Solidification Behavior and Microstructure Evolution in Dissimilar Electron Beam Welds between Commercially Pure Iron and Nickel
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Hochanadel, Joris Erich↗
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Effect of thermal oxidation on helium implanted pure iron
The impact of thermal oxidation on Helium (He) implanted pure iron (Fe) was investigated to experimentally evaluate how thermal oxidation influences the diffusion and distribution of He within the material. In case of the sample with the lowest dose (2 × 10 17 ions/cm 2 ), the thinnest oxide layer was observed compared to the non-implanted pure Fe. It is due to He nano bubbles implanted in the material, which hinder the diffusion of Fe ions necessary for forming the oxide layer. For the medium dose sample (5 × 10 17 ions/cm 2 ), the oxide layer was slightly thicker than that of the lowest dose, however it had more porous structure due to the numerous nano He bubbles. In addition, a large bubble region around 150–200 nm depth was generated. Here, the highest dose sample (1 × 10 18 ions/cm 2 ) was observed that the escape of He was accelerated by the large amount of nano He bubbles from within the metal, forming a porous Fe matrix on the top surface and an oxide layer that is very porous but thicker than those of lower doses.
He implantation↗
57Fe Mössbauer isomer shift of pure iron and iron oxides at high pressure—An experimental and theoretical study
The 57Fe isomer shift (IS) of pure iron has been measured up to 100 GPa using synchrotron Mössbauer spectroscopy in the time domain. Apart from the expected discontinuity due to the α→ε structural and spin transitions, the IS decreases monotonically with increasing pressure. The absolute shifts were reproduced without semi-empirical calibrations by periodic density functional calculations employing extensive localized basis sets with several common density functionals. However, the best numerical agreement is obtained with the B1WC hybrid functional. Extension of the calculations to 350 GPa, a pressure corresponding to the Earth’s inner core, predicted the IS range of 0.00 to -0.85 mm/s, covering the span from Fe(0) to Fe(VI) compounds measured at ambient pressure. The calculations also reproduced the pressure trend from polymorphs of prototypical iron oxide minerals, FeO and Fe2O3. Analysis of the electronic structure shows a strong donation of electrons from oxygen to iron at high pressure. The assignment of formal oxidation to the Fe atom becomes ambiguous under this condition.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Formation of hierarchically structured martensites in pure iron with ultrahigh strength and stiffness
Strong steels are primarily fabricated by introducing spatial obstacles (e.g., stacking faults and precipitates) that inhibit dislocation slips under stress to achieve high strength. However, for most low-carbon steels, such obstacles are difficult to form mainly because the martensitic transition is kinetically unfavorable by conventional methods, which precludes the attainment of high-strength materials in these steels with low solute contents. Here, we report an innovative high-pressure preparation of martensitic pure Fe with involving nano-effect, which leads to the formation of ultrastrong bulk iron with exceptionally high yield strength, ultimate strength, and hardness of 2.9 GPa, 3.7 GPa, and 9.0 GPa, respectively, exceeding those of high-speed steels. Such extraordinary mechanical properties are closely attributed to its high-density martensites with unique multiscale hierarchical structures formed due to complex phase transitions under pressure.
Science & Technology - Other Topics↗
Electrical properties of thermal oxide scales on pure iron in liquid lead-bismuth eutectic
Here, the impedance behavior of pre-oxidized iron in liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) at 200 °C is studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The structures and resistance of oxide grown on iron oxidized in air at different temperatures and durations are compared. The results show that the resistance of the oxide film increases with increasing oxidizing temperature, due to the formation of a thicker scale and fewer defects. At the same temperature (600 °C), increasing the oxidation time can also reduce the defect concentration in the oxide film and improve the impedance of the oxide scale in LBE.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Cooling and detectability of neutron stars.
Surface properties, temperature effect, cooling and detectability of neutron stars, using pure iron and pure magnesium compositions
TEMPERATURE EFFECT↗
A portable and monoenergetic 24 keV neutron source based on 124Sb-9Be photoneutrons and an iron filter
A portable monoenergetic 24 keV neutron source based on the 124Sb-9Be photoneutron reaction and an iron filter has been constructed and characterized. The coincidence of the neutron energy from SbBe and the low interaction cross-section with iron (mean free path up to 29 cm) makes pure iron specially suited to shield against gamma rays from 124Sb decays while letting through the neutrons. To increase the 124Sb activity and thus the neutron flux, a >1 GBq 124Sb source was produced by irradiating a natural Sb metal pellet with a high flux of thermal neutrons in a nuclear reactor. The design of the source shielding structure makes for easy transportation and deployment. A hydrogen gas proportional counter is used to characterize the neutrons emitted by the source and a NaI detector is used for gamma background characterization. At the exit opening of the neutron beam, the characterization determined the neutron flux in the energy range 20–25 keV to be 6.00±0.30 neutrons per cm2 per second and the total gamma flux to be 245±8 gammas per cm2 per second (numbers scaled to 1 GBq activity of the 124Sb source). A liquid scintillator detector is demonstrated to be sensitive to neutrons with incident kinetic energies from 8 to 17 keV, so it can be paired with the source as a backing detector for neutron scattering calibration experiments. This photoneutron source provides a good tool for in-situ low energy nuclear recoil calibration for dark matter experiments and coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering experiments.
