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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Performance of Photovoltaic Systems Recorded by Open Solar Performance and Reliability Clearinghouse (oSPARC)

This article analyzes data from 2,200 photovoltaic systems collected through the Open Solar Performance and Reliability Clearinghouse (oSPARC, 2018) to draw conclusions about the measured performance of the systems, how it compares to expectations, and how wide the variation is. The systems range in size from 2 kW to 1,200 kW, with an average size of 229 kW, and were activated in oSPARC between March 13, 2007 and Dec. 16, 2016. Data regarding co-incident insolation and ambient temperature are provided through the oSPARC platform for the population of systems and summarized here. Results indicate that - after correcting for measured insolation, derating for temperature, and correcting for balance-of-system efficiency and degradation as a result of system age - the performance ratio of these 2,200 systems averages 91.7%. Adjusting for known parameters such as age and efficiency, the ratio would ideally be 100%. Thus, the 'underperformance' of this system sample is measured at 9.3% and suggests that as much as 9.3% could be recovered if the systems were caused to perform as expected through optimal operation and maintenance. Efforts to correlate the performance ratio with environmental conditions resulted in very low coefficients of regression, but the method already normalizes for actual site insolation and temperature, which are responsible for much of the site-specific variation. An exemption is air-quality nonattainment areas, where the measured performance of plants averages 86.9% and is consistently lower than the average of 95.9% in areas that are in compliance with air quality standards, likely because of particulate matter such as diesel soot exacerbating the soiling rate.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

Heating events in the nascent solar system recorded by rare earth element isotopic fractionation in refractory inclusions

Equilibrium condensation of solar gas is often invoked to explain the abundance of refractory elements in planets and meteorites. This is partly motivated, by the observation that the depletions in both the least and most refractory rare earth elements (REEs) in meteoritic group II calcium-aluminum–rich inclusions (CAIs) can be reproduced by thermodynamic models of solar nebula condensation. We measured the isotopic compositions of Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Er, and Yb in eight CAIs to test this scenario. Contrary to expectation for equilibrium condensation, we find light isotope enrichment for the most refractory REEs and more subdued isotopic variations for the least refractory REEs. This suggests that group II CAIs formed by a two-stage process involving fast evaporation of preexisting materials, followed by near-equilibrium recondensation. The calculated time scales are consistent with heating in events akin to FU Orionis– or EX Lupi–type outbursts of eruptive pre–main-sequence stars.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Architecture for Hard Disk Drives

Magnetic data storage has made rapid progress in terms of areal density over the past few decades. Current products have areal density levels that exceed 10(12) bits per square inch, about 1000 times greater than areal densities of the mid-1990s. Five component technologies have become hard-disk-drive industry standards over the past two decades: read heads based on giant magnetoresistance or tunneling magnetoresistance, perpendicular write heads, perpendicular recording media, heaters, and contact detection sensors. At the recording system level, shingled magnetic recording has been implemented by all disk-drive companies, but it has not become a new standard due to the additional penalty in access time (or latency). Here, interlaced magnetic recording and blocked magnetic recording are introduced and compared with conventional and shingled magnetic recording.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2020

Engineering microscale systems for fully autonomous intracellular neural interfaces

Conventional electrodes and associated positioning systems for intracellular recording from single neurons in vitro and in vivo are large and bulky, which has largely limited their scalability. Further, acquiring successful intracellular recordings is very tedious, requiring a high degree of skill not readily achieved in a typical laboratory. We report here a robotic, MEMS-based intracellular recording system to overcome the above limitations associated with form-factor, scalability and highly skilled and tedious manual operations required for intracellular recordings. This system combines three distinct technologies: 1) novel microscale, glass-polysilicon penetrating electrode for intracellular recording, 2) electrothermal microactuators for precise microscale movement of each electrode and 3) closed-loop control algorithm for autonomous positioning of electrode inside single neurons. Here, we demonstrate the novel, fully integrated system of glass-polysilicon microelectrode, microscale actuators and controller for autonomous intracellular recordings from single neurons in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia Californica (n = 5 cells). Consistent resting potentials (< –35 mV) and action potentials (> 60 mV) were recorded after each successful penetration attempt with the controller and microactuated glass-polysilicon microelectrodes. The success rate of penetration and quality of intracellular recordings achieved using electrothermal microactuators were comparable to that of conventional positioning systems. The MEMS-based system offers significant advantages: 1) reduction in overall size for potential use in behaving animals, 2) scalable approach to potentially realize multi-channel recordings and 3) a viable method to fully automate measurement of intracellular recordings. Furthermore, this system will be evaluated in vivo in future rodent studies.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Tampering detection and location identification of digital audio recordings

