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At least 19 records

Flight Simulator Platform Motion and Air Transport Pilot Training

The influence of flight simulator platform motion on pilot training and performance was examined In two studies utilizing a B-727-200 aircraft simulator. The simulator, located at Ames Research Center, Is certified by the FAA for upgrade and transition training in air carrier operations. Subjective ratings and objective performance of experienced B-727 pilots did not reveal any reliable effects of wide variations In platform motion de- sign. Motion platform variations did, however, affect the acquisition of control skill by pilots with no prior heavy aircraft flying experience. The effect was limited to pitch attitude control inputs during the early phase of landing training. Implications for the definition of platform motion requirements in air transport pilot training are discussed.

Lee, Alfred T.↗

Initial Characterization of the NREL Large-Amplitude Motion Platform

The Large Amplitude Motion Platform (LAMP) at NREL represents a significant advancement in the controlled testing of Wave Energy Converters (WECs) under laboratory conditions. Originally designed by E2M as a six-degree-of-freedom (DOF) Stewart platform for flight simulation, LAMP has been adapted by NREL to facilitate the mounting and evaluation of WECs. This adaptation enables dry testing of WECs using motion profiles similar to the ocean, facilitating the iterative design, testing, and validation of WEC performance prior to ocean deployments. This report presents the initial work completed to characterize LAMP, with particular emphasis on its stability and operational capabilities across various single and multi-degree-of-freedom (DOF) motion profiles. The report includes planned comparisons at three distinct mass payloads, aimed at assessing the platform's positional accuracy, frequency response, and endurance over extended runtime periods. These experimental tests are critical for establishing the platform's limitations and ensuring that the data generated during WEC validation is both accurate and reproducible. The outcomes of this study not only contribute to a deeper understanding of LAMP's capabilities but also lay the groundwork for future advancements in WEC testing methodologies. By providing robust and reliable performance data within a controlled laboratory setting, the findings are expected to significantly enhance the development and commercialization of marine energy technologies. This report presents the initial findings of the LAMP Characterization work and proposed steps to further understand and characterize LAMP. Data collected during this work can be found on MHKDR at: https://mhkdr.openei.org/submissions/602 Note that this report shares the measured/found instantaneous maximum operating range of LAMP. For most applications the maximum operating range cannot be used for system health and longevity. The operating range and capabilities of LAMP will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, single-DOF position, velocity, and acceleration values presented in Table 4a-c, and Table 5 should be taken as instantaneous absolute maximum values. Future use of LAMP will likely be limited to smaller values.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

Helicopter Flight Simulation Motion Platform Requirements

To determine motion fidelity requirements, a series of piloted simulations was performed. Several key results were found. First, lateral and vertical translational platform cues had significant effects on fidelity. Their presence improved performance and reduced pilot workload. Second, yaw and roll rotational platform cues were not as important as the translational platform cues. In particular, the yaw rotational motion platform cue did not appear at all useful in improving performance or reducing workload. Third, when the lateral translational platform cue was combined with visual yaw rotational cues, pilots believed the platform was rotating when it was not. Thus, simulator systems can be made more efficient by proper combination of platform and visual cues. Fourth, motion fidelity specifications were revised that now provide simulator users with a better prediction of motion fidelity based upon the frequency responses of their motion control laws. Fifth, vertical platform motion affected pilot estimates of steady-state altitude during altitude repositioning. Finally, the combined results led to a general method for configuring helicopter motion systems and for developing simulator tasks that more likely represent actual flight. The overall results can serve as a guide to future simulator designers and to today's operators.

Schroeder, Jeffery Allyn↗

The Personal Motion Platform

The Neutral Body Posture experienced in microgravity creates a biomechanical equilibrium by enabling the internal forces within the body to find their own balance. A patented reclining chair based on this posture provides a minimal stress environment for interfacing with computer systems for extended periods. When the chair is mounted on a 3 or 6 axis motion platform, a generic motion simulator for simulated digital environments is created. The Personal Motion Platform provides motional feedback to the occupant in synchronization with their movements inside the digital world which enhances the simulation experience. Existing HMD based simulation systems can be integrated to the turnkey system. Future developments are discussed.