Dark Matter detectors (WIMPs, axions, etc.)↗
Friction and wear characteristics of iron-chromium alloys in contact with themselves and silicon carbide
Sliding friction experiments were conducted with various iron-chromium alloys in contact with (1) themselves, (2) single crystal silicon carbide disks, and (3) single crystal abrasive grit of silicon carbide. Results indicate the coefficients of friction for the alloys sliding against themselves are between those for pure iron and pure chromium, and are only slightly different with 1, 5, 9, 14, and 19 weight percent chromium in iron. The wear is due, primarily, to shearing, or tearing fracture, of the cohesive bonds in the bulk metal and plowing of the bulk by lumps of wear debris. There are only slight differences in the coefficients of friction for the various alloys when sliding on silicon carbide. The coefficient of friction for the alloys are higher than those for pure iron and pure chromium. Alloy hardening observed in the alloys plays a dominant role in controlling the abrasive friction and wear behavior of the alloys.
Miyoshi, K.↗
The Formation of Carbonaceous Material in the Early Solar Nebula: The Role of Metal Dusting
For many years it has been suggested that the carbonaceous material found in association with Fe/Ni metal and metal carbides in primitive bodies is linked to the Fischer–Tropsch reaction. This is especially true with chondritic-porous interplanetary dust particles, which are considered to have a cometary origin and are among some of the most primitive and least processed materials available for study. Another phenomenon which occurs under the same carburizing conditions as the Fischer–Tropsch reaction is called metal dusting and could be a possible pathway to forming some of the carbonaceous material found in primitive bodies. Metal dusting is a catastrophic corrosion of metal under these carburizing conditions that results in a porous mixture of carbonaceous material, metal, and metal carbides. In the case of pure iron, type I metal dusting results in the formation of a metastable iron carbide, typically cementite, Fe3C. While metal dusting has been studied industrially for over 50 years, it does not appear to have been applied to the formation of carbonaceous material in astrophysical settings. In this work, the general mechanism of metal dusting on iron is described and a thermodynamic analysis of the dusting phenomena applied to solar nebula conditions. Rate measurements are made with pure iron samples over the temperature range from 400°C to 950°C. In addition, the products from experimental runs at 500°C and 600°C are studied by transmission electron microscopy. Results show that iron carbide particles are formed with carbonaceous material consisting of poorly graphitized carbon.
Interplanetary dust↗
A Self-Perpetuating Catalyst for the Production of Complex Organic Molecules in Protostellar Nebulae
The formation of abundant carbonaceous material in meteorites is a long standing problem and an important factor in the debate on the potential for the origin of life in other stellar systems. Many mechanisms may contribute to the total organic content in protostellar nebulae, ranging from organics formed via ion-molecule and atom-molecule reactions in the cold dark clouds from which such nebulae collapse, to similar ion-molecule and atom-molecule reactions in the dark regions of the nebula far from the proto star, to gas phase reactions in sub-nebulae around growing giant planets and in the nebulae themselves. The Fischer-Tropsch-type (FTT) catalytic reduction of CO by hydrogen was once the preferred model for production of organic materials in the primitive solar nebula. The Haber-Bosch catalytic reduction of N2 by hydrogen was thought to produce the reduced nitrogen found in meteorites. However, the clean iron metal surfaces that catalyze these reactions are easily poisoned via reaction with any number of molecules, including the very same complex organics that they produce and both reactions work more efficiently in the hot regions of the nebula. We have demonstrated that many grain surfaces can catalyze both FTT and HB-type reactions, including amorphous iron and magnesium silicates, pure silica smokes as well as several minerals. Although none work as well as pure iron grains, and all produce a wide range of organic products rather than just pure methane, these materials are not truly catalysts.
