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Results for “Perovskite Solar Modules (PSMs)”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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11 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Scalable Two–Step Production of High–Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) fabricated in laboratories have already achieved power conversion efficiency (PCE) comparable to market-dominant crystalline silicon solar cells. However, this promising photovoltaic technology suffers from severe loss of PCE during scaling up, limiting its progress toward commercialization. One critical question is to develop scalable, low-cost, high throughput, and well-controlled production methods to deposit high-quality perovskite films. Among various approaches, two-step sequential deposition methods have their unique advantages but have been long overlooked. This review provides an overview of two-step methods for fabricating efficient and stable perovskite solar modules (PSMs). We first discuss the mechanisms of two-step perovskite conversion and advanced engineering approaches to modulate the perovskite formation process. We survey the progress of efficient PSCs prepared by different two-step methods and compare the advantages and disadvantages of each method for scalable production of PSMs. Particularly, we highlight that the vapor-based two-step methods are promising for high-throughput in-line production of PSMs. Finally, we provide insights into the challenges and outlook of the industrialization of two-step processes for producing PSMs.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Advancements in Manufacturing of High-Performance Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules Using Printing Technologies

Perovskite photovoltaic technology carries immense opportunity for the solar industries because of its remarkable efficiency and prospect for cost-effective production. However, the successful deployment of perovskite solar modules (PSMs) in the solar market necessitates tackling stability-based obstacles, scalability, and environmental considerations. This paper unveils a comprehensive examination of the cutting-edge advancements in the manufacturing of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and modules, with an emphasis on high-speed, large-area printing. The paper underscores the substantial progress achieved in printed PSCs and PSMs, demonstrating promising electrical performance and long-term device durability. This review paper categorizes printing techniques compatible with large-area high-speed manufacturing into three distinct families: blade coating, slot die coating, and screen printing, as these common printing practices offer precise control, scalability, cost-effectiveness, high resolution, and efficient material usage. Additionally, this paper presents an in-depth investigation and comparison of superior PSCs and PSMs fabricated by printing on power conversion efficiency (PCE), stability, and scalability.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Challenging conventional assumptions in PV: a high-throughput open-air approach to low-cost perovskite module production

Perovskite solar modules (PSMs) offer a promising pathway to low-cost photovoltaics, yet their commercialization is challenged by manufacturing scalability, device uniformity, additive costs, interlayer complexity, and module stability. This study introduces a comprehensive technoeconomic analysis of single junction PSM's and projections for tandem perovskite-Si modules that integrate all materials and manufacturing steps, module performances, projected lifetimes, and manufacturing costs across scales. Here, we highlight an open-air manufacturing approach to fabricate all active layers of serially interconnected PSMs, including electrodes and charge transport layers, enabling high-throughput production without inert or vacuum environments. The analysis reveals two orders of magnitude throughput enhancement and cost reductions of 24% in all-open-air production, escalating to over 60% at 1 GW factory capacity compared to conventional methods. Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) projections for utility-scale installations over 30 years, accounting for module replacement and recycling, demonstrate the potential to achieve the 2030 US target of $0.03 per kWh with realistic 7–11-year PSM lifetimes, outperforming incumbent silicon-based modules. Neither four terminal (4T) nor two terminal (2T) tandem-Si PSMs improve over single junction perovskite or silicon LCOE regardless of higher efficiencies at any modeled lifetime. Addressing PSM technical challenges with a cost-modeling framework guides commercialization efforts and provides a convincing pathway for challenging incumbent Si-based PV.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2022

Area-Scalable Zn 2 SnO 4 Electron Transport Layer for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Modules

