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At least 19 records

Development of technology for the fabrication of reliable laminar flow control panels on subsonic transports

The feasibility of using porous composite materials (Kevlar, Doweave, and Leno Weave) as lightweight, efficient laminar flow control (LFC) surface materials is compared to the metallic 319L stainless Dynapore surfaces and electron beam drilled composite surfaces. Areas investigated include: (1) selection of the LFC-suitable surface materials, structural materials, and fabrication techniques for the LFC aircraft skins; (2) aerodynamic static air flow test results in terms of pressure drop through the LFC panel and the corresponding effective porosity; (3) structural design definition and analyses of the panels, and (4) contamination effects on static drop and effective porosity. Conclusions are presented and discussed.

Source record↗

Investigation of Physical Mechanisms for Jet Noise Reduction by Plug Nozzle Porosity

This paper presents the results of a computational study on porous-plug nozzles for their eventual application in reducing takeoff noise levels for supersonic civil transport. The study explores a wide range of porous-plug geometries, encompassing variations in hole size, plug length and porosity. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses are employed in concert with an advanced automated mesh refinement (AMR) scheme, Sketch-to-Solution (S2S), to investigate porous plug nozzle design strategies that may diminish shock strength, broad-band shock noise (BBSN), flow separation, and other undesirable characteristics associated with high takeoff noise levels. A selected subset of the porous-plug nozzles that were analyzed computationally were manufactured at subscale using stereolithography 3D printing. These nozzles were tested experimentally, obtaining far-field noise spectral data and schlieren flow visualization pictures. Detailed comparisons between CFD predictions and experimental results were conducted. These comparisons focus on gaining a better understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms responsible for noise reduction with the porous plugs relative to corresponding solid plugs.

Nozzles↗

Investigation of Physical Mechanisms for Jet Noise Reduction by Plug Nozzle Porosity

This paper presents the results of a computational study on porous-plug nozzles for their eventual application in reducing takeoff noise levels for supersonic civil transport. The study explores a wide range of porous-plug geometries, encompassing variations in hole size, plug length and porosity. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses are employed in concert with an advanced automated mesh refinement (AMR) scheme, Sketch-to-Solution (S2S), to investigate porous plug nozzle design strategies that may diminish shock strength, broad-band shock noise (BBSN), flow separation, and other undesirable characteristics associated with high takeoff noise levels. A selected subset of the porous-plug nozzles that were analyzed computationally were manufactured at subscale using stereolithography 3D printing. These nozzles were tested experimentally, obtaining far-field noise spectral data and schlieren flow visualization pictures. Detailed comparisons between CFD predictions and experimental results were conducted. These comparisons focus on gaining a better understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms responsible for noise reduction with the porous plugs relative to corresponding solid plugs.

computational fluid dynamics↗

An NDE Approach for Characterizing Quality Problems in Polymer Matrix Composites

Polymer matrix composite (PMC) materials are periodically identified appearing optically uniform but containing a higher than normal level of global nonuniformity as indicated from preliminary ultrasonic scanning. One such panel was thoroughly examined by nondestructive (NDE) and destructive methods to quantitatively characterize the nonuniformity. The NDE analysis of the panel was complicated by the fact that the panel was not uniformly thick. Mapping of ultrasonic velocity across a region of the panel in conjunction with an error analysis was necessary to (1) characterize properly the porosity gradient that was discovered during destructive analyses and (2) account for the thickness variation effects. Based on this study, a plan for future NDE characterization of PMC's is presented to the PMC community.

Roth, Don J.↗

Prediction and Verification of Ductile Crack Growth from Simulated Defects in Strength Overmatched Butt Welds