Systems and methods for detecting a tampering and identifying a location of a digital recording are provided. A frequency sequence and a phase angle sequence may be extracted from the digital recording. A portion of the frequency sequence may be matched to one of a plurality of reference frequency sequences, and a portion of the phase angle sequence may be matched to one of a plurality of reference phase angle sequences. Tampering of the digital recording may be detected when the frequency and phase sequences differ from the matched reference sequences. Moreover, a noise sequence may be extracted from the extracted frequency sequence. A location of the digital recording may be identified by matching the noise sequence to one of a plurality of noise sequences of the plurality of reference frequency sequences.

Chai, Jidong↗
DOE OSTI2016

Design of the polar neutron-imaging aperture for use at the National Ignition Facility

The installation of a neutron imaging diagnostic with a polar view at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) required design of a new aperture, an extended pinhole array (PHA). This PHA is different from the pinhole array for the existing equatorial system due to significant changes in the alignment and recording systems. The complex set of component requirements, as well as significant space constraints in its intended location, makes the design of this aperture challenging. In addition, lessons learned from development of prior apertures mandate careful aperture metrology prior to first use. This paper discusses the PHA requirements, constraints, and the final design. The PHA design is complex due to size constraints, machining precision, assembly tolerances, and design requirements. When fully assembled, the aperture is a 15 mm × 15 mm × 200 mm tungsten and gold assembly. The PHA body is made from 2 layers of tungsten and 11 layers of gold. The gold layers include 4 layers containing penumbral openings, 4 layers containing pinholes and 3 spacer layers. In total, there are 64 individual, triangular pinholes with a field of view (FOV) of 200 μm and 6 penumbral apertures. Each pinhole is pointed to a slightly different location in the target plane, making the effective FOV of this PHA a 700 μm square in the target plane. The large FOV of the PHA reduces the alignment requirements both for the PHA and the target, allowing for alignment with a laser tracking system at NIF.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

AESD (Advanced Energy System Design) Records API [SWRs-17-50, 17-51, 17-52]

The Records API (application program interface) for Advanced Energy System Design (AESD) enables software that serves multidimensional record-oriented data to interoperate with software than uses such data. In the context of the Records API, multidimensional data records are simply tuples of real numbers, integers, and character strings, where each data value is tagged by a variable name, according to a pre-defined schema, and each record is assigned a unique integer identifier. Conceptually, these records are isomorphic to rows in a relational database, JSON objects, or key-value maps. Records servers might supply static datasets, sensor measurements that periodically update as new telemetry become available, or the results of simulations as the simulations generate new output. Records client software might display or analyze the data, but in the case of simulations the client request the creation of new ensembles for specified input parameters. It is also possible to chain records clients and servers together so that a client consuming data from a server might transform that data and serve it to additional clients. This minimalist API avoids imposing burdensome metadata, structural, or implementation requirements on developers by relying on open-source technologies that are readily available for common programming languages. In particular, the API has been designed to place the least possible burden on services that provide data. This document defines the message format for the Records API, a transport mechanism for communicating the data, and the semantics for interpreting it. The message format is specified as Google Protocol Buffers and the transport mechanism uses WebSockets. We discuss three major use cases for serving and consuming records data: (i) static data, (ii) dynamically augmented data, (iii) on-demand simulations, (iv) with filters, and (v) with bookmarks. Separate implementations of the API exist in C++, Haskell, JavaScript, Python, and R.