Park, Brian Vandellyn↗

NASA's Center Innovation Fund (CIF) Internal Research and Development (IRAD) Handling Qualities Study on the Mikrolar Motion Platform Test Report

In order to support the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Extravehicular Activity and Surface Mobility Program (EHP), system engineers, designers, and researchers embarked on a yearlong challenge to develop a new lunar rover-based motion table simulator to study handling qualities of lunar rovers in the lunar South Pole region, support development research for any lunar rover vendor, and provide a lunar training capability for future lunar/planetary astronauts. In 1989, the United Kingdom’s Royal Air Force Institute of Aviation Medicine (RAF-IAM) stated that motion platforms are the only simulation devices capable of fully stimulating the body motion sensors. They confirmed that motion platforms can impart accelerations to the whole body and therefore exercise the automatic motion feedback-loop that operators are used to. With both visual and motion cues handling the vehicle becomes more realistic. Strachan (2019) con-firms motion cueing from a well set-up motion platform has been found to be important especially in conditions such as night or reduced visibility where motion cues may be more relied upon

Motion Table↗

Flight simulator platform motion and air transport pilot training

The effect of a flight simulator platform motion on the performance and training of a pilot was evaluated using subjective ratings and objective performance data obtained on experienced B-727 pilots and pilots with no prior heavy aircraft flying experience flying B-727-200 aircraft simulator used by the FAA in the upgrade and transition training for air carrier operations. The results on experienced pilots did not reveal any reliable effects of wide variations in platform motion design. On the other hand, motion variations significantly affected the behavior of pilots without heavy-aircraft experience. The effect was limited to pitch attitude control inputs during the early phase of landing training.

Lee, Alfred T.↗

Large-Amplitude Motion Platform: A New Ocean Simulator Can Help Technologies Succeed

Offshore renewable energy technologies - like wave energy devices, wind turbines, floating solar panels, and hybrid systems - can help decarbonize our power grids as well as offshore activities like international shipping and seafood farming. But it's not always easy to build technologies hearty enough to operate in a powerful ocean environment. And subjecting promising prototypes to real ocean waves can be an expensive, time-consuming, and risky way to get these technologies ready for the high seas. Now, with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL's) new testing platform, called the large-amplitude motion platform (or LAMP for short), our experts can replicate powerful ocean waves in a low-risk laboratory setting. The LAMP, coupled with NREL's diverse array of testing instrumentation, can help technology developers rapidly hone their prototypes before embarking on a potentially costly and time-consuming ocean trial.

marine energy↗

Large-Amplitude Motion Platform: A New Ocean Simulator Can Help Technologies Succeed

It's not always easy to build technologies hearty enough to operate in a powerful ocean environment. And subjecting promising prototypes to real ocean waves can be an expensive, time-consuming, and risky way to get these technologies ready for the high seas. Now, with the National Laboratory of the Rockies' (NLR's) testing platform, called the large-amplitude motion platform (or LAMP for short): www.nlr.gov/water/motion-platform, our experts can replicate powerful ocean waves in a low-risk laboratory setting. The LAMP, coupled with NLR's diverse array of testing instrumentation, can help technology developers rapidly hone their prototypes before embarking on a potentially costly and time-consuming ocean trial.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗

3. Motion Platforms and Kinematic Arrangements

Within a machine, mechanisms and motion are organized in what is known as a “kinematic arrangement,” which helps classify machines based on how they move. The most common kinematic arrangements for additive manufacturing systems are Cartesian, followed by delta, and then six-degrees-of-freedom robotic arms. However, there are a multitude of less common systems, such as the SCARA, polar robots, cable driven parallel robots, mobile platforms, and multi-agent systems. This chapter surveys these various kinematic arrangements to give a broad understanding of the mechanisms underlying motion within additive manufacturing systems. Understanding these mechanisms and their resulting motion provides a framework for discussing path planning for all scales and families of additive manufacturing.

Wang, Peter↗

Analytic solutions for dual-spin spacecraft during platform motion

This paper presents analytic solutions to the dynamic equations of dual-spinners during platform slews. The rotor is assumed to be an axisymmetric balanced rigid body. The platform is an asymmetric rigid body with small static and dynamic imbalances. The solutions given in this paper extend a previous theory which provided an approximate solution only in the steady state.