Defects that develop in welds during the fabrication process are frequently manifested as embedded flaws from lack of fusion or lack of penetration. Fracture analyses of welded structures must be able to assess the effect of such defects on the structural integrity of weldments; however, the transferability of R-curves measured in laboratory specimens to defective structural welds has not been fully examined. In the current study, the fracture behavior of an overmatched butt weld containing a simulated buried, lack-of-penetration defect is studied. A specimen designed to simulate pressure vessel butt welds is considered; namely, a center crack panel specimen, of 1.25 inch by 1.25 inch cross section, loaded in tension. The stress-relieved double-V weld has a yield strength 50% higher than that of the plate material, and displays upper shelf fracture behavior at room temperature. Specimens are precracked, loaded monotonically while load-CMOD measurements are made, then stopped and heat tinted to mark the extent of ductile crack growth. These measurements are compared to predictions made using finite element analysis of the specimens using the fracture mechanics code Warp3D, which models void growth using the Gurson-Tvergaard dilitant plasticity formulation within fixed sized computational cells ahead of the crack front. Calibrating data for the finite element analyses, namely cell size and initial material porosities are obtained by matching computational predictions to experimental results from tests of welded compact tension specimens. The R-curves measured in compact tension specimens are compared to those obtained from multi-specimen weld tests, and conclusions as to the transferability of R-curves is discussed.

Nishioka, Owen S.↗

An Exploratory Study of the Microstructure of Mullite Fibers

The microstructures of mullite composition fibers were examined by transmission electron microscopic techniques and by X-ray diffraction analyses. Both spun and monofilament fiber structures contained little porosity, nor did the degree of porosity change after heating the monofilament to 1205 C for one half hour. Thermal exposure produced crystallite growth and nucleation from the amorphous phase in all three of the spun fibers. After 116 hours at 1426 C, the crystallites of the standard spun fibers became contiguous. In addition, the surface crystallites of these fibers were found to be more than twice as large as the interior crystallites.

Santoro, G.↗

Coordinated analyses of hydrated Kuiper Belt dust

We report on coordinated mineralogical, chemical, and isotopic analyses of hydrated carbon-rich interplanetary dust particles (IDPs). We focus on hydrated IDPs that contain high solar flare track densities consistent with an origin in outer Solar System bodies such as Edgeworth-Kuiper belt objects (EKBOs) [1]. We are searching for evidence of the heavy water reservoir predicted by self-shielding models [2]. The IDPs were embedded in sulfur and microtome thin sections were obtained for Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and nanoSIMS analyses. The IDPs were only partly microtomed and the remainder was extracted from the sulfur and pressed into In or Au for high precision O isotopic analyses. The hydrated IDPs in this study are compact low-porosity objects with a mineralogy dominated by fine-grained saponite and lesser serpentine, Fe-Ni sulfides, Mg-Fe carbonates, rare crystaline silicates, and abundant organic matter. The C in the IDPs is abundant (typically >4X CI) and occurs as isolated nanoglobules and finely disseminated within the phyllosilicate matrix of the IDPs. TEM analyses of the nanoglobules show O-rich, S-depleted rims with higher carbonyl functionality than their cores. FTIR spectra show strong aliphatic C-H stretches consistent with the presence of short-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons in these IDPs. The oxygen isotopic compositions measured in 6 IDPs all plot within error of the CCAM line [3]. For several of the IDPs we were able to obtain multiple analyses. The ∆^(17)O values range from -23‰ up to +3.4‰ with most analyses clustering above the terrestrial fractionation line. The O isotopic compositions and the high C contents of these IDPs are distinct from known hydrated carbonaceous chondrites. The track-rich hydrated IDPs record parent body aqueous alteration effects through interactions with 16O-poor H2O on a EKBO parent body. The aqueous alteration activity likely resulted from the heat generated by collisional processes among EKBOs given that these objects are believed to have accreted late after the decay of 26Al [4].

Lindsay P. Keller↗

Venus: Global radar properties in a geological context

The radar altimetry, roughness (RMS slopes), and reflectivity data acquired for Venus represent the only global radar information available for any of the planets. In addition, the Pioneer Venus radar instrument was able to sound the surface at normal incidence so that it was possible to accurately measure the small-scale surface slopes and reflectivity (dielectric and porosity properties) at the same time as the surface elevation. Analyses of the topography of Venus demonstrate that it differs in its distribution from the Moon, Mars, or the Earth. While the range of topography extends from -2.5 km below the reference level to 11.5 km above, most of Venus falls within 1 km of the mean elevation, this is in sharp contrast to the Earth. The narrow, unimodal nature of the distribution of topography on Venus evidently exerts control on the other radar-derived properties of the surface. When clustering analysis techniques are applied to the Venus radar data sets, the result demonstrates that topographic zones serve as the best criteria for distinguishing regions on Venus which have related radar properties. The individual radar data sets are investigated separately and in conjunction with topography.