Bush, Brian↗
DOE OSTI2025

EGS Collab Experiment 2: Continuous Active Source Seismic Monitoring (CASSM)

The dataset contains continuous active-source seismic monitoring (CASSM) data collected during EGS Collab Experiment 2, conducted from February to September 2022 at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota. This experiment aimed to investigate enhanced geothermal systems through high-pressure fluid injections at depths of 1200-1500 meters. The seismic monitoring system included 16 three-component piezoelectric accelerometers and 24 hydrophones installed in boreholes around the injection zones, recording signals from piezoelectric seismic sources. Data were acquired using both continuous and triggered recording systems, with sampling rates of up to 100 kHz. The raw data are organized by timestamps and stored in .dat format, with accompanying log files. Calibration certificates for selected accelerometers are provided to aid in correcting sensor responses, though users are advised to consider possible effects of enclosures and installation on sensor performance. Users are strongly advised to consult the accompanying report, which outlines the experimental setup, data acquisition, sensor specifications, and recording systems.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2016

Emergency Response Capability Baseline Needs Assessment - Compliance Assessment

This document was prepared by John A. Sharry, LLNL Fire Marshal and Division Leader for Fire Protection and was reviewed by LLNL Emergency Management Department Head, James Colson. This document is the second of a two-part analysis on Emergency Response Capabilities of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The first part, 2016 Baseline Needs Assessment Requirements Document established the minimum performance criteria necessary to meet mandatory requirements. This second part analyses the performance of Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Emergency Management Department to the contents of the Requirements Document. The document was prepared based on an extensive review of information contained in the 2016 BNA, a review of Emergency Planning Hazards Assessments, a review of building construction, occupancy, fire protection features, dispatch records, LLNL alarm system records, fire department training records, and fire department policies and procedures. The 2013 BNA was approved by NNSA’s Livermore Field Office on January 22, 2014.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2016

Thermal and chemical evolution in the early Solar System as recorded by FUN CAIs: Part II - Laboratory evaporation of potential CMS-1 precursor material

We present the results of laboratory experiments in which a forsterite-rich melt estimated to be a potential precursor of Allende CMS-1 FUN CAI was evaporated into vacuum for different lengths of time at 1900 °C. The evaporation of this melt resulted in residues that define trajectories in chemical as well as magnesium, silicon and oxygen isotopic composition space and come very close to the measured properties of CMS-1. The isotopic composition of the evaporation residues was also used to determine the kinetic isotopic fractionation factors [α 2,1 (vapor-melt) defined as the ratio of isotopes 2 and 1 of a given element in the evaporating gas divided by their ratio in the evaporating source] for evaporation of magnesium (α 25,24 for 25Mg/24Mg), silicon (α 29,28 for 29 Si/ 28 Si) and oxygen (α 18,16 for 18 O/ 16 O) from the forsterite-rich melt at 1900 °C. The values of α 25,24 = 0.98383 ± 0.00033 and α 29,28 = 0.99010 ± 0.00038 are essentially independent of change in the melt composition as evaporation proceeds. In contrast, α18,16 changes from 0.9815 ± 0.0016 to ~0.9911 when the residual melt composition changes from forsteritic to melilitic. Using the determined values of α 25,24 and α 29,28 and present-day bulk chemical composition of the CMS-1, the composition of the precursor of the inclusion was estimated to be close to the clinopyroxene + spinel + forsterite assemblage condensed from a solar composition gas. The correspondence between the chemical composition and isotopic fractionation of experimental evaporation residues and the present-day bulk chemical and isotopic compositions of CMS-1 is evidence that evaporation played a major role in the chemical evolution of CMS-1.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Poster - 26: Electronic Waiting Room Management for a busy Cancer Centre

We describe an electronic waiting room management system that we have developed and deployed in our cancer centre. Our system connects with our electronic medical records systems, gathers data for a machine learning algorithm to predict future patient waiting times, and is integrated with a mobile phone app. The system has been in operation for over nine months and has led to reduced lines, calmer waiting rooms and overwhelming patient and staff satisfaction.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Performance of a Drifting Acoustic Instrumentation SYstem (DAISY) for characterizing radiated noise from marine energy converters

