Method for finding the general-relativistic effective potential.
General relativistic effective potential determination method for nongravitational central potential based on Hamilton-Jacobi theory of point-particle mechanics
Jaen, J. K.↗
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Relativistic effects on plasma stability.
Relativistic effects on plasma stability
RELATIVISTIC PLASMA↗
MP2 Studies of Relativistic Effects on the Linear Stationary Points of the H+Cl2 Yields HCl+Cl and Cl+HCl Yields ClH+Cl Reactions
The influence of relativistic effects on the linear stationary points of the potential energy surfaces of the ClHCl and HCl2 systems is studied. Scalar relativistic effects have little influence on the geometries and the energies of these points. Spin-orbit effects have no influence on the barrier of the forward reaction of H with Cl2, but increase the reaction energy. The total relativistic effect is an increase of the reaction energy by 2.3 kJ /mol. The barrier for the iso-energetic exchange reaction of HCl with Cl is decreased by 0.5 kJ /mol due to the scalar relativistic effects. This small decrease is cancelled by the larger increase of 2.5 kJ /mol due to spin-orbit effects, giving a total relativistic effect of 2.0 kJ /mol.
Visscher, L.↗
Isospin flip as a relativistic effect: NN interactions
Results are presented of an analytic relativistic calculation of a OBE nucleon-nucleon (NN) interaction employing the Gross equation. The calculation consists of a non-relativistic reduction that keeps the negative energy states. The result is compared to purely non-relativistic OBEP results and the relativistic effects are separated out. One finds that the resulting relativistic effects are expressable as a power series in (tau(sub 1))(tau(sub 2)) that agrees, qualitatively, with NN scattering. Upon G-parity transforming this NN potential, one obtains, qualitatively, a short range NN spectroscopy in which the S-states are the lowest states.
Buck, W. W.↗
The importance of relativistic effects in the scattering of slow electrons
Relativistic effects in calculations of slow electron scattering cross sections
SCATTERING CROSS SECTION↗
Tidal Disruptions of Main-sequence Stars. IV. Relativistic Effects and Dependence on Black Hole Mass
Using a suite of fully relativistic hydrodynamic simulations applied to main-sequence stars with realistic internal density profiles, we examine full and partial tidal disruptions across a wide range of black hole mass( MM105 105BH7)and stellar mass (MM0.33) as larger MBH leads to stronger relativistic effects. For fixed Må, as MBH increases, the ratio of the maximum pericenter distance yielding full disruptions (t) to its Newtonian prediction rises rapidly, becoming triple the Newtonian value for= ́MM510BH7, while the ratio of the energy width of the stellar debris for full disruptions to the Newtonian prediction decreases steeply, resulting in a factor of 2 correction at= ́MM510BH7. We provide approximate formulae that express the relativistic corrections of both t and the energy width relative to their Newtonian approximate estimates. For partial disruptions, we find that the fractional remnant mass for a given ratio of the pericenter to t is higher for larger MBH. These results have several implications. As MBH increases above~M107, the cross section for complete disruptions is suppressed by competition with direct capture. However, the cross-section ratio for partial to complete disruptions depends only weakly on MBH. The relativistic correction to the debris energy width delays the time of peak mass-return rate and diminishes the magnitude of the peak return rate. ForMM10BH7, the MBH-dependence of the full disruption cross section and the peak mass-return rate and time is influenced more by relativistic effects than by Newtonian dynamics.