Garvin, J. B.↗

A cause of the non-solderability of ceramic capacitor terminations

The results of an analysis into the cause of the non-solderability of multiple defective part lots from two capacitor manufacturers are described. This analysis consisted of visual, scanning electron microscopic, surface, and metalographic examinations and analyses. The results indicated that non-solderability results from areas of excess porosity in the termination which are caused by segregation of ink constituents during manufacturing. This segregation can be minimized by proper monitoring and control of process variables; where excess porosity does occur, solderability can be improved by proper precleaning of parts.

Cozzolino, M. J.↗

Distinguishing Indigenous from Contaminating Microorganisms in Rock Samples from a Deep Au Mine in South Africa

The concentration and distribution of microbial biomass within deep subsurface rock strata is not well known To date, most analyses are from water samples and a few cores. Hand samples, block samples and cores from an actively mined Carbon Leader ore zone at 3.2 kilometers depth were collected for microbial analyses. The Carbon Leader was comprised of quartz, S-bearing aromatic hydrocarbons, Fe(III) oxyhydroxides, sulfides, uraninite, Au and minor amounts of sulfate. The porosity of the ore was 1% and the maximum pore throat diameter was less than 0.1 microns; whereas, the porosity of the adjacent quartzite was .02 to .9% with a maximum pore throat diameter of 0.9 microns. Rhodamine dye, fluorescent microspheres, microbial enrichments, autoradiography, phospholipid fatty acid (PLEA) and 16S rDNA analyses were performed on these rock samples and the mining water. The date indicate that the levels of solute contamination less than 0.01% for pared rock samples. Despite this low level of contamination, PLEA, microbial enrichment, DNA and tracer analyses and calculations indicate that most of the viable microorganisms in the Carbon Leader represent gram negative aerobic heterotrophs and ammonia oxidizers that are phylogenetically identical or closely related to service water microorganisms. These microbial contaminants probably infiltrated the low permeability rock through mining-induced microfractures. Geochemical data also detected drilling water in a fault zone approx. 1 meter behind the rock face encountered during coring. The mining induced macrofractures that are common at these great depths act as pathways for the drilling water borne microorganisms into the lower temperature zone that extends several meters into rock strata from the rock face. Combined PLEA and T- RFLP analyses of the service water and Carbon Leader samples indicate that the concentration of indigenous microorganisms was less than 10(exp 2) cells/gram. Such a low concentrations result from the submicron pore throat diameters. PLFA. SO4-35 autoradiography and tracer analyses indicate that the bounding quartzite contains thermophilic sulfate reducing bacteria at 10(exp 3) cells/gram that are not attributable to drilling water contamination. The microorganisms may be surviving on sulfate generated by oxidation of sulfide by radiolytic reactions resulting from the high U concentration in the ore zone. The presence of up to 8,000 ppm of Fe(III) oxyhydroxides in the host rock will also act to recycle sulfide generated by the sulfate reducing bacteria into sulfate. The activity of these sulfate-reducing bacteria may be enhanced by mining induced fracturing which can propagate up to 40 meters into virgin rock where the temperatures are ca. 50 C, and decrepitate of sulfate rich fluid inclusions. In ultra deep mines, judicious application of tracers and multiple microbial characterization techniques can distinguish microbial contamination caused by the near field fracturing and drilling water migration from the indigenous microbial communities in rock strata. The importance of far field fracturing on indigenous microbial communities, however, remains unknown.

Onstott, T. C.↗

CFD modeling of turbulent flows around the SSME main injector assembly using porosity formulation

Hot gas turbulent flow distribution around the main injector assembly of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) and LOX flow distribution through the LOX posts have a great effect on the combustion phenomena inside the main combustion chamber. In order to design a CFD model to be an effective engineering analysis tool with good computational turn-around time (especially for 3-D flow problems) and still maintain good accuracy in describing the flow features, the concept of porosity was employed to describe the effects of blockage and drag force due to the presence of the LOX posts in the turbulent flow field around the main injector assembly of the SSME. Two-dimensional numerical studies were conducted to identify the drag coefficients of the flows, both through tube banks and round the shielded posts, over a wide range of Reynolds numbers. Empirical, analytical expressions of the drag coefficients as a function of local flow Reynolds number were then deduced. The porosity model was applied to the turbulent flow around the main injector assembly of the SSME, and analyses were performed. The 3-D CFD analysis was divided into three parts: LOX dome, hot gas injector assembly, and hydrogen cavity. The numerical results indicate that the mixture ratio at the downstream of injector face was close to stoichiometric around baffle elements.

