering events. Commissioning results demonstrate a reliably calibrated optical response and stable detector performance during the first run. These results validate the calorimeter design and commissioning methodology for large-scale scintillator-based photonic instrumentation.

Analog to digital converters↗
DOE OSTI2021

The JLab Eta Factory (JEF) experiment

The new experiment, JLab Eta Factory (JEF), in the experimental Hall D at Jefferson Lab will extend the physics potential of the GlueX detector beyond the main spectroscopy program and perform precision measurements of various ?(?)decays with emphasis on rare neutral modes. The physics program of the experiment spans from precision tests of low-energy QCD to search of gauge bosons in the mass range below 1 GeV coupling the SM sector to the dark sector. Photoproduction of highly boosted ?(?)mesons using a tagged photon beam, good detection of recoil proton and multi-photon final states will allow to suppress background and collect high-statistics data sample of ?mesons. All these provide many advantages over other ?(?)experiments. The JEF experiment requires to upgrade the inner part of the forward lead glass calorimeter of the GlueX detector with high-granularity, high-resolution lead tungstate PbWO4 scintillating crystals. The calorimeter insert is currently under construction at Jeffeson Lab. The detector will be ready to take data in 2024. An overview of the JEF project will be presented.

Somov, Alexander↗
DOE OSTI2021

JLab eta Factory Experiment in Hall D

The new experiment, JLab Eta Factory (JEF), in the experimental Hall-D at Jefferson Lab will extend the physics potential of the GlueX beyond the main spectroscopy program and study rare decays of eta mesons. Among various physics topics, the experiment will focus on decays of eta mesons to the eta -> pi0 gamma gamma final state. This decay mode provides an important information for higher-order calculations in chiral perturbation theory. The final state is ideal for the search of the leptophobic dark B-boson in the reactions eta -> B gamma, B -> pi0 gamma; and the scaler dark matter mediator S in the channel eta -> pi0 S, S -> gamma gamma. The experiment requires to upgrade the inner part of the forward lead glass calorimeter of the GlueX detector with high-granularity, high-resolution lead tungstate PbWO4 scintillating crystals. The detector will be ready to take data in 2023. I will give an overview of the JEF project.

Somov, Alexander↗
DOE OSTI2023

A 4 x 4 SiPM Sensor Array with Fast Preamplified Output Engineered for the PWO Detectors of the EIC EEEMCAL

The PbWO4 scintillation detectors for the Electron-Ion Collider Electron Endcap Electromagnetic Calorimeter (EEEMCAL) cannot use vacuum photomultipler tubes due to the high magnetic field environment. We are presenting a readout solution with a 4 x 4 SiPM array directly coupled to a preamplification and summing stage. A second amplification stage with variable gain and offset adjustments is also included in the compact electronics module. The integrated power supply feeds the signal processing chain and the adjustable bias control. The parameter settings are saved locally on a EEPROM and are adjustable via the integrated communication interface through USB or RS485. The design was optimized to maximize signal collection energy resolution, for fast timing and wide dynamic range while keeping a small footprint with low power consumption and heat dissipation. The output response is fast enough to meet the 100 ? 200 ns digitization gate requirements for the detector. The electronics assembly requires no active cooling and includes a temperature sensor and a gain compensation of thermal variations which are important features for stable operation in large scale detector structures. A detector prototype was constructed with 20 mm x 20 mm x 200 mm PWO crystals affixed with individual SiPM array readouts and arranged in a 3 x 3 array. This detector was tested at the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility with 5GeV positrons. We will present the results of these detector characterization measurements.

Philip, O.↗