Nuth, Joseph A.↗
The vapor pressure of iron pentacarbonyl
Vapor pressure measurements have been made on pure iron pentacarbonyl between +31 and -19 C. The experimental results may be expressed by the logarithm of pressure (mm Hg) to the base 10 equals -(2096.7 K/T) + 8.4959, which corresponds to a heat of vaporization for the liquid carbonyl of delta H ? (9.588 plus or minus 0.12) kcal/mole. This result confirms and extends the earlier measurements made by Trautz and Badstuebner between 0 and 140 C. The need for careful purification of commercially available iron pentacarbonyl is emphasized, particularly for establishing the correct vapor pressure below 45 C.
Gilbert, A. G.↗
Crystallographic texture formation in Fe-9wt%Si alloy during deformation and phase transition at high pressure
SUMMARY The seismic anisotropy of the Earth's solid inner core has been the topic of much research. It could be explained by the crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) developing during convection. The likely phase is hexagonal close-packed iron (hcp), alloyed with nickel and some lighter elements. Here we use high energy synchrotron X-rays to study CPO in Fe-9wt%Si, uniaxially compressed in a diamond anvil cell in radial geometry. The experiments reveal that strong preferred orientation forms in the low-pressure body-centred cubic (bcc) phase that appears to be softer than pure iron. CPO is attributed to dominant {110}<111> slip. The onset of the bcc→hcp transition occurs at a pressure of ≈15 GPa, and the alloy remains in a two phase bcc + hcp state up to 40 GPa. The hcp phase forms first with a distinct {11$\bar{2}$0} maximum perpendicular to compression. Modelling shows that this is a transformation texture, which can be described by Burgers orientation relationship with variant selection. Experimental results suggest that bcc grains oriented with <100> parallel to compression transform into hcp first. The CPO of the hcp changes only slowly during further pressure and deviatoric stress increase at ambient temperature. After heating to 1600 K, a change in the hcp CPO is observed with alignment of (0001) planes perpendicular to compression that can be interpreted as dominant (0001)<11$\bar{2}$0> slip, combined with {10$\bar{1}$2}<$\bar{1}$011> mechanical twinning, which is similar to the deformation modes suggested previously for pure hcp iron at inner core conditions.
Vasin, Roman N.↗
Iron serves as diffusion barrier in thermally regenerative galvanic cell
Pure iron or iron-coated diaphragm provides a hydrogen diffusion electrode for a thermally regenerative galvanic cell. It allows the gas to diffuse through its interatomic spaces and resists the corrosive action of the cell environment.
Crouthamel, C. E.↗
Hot gas metallicity and the history of supernova activity in elliptical galaxies
Calculations of the dynamical evolution of the hot interstellar medium (ISM) in a massive elliptical galaxy are described, with a variety of past variations of the SN rate being assumed. The investigation focuses on iron enrichment in the ISM. The equivalent widths of the 6.7-keV iron line are calculated as a function of redshift and of galactic projected radius. The present-day interstellar gas in elliptical galaxies contains a fossil record of past SN activity that can be determined from measurements of iron line equivalent widths at several projected radii in the galaxy. It is proposed that the ISM iron abundance is likely to be quite inhomogeneous. The hydrogen-free ejecta of type Ia SN also result in pronounced ISM abundance inhomogeneities that probably eventually cool and move in pressure equilibrium with the local ISM flow velocity. The 6.7-keV iron line emission is greater if the iron is confined to ionized regions of pure iron.
Loewenstein, Michael↗
Predicting the Mineral Composition of Dust Aerosols: Representing Key Processes - Part 1
Soil dust aerosols created by wind erosion are typically assigned globally uniform physical and chemical properties within Earth system models, despite known regional variations in the mineral content of the parent soil. Mineral composition of the aerosol particles is important to their interaction with climate, including shortwave absorption and radiative forcing, nucleation of cloud droplets and ice crystals, heterogeneous formation of sulfates and nitrates, and atmospheric processing of iron into bioavailable forms that increase the productivity of marine phytoplankton. Here, aerosol mineral composition is derived by extending a method that provides the composition of a wet-sieved soil. The extension accounts for measurements showing significant differences between the mineral fractions of the wetsieved soil and the emitted aerosol concentration. For example, some phyllosilicate aerosols are more prevalent at silt sizes, even though they are nearly absent at these diameters in a soil whose aggregates are dispersed by wet sieving. We calculate the emitted mass of each mineral with respect to size by accounting for the disintegration of soil aggregates during wet sieving. These aggregates are emitted during mobilization and fragmentation of the original undispersed soil that is subject to wind erosion. The emitted aggregates are carried far downwind from their parent soil. The soil mineral fractions used to calculate the aggregates also include larger particles that are suspended only in the vicinity of the source. We calculate the emitted size distribution of these particles using a normalized distribution derived from aerosol measurements. In addition, a method is proposed for mixing minerals with small impurities composed of iron oxides. These mixtures are important for transporting iron far from the dust source, because pure iron oxides are more dense and vulnerable to gravitational removal than most minerals comprising dust aerosols. A limited comparison to measurements from North Africa shows that the model extensions result in better agreement, consistent with a more extensive comparison to global observations as well as measurements of elemental composition downwind of the Sahara, as described in companion articles.