Marine energy converters can generate electricity from energetic ocean waves and water currents. Because sound is extensively used by marine animals, the radiated noise from these systems is of regulatory interest. However, the energetic nature of these locations poses challenges for performing accurate passive acoustic measurements, particularly with stationary platforms. The Drifting Acoustic Instrumentation SYstem (DAISY) is a modular hydrophone recording system purpose-built for marine energy environments. Using a flow shield in currents and mass–spring–damper suspension system in waves, we demonstrate that DAISYs can effectively minimize the masking effect of flow noise at frequencies down to 10 Hz. In addition, we show that groups of DAISYs can utilize time-delay-of-arrival post-processing to attribute radiated noise to a specific source. Consequently, DAISYs can rapidly measure radiated noise at all frequencies of interest for prototype marine energy converters. Furthermore, the resulting information from future operational deployments should support regulatory decision-making and allow technology developers to make design adjustments that minimize the potential for acoustic impacts as their systems are scaled up for utility-scale power generation.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗
DOE OSTI2024

On learning what to learn: Heterogeneous observations of dynamics and establishing possibly causal relations among them

Abstract Before we attempt to (approximately) learn a function between two sets of observables of a physical process, we must first decide what the inputs and outputs of the desired function are going to be. Here we demonstrate two distinct, data-driven ways of first deciding “the right quantities” to relate through such a function, and then proceeding to learn it. This is accomplished by first processing simultaneous heterogeneous data streams (ensembles of time series) from observations of a physical system: records of multiple observation processes of the system. We determine (i) what subsets of observables are common between the observation processes (and therefore observable from each other, relatable through a function); and (ii) what information is unrelated to these common observables, therefore particular to each observation process, and not contributing to the desired function. Any data-driven technique can subsequently be used to learn the input–output relation—from k-nearest neighbors and Geometric Harmonics to Gaussian Processes and Neural Networks. Two particular “twists” of the approach are discussed. The first has to do with the identifiability of particular quantities of interest from the measurements. We now construct mappings from a single set of observations from one process to entire level sets of measurements of the second process, consistent with this single set. The second attempts to relate our framework to a form of causality: if one of the observation processes measures “now,” while the second observation process measures “in the future,” the function to be learned among what is common across observation processes constitutes a dynamical model for the system evolution.

Sroczynski, David W.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Practical Considerations for the Implementation of a World Information Library (WIL) - 17112

The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) is a deep geologic repository for the permanent disposal of defense-generated transuranic waste. Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 194.43, Passive institutional controls, requires that measures be employed, '...to preserve knowledge about the location, design, and contents of the [WIPP] disposal system'. These measures include the, 'Placement of records in the archives and land record systems of local, State, and Federal governments, as well as international archives, that would likely be consulted by individuals in search of unexploited resources'. One possibility for allowing individuals to quickly and easily access information on the location, design, and contents of a disposal system and its relation to unexploited resources is the development of an electronic geographic information system (GIS) that would be used to interpret spatial data. In 2016, R. Patterson proposed such a system, known as the 'World Information Library (WIL)'. Information in this database system would be designed to be publicly accessible through a simple web-based user interface that would focus on spatial databases with categories such as; waste repositories, resources, historical sites, wildlife, infrastructure, medicine, agriculture, and technology. The conceptual WIL would be a compilation of searchable libraries and databases. A category in the WIL would consist of spatial databases created for the purpose of preserving knowledge and providing a means of communicating location information in a GIS-based Land Use Information System (LUIS) user interface. The successful implementation of the WIL would require the robust use of project controls, an effective Quality Assurance program, and the development of international standards in collaboration with industry experts. The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss known practices and industry standards that could be utilized for the implementation of a WIL as was introduced by Patterson et al. in 'A Conceptual World Information Library (WIL) and Land Use Information System (LUIS)'. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2019

New approach to terahertz diagnostics of human psychoemotional state

A new approach to terahertz (THz) diagnostics of the human psychoemotional state is proposed, based on the analysis of the THz contribution to the total signal while simultaneously recording the IR and THz emissions from the human body (hereinafter referred to as the IR – THz image). The developed image-processing algorithm allows extraction of the informative contribution determined by the THz radiation from the total signal perceived by the recording system. Simultaneous registration of the IR – THz images of the human face and the psychophysiological indicators are carried out in situations of physical stress (short-term intense physical exercise – squats functional test), electrical stimulation, and information stress (cognitive load – simple arithmetic mental calculations). The obtained data are compared with those of similar measurements at rest. It is shown that using cluster analysis of IR – THz images it is possible to divide the test subjects into classes according to the type of reaction of the circulatory system under stressful conditions. (paper)

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