Taeho Ryu↗
Tidal Disruptions of Main-sequence Stars. IV. Relativistic Effects and Dependence on Black Hole Mass
Using a suite of fully relativistic hydrodynamic simulations applied to main-sequence stars with realistic internal density profiles, we examine full and partial tidal disruptions across a wide range of black hole mass (10(exp 5)≤M(BH)/M(ʘ)≤5 x 10(exp 7) and stellar mass (0.3≤M(*)/M(ʘ)≤3) as larger M(BH) leads to stronger relativistic effects. For fixed M( ), as M(BH) increases, the ratio of the maximum pericenter distance yielding full disruptions ( ) to its Newtonian prediction rises rapidly, becoming triple the Newtonian value for M(BH)=5 x 10(exp 7)M(ʘ), while the ratio of the energy width of the stellar debris for full disruptions to the Newtonian prediction decreases steeply, resulting in a factor of 2 correction at M(BH)=5 x 10(exp 7)M(ʘ). We provide approximate formulae that express the relativistic corrections of both R(t) and the energy width relative to their Newtonian approximate estimates. For partial disruptions, we find that the fractional remnant mass for a given ratio of the pericenter to R(t) is higher for larger M(BH). These results have several implications. As M(BH) increases above ~10(exp 7)M(ʘ), the cross section for complete disruptions is suppressed by competition with direct capture. However, the cross-section ratio for partial to complete disruptions depends only weakly on M(BH). The relativistic correction to the debris energy width delays the time of peak mass-return rate and diminishes the magnitude of the peak return rate. For M(BH)≳10(exp 7)M(ʘ), the M(BH)-dependence of the full disruption cross section and the peak mass-return rate and time is influenced more by relativistic effects than by Newtonian dynamics.
Taeho Ryu↗
Relativistic Effects on the Motion of Asteroids and Comets
We study the effects arising from relativistic perturbations on the motion of asteroids and comets and show that for a number of such objects, inclusion of relativistic contributions in the equations of motion gives rise to significant improvements in the orbital solutions.
relativistic↗
Relativistic effects in local inertial frames
The concept of a generalized Fermi frame is introduced with the aim of describing the relativistic effects due to a third, distant body (such as the sun) upon the motion of an earth satellite. This extends Fermi's construction of a local inertial frame to the case in which there are local gravitating masses. This is done in the slow-motion, weak-field approximation by splitting the metric into an external part and a local part; Fermi's construction of local inertial coordinates defined with respect to the external metric is then used to transform the complete metric. The results show that the main relativistic effects on an earth satellite are due to the nonlinear correction in the earth's own Schwarzschild field. There are much smaller relativistic corrections in the tidal field of the sun, and an earth-sun interaction term. The spatial axes of the local frame also undergo geodetic precession. Particular care must be taken with respect to the definition of the time coordinate in the generalized Fermi frame in order that the unit of time be consistent with readings of reasonable physical clocks on earth's surface. Also discussed more rigorously is the generalized Fermi frame for a system of two bodies revolving in circular orbits around a common barycenter.
Ashby, Neil↗
Search for general relativistic effects in table-top displacement metrology
As displacement metrology accuracy improves, general relativistic effects will become noticeable. Metrology gauges developed for the Space Interferometry Mission were used to search for locally anisotropic space-time, with a null result at the 10 to the negative tenth power level.
displacement metrology↗
Search for general relativistic effects in table-top displacement metrology
As displacement metrology accuracy improves, general relativistic effects will become noticeable. Metrology gauges developed for the Space Interferometry Mission, were used to search for locally anisotropic space-time, with a null result at the 10 to the negative 10th power level.
displacement metrology↗
Relativistic Effects and Polarization in Three High-Energy Pulsar Models
We present the influence of the special relativistic effects of aberration and light travel time delay on pulsar high-energy lightcurves and polarization characteristics predicted by three models: the two-pole caustic model, the outer gap model, and the polar cap model. Position angle curves and degree of polarization are calculated for the models and compared with the optical data on the Crab pulsar. The relative positions of peaks in gamma-ray and radio lightcurves are discussed in detail for the models. We find that the two-pole caustic model can reproduce qualitatively the optical polarization characteristics of the Crab pulsar - fast swings of the position angle and minima in polarization degree associated with both peaks. The anticorrelation between the observed flux and the polarization degree (observed in the optical band also for B0656+14) naturally results from the caustic nature of the peaks which are produced in the model due to the superposition of radiation from many different altitudes, ie. polarized at different angles. The two-pole caustic model also provides an acceptable interpretation of the main features in the Crab's radio profile. Neither the outer gap model nor the polar cap model are able to reproduce the optical polarization data on the Crab. Although the outer gap model is very successful in reproducing the relative positions of gamma-ray and radio peaks in pulse profiles, it can reproduce the high-energy lightcurves only when photon emission from regions very close to the light cylinder is included.