aerosols↗
Iron precipitation under controlled oxygen flow: Mineralogical implications for BIF precursors in the Archean ocean
Banded iron formation (BIF) deposition in the Archean ocean is thought to have been initiated by the oxidation of dissolved iron into ferric primary precursor phases that descended through the water column and were deposited on the seafloor. Effective interpretation of the trace element and isotopic composition of BIFs in the geologic record requires an understanding of the identity and longevity of those precursor phases. Temporal and spatial variation in oxidant concentration and ocean chemistry may have driven precursor mineralogy. Furthermore, precursor phases may undergo transitions during descent and burial. This experimental study follows the evolution of iron mineralogy, speciation, and redox state during the precipitation of iron under variable oxygen fluxes and in fluids containing different iron-complexing anions (chloride, sulfate, and phosphate). Additionally, suspensions collected after incomplete oxidation were anoxically aged to simulate changes to precursor mineralogy during descent below the seawater redoxcline. Results from X-ray diffraction, sequential dissolution, colorimetric determination of Fe redox state, and Fe K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy showed that under all experimental conditions, intermediate precipitates collected before complete iron uptake contained mineralized ferrous iron. Purely ferric mineral assemblages were not observed until iron was removed from solution. In low-oxygen experiments, intermediate precipitates contained phases with stoichiometric Fe 2+ , including magnetite, vivianite, and green rust (GR). Chloride green rust (GR1) had more ferric iron than sulfate green rust (GR2) and more readily transitioned to magnetite via disproportionation. GR2 was stable over a broader range of iron uptake; magnetite appeared mainly as an additional oxidation product in sulfate solution. In high oxygen experiments, mineralized ferrous iron occurred in amorphous phases or as a non-stoichiometric component in ferric oxides; final ferric assemblages were less crystalline than in low-oxygen equivalents. Low concentrations of phosphate increased the total iron oxidation rate, but also increased the ferrous content of intermediate precipitates. The incorporation of phosphate stabilized GR2 and facilitated GR2 precipitation over a larger range of iron uptake. In higher concentrations of phosphate, vivianite and poorly crystalline ferric hydroxides formed in place of GR. Here, these findings suggest that over a range of possible ocean chemistries, mixed-valence phases may have been short lived but relevant precursors to BIF. Additionally, anionic chemistry and oxidant concentration are shown to influence the crystallinity and chemical resistivity of final ferric assemblages, affecting their reactivity during later anoxic burial.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
Local residual stresses and microstructure within recrystallizing grains in iron
The intragranular strains and the microstructure within recrystallizing grains in single phase pure iron have been systematically studied in 3D using synchrotron micro-diffraction. In contradiction to common knowledge we observe that residual elastic strains of up to 1–2 × 10 –3 are present in the recrystallizing grains. The local strain variations within individual grains can be similar in magnitude to those between different grains. The effects of processing parameters, including rolling reduction, recrystallized volume fraction, and cooling rate, as well as microstructural parameters, including grain size, orientation and internal misorientation, on the development of local residual elastic strains and microstructure have been quantified. It is suggested that the difference in local defect density between recrystallized grains and the surrounding deformed matrix, as well as the redistribution of medium to long-range residual stresses in the deformed grains, are the main reasons for the development of such strains in the recrystallized grains. The local residual stress levels are calculated and their possible impact on the mechanical properties and recrystallization processes are discussed.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
The structure of molten calcium ferrite under various redox conditions
Laser-heated melts based on the 43CaO–57Fe 2 O 3-x eutectic, close to the calcium ferrite (CF) composition, were measured with high-energy X-ray diffraction using aerodynamic levitation over a range of redox states controlled by CO/CO 2 gas atmospheres. The iron–oxygen coordination number was found to rise from 4.4 ± 0.3 at 15% Fe 3+ to 5.3 ± 0.3 at 87% Fe 3+ . Empirical potential structure refinement modelling was used to obtain the ferric and ferrous partial pair distribution functions. It was found that the Fe 2+ iron–oxygen coordination number is consistently approximately 10% higher in CF than in pure iron oxide, while Fe 3+ is essentially identical in all but the most oxygen-rich environments (where it is higher in CF compared with FeO x ). The model also shows calcium octahedra to be the dominant species across all redox environments, although the population of CaO 7 increases with the availability of oxygen at the expense of CaO 4 and CaO 5 .
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