Hayati, S.↗

Platform motion for fighter simulations

The reported investigation is concerned with aspects of 'realistic' cue generation and evaluation. 'Realistic' cues are defined to mean cues that are representative of an aircraft, that are of sufficient magnitude to be sensed, that are in the proper direction arriving at the proper time, and yet that are within the presentation capabilities of the washout/synergistic platform system. Attention is given to the aircraft mathematical model, computer implementation, cockpit hardware, visual display, the motion system, vertical acceleration, longitudinal acceleration and pitch rate, and lateral acceleration and roll rate. The motion cues for fighter aircraft produced by Langley nonlinear adaptive washout/synergistic motion base system are found to be unacceptable in the roll axis representation. However, a method for producing potentially realistic roll cues is identified.

Parrish, R. V.↗

Conceptual design study of a visual system for a rotorcraft simulator and some advances in platform motion utilization

A conceptual design of a visual system for a rotorcraft flight simulator is presented. Also, drive logic elements for a coupled motion base for such a simulator are given. The design is the result of an assessment of many potential arrangements of electro-optical elements and is a concept considered feasible for the application. The motion drive elements represent an example logic for a coupled motion base and is essentially an appeal to the designers of such logic to combine their washout and braking functions.

Sinacori, J. B.↗

Visual-Motion Cueing in Altitude and Yaw Control

Research conducted using the Vertical Motion Simulator at the NASA Ames Research Center examined the contributions of platform motion and visual level-of-detail (LOD) cueing to tasks that required altitude and/or yaw control in a simulated AH-64 Apache helicopter. Within the altitude control tasks the LOD manipulation caused optical density to change across altitudes by a small, moderate, or large amount; while platform motion was either present or absent. The results from these tasks showed that both constant optical density and platform motion improved altitude awareness in an altitude repositioning task, while the presence of platform motion also led to improved performance in a vertical rate control task. The yaw control tasks had pilots'sit 4.5 ft in front of the center of rotation, thus subjecting them to both rotational and lateral motions during a yaw. The pilots were required to regulate their yaw, while the platform motion was manipulated in order to present all combinations of the resulting rotational and lateral motion components. Ratings of simulation fidelity and sensed platform motion showed that the pilots were relatively insensitive to the rotational component, but highly aware of the lateral component. Together these findings show that: 1) platform motion cues are important when speed regulation is required during altitude change; 2) platform motion contributes to the perception of movement amplitude; 3) lateral, but not rotational, motion cues are essential to the perception of vehicle yaw; and 4) LOD management yielding constant optical density across altitudes improves altitude awareness.

Johnson, Walter W.↗

Developing a Motion-Based System for Lunar Vehicle Handling Qualities Testing

— Motion and visual cue influences are critical in any simulator system, as they impact multiple aspects of the human’s neurovestibular and visual systems. Cues of real motion proceeds to the brain before cues of visual change. It is important therefore for simulator motion cues to exist and to match those realistically with those of the real vehicle to provide transferable training of the activity for operations. The United Kingdom’s Royal Air Force Institute of Aviation Medicine (1989)[1] stated that motion platforms are the only simulation devices capable of fully stimulating the body motion sensors. They confirmed that motion platforms can impart accelerations to the whole body and therefore exercise the automatic motion feedback-loop that operators are used to. With both visual and motion cues handling the vehicle becomes more realistic. Strachan (2019)[1] confirms motion cueing from a well set-up motion platform has been found to be important especially in conditions such as night or reduced visibility where motion cues may be more relied upon. As of this writing, the only lunar rover motion simulator is housed at the General Motors (GM) Milford Proving Ground, which only simulates the motions of a traditional car. A NASA Test Team proposed to complete a motion-based simulation system for NASA’s Lunar Terrain Vehicle (LTV) which resides at Johnson Space Center’s Systems Engineering Simulator facility. This activity integrated existing fixed base simulation capabilities with a newly procured six-degree of freedom motion base platform for the design, development, evaluation, and training associated with the LTV project. This would incorporate a South Pole Lunar virtual reality simulation using Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 5m/pixel high-resolution imagery and Unreal 5.2 Virtual Shadow Maps, combined with a virtual reality (VR) headset, integrated within a rover cockpit on a Mikrolar Motion Platform for evaluating human performance and vehicle handling qualities for concept roving vehicle designs. The motion-based system received its Human Rating Certification on March 2023. To begin testing the new facility, a preliminary handling qualities study was conducted. The objectives were to determine if there is a correlation amongst three handling quality methods of performance for a lunar vehicle and to understand the effects of a simulated 1/6-g loads and visuals with a motion platform on the operator while in a 1-g physical environment. The capability this system provides directly benefits the NASA’s Extravehicular Activity and Human Surface Mobility Program and NASA’s Flight Operations Directorate in evaluating the driving qualities of vehicle concepts, human performance related to the operating of a lunar surface vehicle, and assessment of suit related driving impacts. It would also provide direct operational benefit by providing a first-in class and unique simulation platform for the lunar astronaut training curriculum. The empirical knowledge of rover and human performance on this scale is paramount as there is currently no other lunar surface simulator with these capabilities. The result of this study ensures a broadly applicable method of testing for shirtsleeve, unpressurized and pressurized suited rover handling qualities.