Dyks, J.↗
Relativistic effects on the motion of asteroids and comets
We study the effects arising from relativistic perturbations on the motion of asteroids and comets and show that for a number of such objects, inclusion of relativistic contributions in the equations of motion gives rise to significant improvements in the orbital solutions. Furthermore we argue that ignoring relativistic corrections to the equations of motion, while using masses derived from relativistic ephemerides yields incorrect solutions corresponding to an inconsistent, non-Newtonian, nonrelativistic model.
Shahid-Saless, Bahman↗
Best-fit estimate of relativistic effects in time-delay experiments.
Time-delay experiments are analyzed within the frame of a curved space-time. Residuals from Newtonian best fits of relativistic data are used as a measure of the 'relativistic effects.' Radial transponder trajectories are considered. If the motion is towards the sun, the relativistic residuals are of the order of 100 m. If the motion is away from the sun, they are at the 10-km level and the fraction due to the second-order curvature of the metric is at the 1-km level. Those effects are significantly smaller than those calculated from the divergence of the Newtonian and relativistic predictions after exact fit of the initial measurements.
Richard, J.-P.↗
How Do The Relativistic Effects Effect the Appearance of a Clothed Black Hole?
For an accretion disk around a black hole, the strong relativistic effects affect every aspect of the radiation from the disk, including the spectrum, the light-curve, and the image. If the disk is in high inclination angle (nearly edge-on), the image will be greatly distorted; the farther side of the disk will appear to bend toward the observer, photons from the other side of the disk can reach the observer (if they are not blocked by the disk) to form a ghost image. This work differs mainly from previous work by taking into account the temperature distribution of a standard thin disk model and investigating the expected images from different viewing angles and in different energy bands. The edge-blocking effect is also considered. Direct images of black hole systems may be obtained with future X-ray missions like MAXIM pathfinder.
Zhang, Xiaoling↗
Oscillator strengths of some Ba lines - A treatment including core-valence correlation and relativistic effects
Theoretical calculations of selected excitation energies and oscillator strengths for Ba are presented that overcome the difficulties of previous theoretical treatments. A relativistic effective-core potential treatment is used to account for the relativistic core contraction, but the outermost ten electrons are treated explicitly. Core-valence correlation can be included in this procedure in a rigorous and systematic way through a configuration-interaction calculation. Insight is gained into the importance of relativistic effects by repeating many of the calculations using an all-electron nonrelativistic treatment employing an extended Slater basis set. It is found that the intensity of the intercombination line 3P1-1S0 is accurately determined by accounting for the deviation from LS coupling through spin-orbit mixing with the 1P1 state, and that deviations from the Lande interval rule provide an accurate measure of the degree of mixing.
Bauschlicher, C. W., Jr.↗
Ab initio studies of the electronic structure of UF6, UF6/+/, and UF6/-/ using relativistic effective core potentials
The paper presents ab initio calculations performed on the electronic states of UF6, UF6(+), and UF6(-) using a relativistic effective core potential (ECP) for uranium and a nonrelativistic ECP for fluorine. In most of the calculations 56 valence electrons are treated explicitly using a contracted (3s 3p 2d 2f/2s2p) Gaussian basis. It is noted that various ECP's were explored, but all yield an overall charge density of U(+2.4)/F(-0.4)/6. In addition, the bonding in the ground state of UF6 is discussed. SCF and CI calculations on UF6(+) are compared with the experimental photoelectron spectrum and with previous scattered wave calculations. Further, the role of spin-orbit coupling in the states of UF6(+) and UF6(-) is covered. Finally, it is concluded that the calculated electron affinity of UF6 (7.1 eV) is considerably larger than in current experimental estimates, but the relative energies of the states of UF6(-) are in agreement (0.1-0.2 eV) with those of the experiment.
Hay, P. J.↗
Comparison of relativistic effects in barycentric and Earth-centered coordinates and implications for determination of GM for Earth
The results of an investigation of relativistic effects which have an influence on the determination of GM sub E (M sub E is the mass of the Earth, G is the Newtonian gravitaional constant) are summarized. The detailed arguments and derivations are discussed. The Parametrized Post-Newtonian (PPN) coordinates; Eddington-Clark (EC) coordinates; a coordinate system based on barycentric dynamical time (TBC coordinates); and Local Inertial coordinates are discussed.
Ashby, Neil↗