The development of a scalable chemical bath deposition (CBD) process facilitates the realization of electron-transporting layers (ETLs) for large-area perovskite solar modules (PSMs). In this work, a method to prepare a uniform and scalable thick Zn 2 SnO 4 ETL by CBD, which yielded high-performance PSMs, is reported. This Zn 2 SnO 4 ETL exhibits excellent electrical properties and enhanced optical transmittance in the visible region. Moreover, the Zn 2 SnO 4 ETL influences the perovskite layer formation, yielding enhanced crystallinity, increased grain size, and a smoother surface, thus facilitating electron extraction and collection from the perovskite to the ETL. Zn 2 SnO 4 thereby yields PSMs with a remarkable photovoltaic performance, low hysteresis index, and high device reproducibility. The champion PSM exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.59%, being among the highest values published so far. In addition, the CBD Zn 2 SnO 4 -based PSMs exhibit high stability, retaining more than 88% of initial efficiency over 1000 h under continuous illumination. This demonstrates that CBD Zn 2 SnO 4 is an appropriate ETL for high-efficiency PSMs and a viable new process for their industrialization.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Challenges, Technological Pathways and Trade-Offs of Perovskite Solar Modules for Long-Term Operation

Perovskite solar modules (PSMs) have emerged as a promising photovoltaic technology due to their high efficiency, low fabrication cost and compatibility with lightweight and flexible applications. However, ensuring long-term reliable performance under real-world conditions remains a critical barrier to commercialization. PSMs degrade through mechanisms that differ substantially from those affecting established technologies such as silicon, particularly under environmental stressors like ultraviolet light, oxygen, temperature cycling and reverse bias. Here we provide an analysis of the degradation pathways specific to perovskite modules and discuss why standard accelerated tests often fail to predict outdoor performance. We conceptualize challenges across material, device and module levels and evaluate strategies to mitigate ion migration, interfacial breakdown and encapsulation failure. By highlighting the need for realistic testing protocols and durable materials, we propose a framework highlighting key challenges, technological pathways and the trade-offs required to extend perovskite module lifetimes towards long-term operation, aiming to guide the development of PSMs capable of a 30-year operational lifetime.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Hole-transport layer-dependent degradation mechanisms in perovskite solar modules

It is imperative to understand how the design of perovskite solar modules (PSMs) affects their degradation mechanisms and byproducts under environmental stressors to enable their long-term reliability. This work reports on the impact of the hole-transport layer (HTL) on thermal cyclability and degradation mechanisms of p–i–n PSMs by comparing 3 HTLs: NiO x , MeO-2PACz (a self-assembled monolayer), and a bilayer HTL of MeO-2PACz on NiO x . We observe surprising thermal cyclability from a performance standpoint despite generating clear degradation products. We find that without a fully dense HTL, seemingly insignificant moisture/oxygen ingress through the edge of the PSMs can lead to rapid destabilization of the metal halide perovskite (MHP) layer due to reactions between MHP degradation byproducts and the indium-tin oxide layer. We also show that illumination-induced cation phase segregation is dependent on the illumination of an inactive area (regions of the substrate uncovered by the rear electrode). As such, we find that a dense interface between the MHP and ITO is necessary for chemically robust PSMs and highlight criteria for testing field-relevant configurations in lab-scale architectures.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Seed‐Assisted Growth for Scalable and Efficient Perovskite Solar Modules

Perovskite solar modules (PSMs) have shown remarkable photovoltaic potentials, but they still suffer from large power conversion efficiency (PCE) loss on scale‐up and instability due to inferior uniformity and crystallization over large areas. Herein, the scalable production of efficient and stable PSMs using a suite of all‐scalable fabrication methods featuring a two‐step blade/dip‐coating approach to deposit the perovskite absorber layer is demonstrated. Rubidium chloride is introduced to embed (PbI 2 ) 2 RbCl complex seeds in the first‐deposited PbI 2 precursor, which assists in uniform crystallization of the perovskite layer with high crystallinity and reduced defect density over large areas. Following the optimization of RbCl additives, a champion PSM with 17.9% PCE on a 7.6 × 7.6 cm 2 substrate with a 37 cm 2 aperture area is achieved. Moreover, the RbCl‐incorporated PSMs demonstrate excellent reproducibility and stability under continuous 1 sun illumination. This work shows that the two‐step blade/dip coating is a promising method for producing high‐efficiency and stable PSMs on an industrially relevant scale.