Cheng, Gary C.↗

Flow Distribution Around the SSME Main Injector Assembly Using Porosity Formulation

Hot gas turbulent flow distribution around the main injector assembly of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) and Liquid Oxidizer (LOX) flow distribution through the LOX posts have a great effect on the combustion phenomena inside the main combustion chamber. In order to design a CFD model to be an effective engineering analysis tool with good computational turn-around time (especially for 3-D flow problems) and still maintain good accuracy in describing the flow features, the concept of porosity was employed to describe the effects of blockage and drag force due to the presence of the LOX posts in the turbulent flow field around the main injector assembly of the SSME. 2-D numerical studies were conducted to identify the drag coefficients of the flows both through tube banks and around the shielded posts over a wide range of Reynolds numbers. Empirical, analytical expressions of the drag coefficient as a function of local flow Reynolds number were then deduced. The porosity model was applied to the turbulent flow around the main injector assembly of the SSME, and analyses were performed. The 3-D CFD analysis was divided into three parts, LOX dome, hot gas injector assembly, and hydrogen cavity. The numerical results indicate that the mixture ratio at the downstream of injector face was close to stoichiometric around baffle elements.

Cheng, Gary C.↗

Flow Distribution Around the SSME Main Injector Assembly Using Porosity Formulation

Hot gas turbulent flow distribution around the main injector assembly of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) and Liquid Oxidizer (LOX) flow distribution through the LOX posts have a great effect on the combustion phenomena inside the main combustion chamber. In order to design a CFD model to be an effective engineering analysis tool with good computational turn- around time (especially for 3-D flow problems) and still maintain good accuracy in describing the flow features, the concept of porosity was employed to describe the effects of blockage and drag force due to the presence of the LOX posts in the turbulent flow field around the main injector assembly of the SSME. 2-D numerical studies were conducted to identify the drag coefficients of the flows both through tube banks and around the shielded posts over a wide range of Reynolds numbers. Empirical, analytical expressions of the drag coefficient as a function of local flow Reynolds number were then deduced. The porosity model was applied to the turbulent flow around the main injector assembly of the SSME, and analyses were performed. The 3-D CFD analysis was divided into three parts, LOX dome, hot gas injector assembly, and hydrogen cavity. The numerical results indicate that the mixture ratio at the downstream of injector face was close to stoichiometric around baffle elements.