Test Track↗

Design Considerations for LTV HITL Testing of Pressurized Suited Crew on a Motion-Based Platform

The upcoming NASA Lunar Terrain Vehicle (LTV) will succeed the Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle, performing both surface exploration and logistics transfer in NASA’s return to the Moon. Human-in-the-Loop (HITL) testing will play a key role in refining the design of the LTV, ensuring its usability and ability to accommodate the astronaut population. A motion-based platform and a lunar terrain and lighting model can simulate the conditions of the lunar south pole region. It can be used by NASA to conduct HITL testing in concert with HITL testing of the drivable Ground Reference Unit (GTU) concept vehicle. The dynamic motion of the platform combined with the mobility restrictions of pressurized suits could help improve NASA understanding of vehicle-suit-astronaut interfaces. NASA human factors practitioners have proposed multiple HITL test series to use the motion-based platform in conjunction with testing of the GTU in hopes that lessons learned can be applied to help select a commercial partner to develop the Artemis LTV.

LTV↗

A study of the comparative effects of various means of motion cueing during a simulated compensatory tracking task

NASA's Langley Research Center conducted a simulation experiment to ascertain the comparative effects of motion cues (combinations of platform motion and g-seat normal acceleration cues) on compensatory tracking performance. In the experiment, a full six-degree-of-freedom YF-16 model was used as the simulated pursuit aircraft. The Langley Visual Motion Simulator (with in-house developed wash-out), and a Langley developed g-seat were principal components of the simulation. The results of the experiment were examined utilizing univariate and multivariate techniques. The statistical analyses demonstrate that the platform motion and g-seat cues provide additional information to the pilot that allows substantial reduction of lateral tracking error. Also, the analyses show that the g-seat cue helps reduce vertical error.

Mckissick, B. T.↗

Relationship Between Optimal Gain and Coherence Zone in Flight Simulation

In motion simulation the inertial information generated by the motion platform is most of the times different from the visual information in the simulator displays. This occurs due to the physical limits of the motion platform. However, for small motions that are within the physical limits of the motion platform, one-to-one motion, i.e. visual information equal to inertial information, is possible. It has been shown in previous studies that one-to-one motion is often judged as too strong, causing researchers to lower the inertial amplitude. When trying to measure the optimal inertial gain for a visual amplitude, we found a zone of optimal gains instead of a single value. Such result seems related with the coherence zones that have been measured in flight simulation studies. However, the optimal gain results were never directly related with the coherence zones. In this study we investigated whether the optimal gain measurements are the same as the coherence zone measurements. We also try to infer if the results obtained from the two measurements can be used to differentiate between simulators with different configurations. An experiment was conducted at the NASA Langley Research Center which used both the Cockpit Motion Facility and the Visual Motion Simulator. The results show that the inertial gains obtained with the optimal gain are different than the ones obtained with the coherence zone measurements. The optimal gain is within the coherence zone.The point of mean optimal gain was lower and further away from the one-to-one line than the point of mean coherence. The zone width obtained for the coherence zone measurements was dependent on the visual amplitude and frequency. For the optimal gain, the zone width remained constant when the visual amplitude and frequency were varied. We found no effect of the simulator configuration in both the coherence zone and optimal gain measurements.

Gracio, Bruno Jorge Correia↗