Energy & Fuels↗
DOE OSTI2023

The promise of metal-halide-perovskite solar photovoltaics: A brief review

Solar photovoltaics (PVs) based on metal-halide perovskites (MHPs) have taken the renewable-energy world by storm. The excitement stems from the promise of a high-efficiency, low-cost, and low “carbon-footprint” new PV technology. Here, a brief overview of the important topics pertaining to MHPs, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and perovskite solar modules (PSMs) is presented. The topics include: (1) PSC architectures, (2) MHPs, (3) synthesis and processing of MHP thin films, (4) MHP thin-film microstructures, (5) PSC functional layers, (6) interfacial engineering in PSCs, (7) PSC performance, (8) PSC stability, (9) PSMs, (10) lead toxicity, and (11) mechanical behavior and reliability. The significant challenges in the path toward commercialization of this burgeoning PV technology are also highlighted. Chief among them are scalability, stability, reliability, and safety, while achieving high efficiency, low cost, and low “carbon-footprint.” Furthermore, the promise of this new PV technology and the fascinating underlying science make it a worthwhile endeavor to address these challenges.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2025

Advances in Carbon Electrode Integration for Stable and Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules

Carbon-electrode-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) have emerged as a cost-effective and scalable alternative to noble-metal-based PSCs, addressing critical challenges related to device stability, fabrication complexity, and commercialization potential. This review explores the recent progress in C-PSC development, focusing on the benefits of carbon electrodes (CEs), including their hydrophobicity, chemical inertness to halide corrosion, and compatibility with low-temperature cost-effective solution-based deposition methods. Despite relatively lower power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) than their metal (e.g., Au/Ag) counterparts, recent advances in carbon paste formulation, interfacial contact engineering, and work function modification have elevated C-PSC efficiencies above 22%. This review further examines strategies to enhance electrode conductivity, interfacial properties, and charge selectivity to further increase C-PSC performance. Progress in carbon-electrode-based perovskite solar modules (C-PSMs), particularly within mesoporous and planar architectures, is also analyzed, revealing significant developments in active area scaling and long-term stability. Notably, the limited research in inverted (PIN) C-PSCs is also highlighted as a compelling opportunity for innovation, given the architecture's inherent advantages in flexibility, tandem integration, and low-temperature processing. Collectively, these insights affirm the potential of C-PSCs and C-PSMs to deliver affordable, stable, and high-performance photovoltaics suitable for scalable deployment.

Carbon Electrodes↗
DOE OSTI2026

Improving perovskite solar module stability by understanding and mitigating scribe-induced chemo-thermomechanical degradation

Recognizing the correlation between the design of perovskite solar module (PSM) and their degradation mechanisms under environmental stressors helps to enable their long- term reliability. This work reports on the impact of the hole-transport layer (HTL) on thermal cyclability and degradation mechanisms of p-i-n PSMs by comparing 3 HTLs: NiO x , MeO-2PACz (a self-assembled monolayer), and a bilayer HTL of MeO-2PACz on NiO x . We observe surprising thermal cyclability from a performance standpoint despite generating clear degradation products. We find that without a fully dense HTL, seemingly insignificant moisture/oxygen ingress through the edge of the PSMs can lead to rapid destabilization of the metal halide perovskite (MHP) layer due to reactions between MHP degradation byproducts and the indium-tin oxide layer. We also show that illumination-induced cation phase segregation is dependent on the presence of an inactive area (regions of the substrate uncovered by the top electrode). As such, we find that a dense interface between the MHP and ITO is necessary for chemically robust PSMs and highlight criteria for testing field-relevant configurations in lab-scale architectures.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Designing metal halide perovskite solar modules for thermomechanical reliability

There is a significant deficiency in perovskite solar module (PSM) stability under thermomechanical stressors which is not well-understood. In this perspective, common issues seen with perovskite solar cell device fabrication related to thermomechanical reliability of PSM processing are discussed, with a focus on how the robustness of device layers and interlayer adhesion can be improved. Film stresses, adhesion of charge transport layers, and instability under light and heat are discussed with the purpose of providing insight on designing PSMs for durability. Processing conditions of encapsulation of PSMs and critical parameters to consider are also examined, and accelerated testing protocols for PSMs are discussed that probe mechanical degradation modes and ensure reliability of devices in the field.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