Cheng, Gary C.↗

Initial analysis of “stone” size Ryugu samples: current status

As a part of the initial analysis of the Ryugu samples, we perform a variety of analyses of millimeter-sized "stones". Our goals are to elucidate the entire formation process of C-type asteroid Ryugu from the viewpoint of petrology and mineralogy ande obtain necessary information by sample analysis, and then simulate the formation of Ryugu based on the evidencef obtained rom sample analysis. Eighteen stones (8 from Room A and 10 from Room C) were received from the ISAS curation facility on June 1, 2021, and brought into a fully nitrogen-displaced glove box at Tohoku University. At the same time, we also received the powder samples from Room A and Room C. To completely block the atmosphere from leaking into the container, all samples were put in the sample transport containers prepared by ISAS, transferred from the main chamber to the glovebox at ISAS, and then all containers were completely sealed in plastic bags with moisture and oxygen absorbers. No moisture or oxygen was detected when the bags were opened in the glove box at Tohoku University, so it was confirmed that there was no exposure to the atmosphere during transport. To date, a number of analyses have been carried out successfully and almost on schedule. The analysis started with the measurement of reflectance spectra, which are sensitive to atmospheric oxidation, hydroxylation, and adsorbed water. The visible, near-infrared, and mid-infrared reflectance spectra were measured while the samples were kept airtight. The spectra of powder samples and stone samples (as aggregates and as single stone) were successfully obtained. A major feature of the stone team's analysis is the use of synchrotron radiation facilities around the world. Since this analysis is non-destructive, stone samples whose reflectance spectra were measured were sent to KEK, SPring-8, ESRF (France), SOLEIL (France), DESY (Germany), and APS (USA). Using these synchrotron radiation facilities, high spatial resolution and sensitivity XRD, STXM, XANES, CT [1], IR-CT, FT-IR [2, 3], XRF, and Mössbauer analyses were performed. Most of the analyses were carried out under air-tight conditions on the stone samples and the particulates separated from the stone samples. These analyses allowed us to determine the three-dimensional distribution of minerals and elements, redox state, density and porosity of the stone samples. Furthermore, as a characteristic analysis of the stone team, light elemental analysis using negative Muon was performed at the MLF facility of J-PARC with an exceptionally long allocation of machine time. This is the only non-destructive method to measure the concentration of light elements in the whole (not the surface) of stone samples. Because the characteristic X-rays produced by muon irradiation are much higher in energy than the fluorescent X-rays produced by X-ray irradiation, there is little effect of self-absorption by the sample, and therefore, the concentration of light elements such as carbon, oxygen, and Na in the entire "stone" sample can be determined. Some stone samples are currently being measured for heat and strength physical properties in order to understand the physical properties of asteroid Ryugu. The data obtained from these measurements are useful for interpreting the remote-sensing data data taken from the surface layer of the asteroid Ryugu [4-7]. It is also important for understanding the behavior of the Ryugu material during impact events. The surfaces of many stone samples were observed by electron microscopy and other techniques, especially on natural “flat” surfaces formed on 5 stomes. As a result, characteristric mineral aggregates formed by the reactions with water and characteiristic impact features were observed on some of the samples. Based on the observations of surfaces and the synchrotron measurements of the whole stones, important objects such as characteristic structures and specific crystal aggregates for understanding the formation history of the asteroid were identified, and these parts were separated from the stone samples using an Xe beam (pFIB) and analyzed by various methods including transmission electron microscopy and synchrotron radiation analysis. Many stone samples, from which important objects have been separated, are embedded in epoxy resin and cut to produce many polished sections. Electron microscopy and spectroscopic measurements of the polished surfaces are being carried out to reveal the detailed mineralogical properties and elemental distribution inside the stone samples. In the fall, machine time for synchrotron radiation will begin, and we plan to analyze single crystals and characteristic objects separated from the stone samples.

Tomoki Nakamura↗

Understanding the Feasibility of MAB Phase Structures for Lunar Applications

During the ten-week internship, my work focused on synthesis, characterization, and tailoring the flowability of the MAB phase powders for improving the surface finish and decreasing porosity of 3D-printed MAB phase structures. My mentor for the project was Dr. Samuel Hocker from NASA Langley and my faculty advisor was Dr. Surojit Gupta from the University of North Dakota. I also collaborated with Daniel Trieff from the University of North Dakota in developing characterization paradigm of 3D printed samples. The microencapsulation was performed via novel solvent casting-based microencapsulation process pioneered in UND, wherein a polymer (PLA, PHA) was dissolved into dichloromethane and precipitated onto the surface of the MoAlB particles. Two 100mL samples of microencapsulated powder was outsourced to Particle Technology Labs for flowability testing along with a 100mL control sample to determine if microencapsulation is a valid method for improving the flowability. The microencapsulated powders were characterized using SEM, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, and optical microscopy. The SEM images showed no change between the pure and microencapsulated powders. The optical microscopy analysis indicated a reduction in reflectivity for the PLA microencapsulated powders as well as hydrophobic properties. Both results suggest that microencapsulation was successful as PLA is a hydrophobic polymer and the change in reflectivity could be a result of the light being dispersed through the polymer coating. A reflectivity analysis will be done to bring more perspective to these observations. If powder flowability is improved, then the project will move forward with testing the printability of the microencapsulated powders and characterizing the structures using the designed characterization protocol. We are waiting for the DSC results. The characterization protocol for the 3D-printed MAB structures included a visual inspection of the plates to rule out any samples that had spalled or delaminated, optical microscopy to document surface features, porosity, and decomposition, and cleaning of the plates using an ultrasonic bath in preparation for SEM, EDS, and profilometry analyses.

MAB Phase↗

Regional Variations of Mercury's Crustal Density and Porosity From MESSENGER Gravity Data

A new solution of Mercury's gravity field to degree and order 160, named HgM009, is retrieved through a reprocessing of MESSENGER radio science measurements. By combining our latest gravity field with topography data, localized spectral admittance analyses are carried out to investigate Mercury's crustal and lithospheric properties across the northern hemisphere. The measured spectra are compared with admittances predicted by lithospheric flexure models. The localized gravity/topography admittance analyses yield key information on the lateral variations of the bulk density of the upper crust. Elastic and crustal thicknesses are also adjusted in our study, but the local admittance spectra allow us to constrain these parameters only over a few regions. The average bulk density across the observed areas in the northern hemisphere is 2540 ±60 kg m −3 . The crustal porosity is then constrained by using an estimate of the pore-free grain density of surface materials with our measured bulk density. Our estimate of the mean porosity is 14.7 ±1.6 %, which is comparable to, but slightly higher than, the average value measured on the Moon. Larger crustal porosities are observed over heavily cratered regions, suggesting that impact bombardment is the main cause of the crustal porosity.

Mercury's crust↗

Modeling Geometric Arrangements of TiO2-Based Catalyst Substrates and Isotropic Light Sources to Enhance the Efficiency of a Photocatalystic Oxidation (PCO) Reactor

The closed confined environments of the ISS, as well as in future spacecraft for exploration beyond LEO, provide many challenges to crew health. One such challenge is the availability of a robust, energy efficient, and re-generable air revitalization system that controls trace volatile organic contaminants (VOCs) to levels below a specified spacecraft maximum allowable concentration (SMAC). Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO), which is capable of mineralizing VOCs at room temperature and of accommodating a high volumetric flow, is being evaluated as an alternative trace contaminant control technology. In an architecture of a combined air and water management system, placing a PCO unit before a condensing heat exchanger for humidity control will greatly reduce the organic load into the humidity condensate loop ofthe water processing assembly (WPA) thereby enhancing the life cycle economics ofthe WPA. This targeted application dictates a single pass efficiency of greater than 90% for polar VOCs. ~ Although this target was met in laboratory bench-scaled reactors, no commercial or SBIR-developed prototype PCO units examined to date have achieved this goal. Furthermore, the formation of partial oxidation products (e.g., acetaldehyde) was not eliminated. It is known that single pass efficiency and partial oxidation are strongly dependent upon the contact time and catalyst illumination, hence the requirement for an efficient reactor design. The objective of this study is to maximize the apparent contact time and illuminated catalyst surface area at a given reactor volume and volumetric flow. In this study, a Ti02-based photocatalyst is assumed to be immobilized on porous substrate panels and illumination derived from linear isotropic light sources. Mathematical modeling using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses were performed to investigate the effect of: 1) the geometry and configuration of catalyst-coated substrate panels, 2) porosity of the supporting substrate, and 3) varying the light source and spacing on contact time and illuminated catalyst area.

Richards, Jeffrey T.↗

Investigation of Effects of Material Architecture on the Elastic Response of a Woven Ceramic Matrix Composite

To develop methods for quantifying the effects of the microstructural variations of woven ceramic matrix composites on the effective properties and response of the material, a research program has been undertaken which is described in this paper. In order to characterize and quantify the variations in the microstructure of a five harness satin weave, CVI SiC/SiC, composite material, specimens were serially sectioned and polished to capture images that detailed the fiber tows, matrix, and porosity. Open source quantitative image analysis tools were then used to isolate the constituents and collect relevant statistics such as within ply tow spacing. This information was then used to build two dimensional finite element models that approximated the observed section geometry. With the aid of geometrical models generated by the microstructural characterization process, finite element models were generated and analyses were performed to quantify the effects of the microstructure and its variation on the effective stiffness and areas of stress concentration of the material. The results indicated that the geometry and distribution of the porosity appear to have significant effects on the through-thickness modulus. Similarly, stress concentrations on the outer surface of the composite appear to correlate to regions where the transverse tows are separated by a critical amount.

Goldberg, Robert K.↗