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Results for “Reverse Hartmann”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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13 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2016

Multilayer Active Shell Mirrors for Space Telescopes

A novel active mirror technology based on carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) substrates and replication techniques has been developed. Multiple additional layers are implemented into the design serving various functions. Nanolaminate metal films are used to provide a high quality reflective front surface. A backing layer of thin active material is implemented to provide the surface-parallel actuation scheme. Printed electronics are used to create a custom electrode pattern and flexible routing layer. Mirrors of this design are thin (< 1.0 mm), lightweight (2.7 kg/m2 ), and have large actuation capabilities. These capabilities, along with the associated manufacturing processes, represent a significant change in design compared to traditional optics. Such mirrors could be used as lightweight primaries for small CubeSat-based telescopes or as meter-class segments for future large aperture observatories. Multiple mirrors can be produced under identical conditions enabling a substantial reduction in manufacturing cost and complexity. An overview of the mirror design and manufacturing processes is presented. Predictions on the actuation performance have been made through finite element simulations demonstrating correct abilities on the order of 250−300× for astigmatic modes with only 41 independent actuators. A description of the custom metrology system used to characterize the active mirrors is also presented. The system is based on a Reverse Hartmann test and can accommodate extremely large deviations in mirror figure (> 100 µm PV) down to sub-micron precision. The system has been validated against several traditional techniques including photogrammetry and interferometry. The mirror performance has been characterized using this system, as well as closed-loop figure correction experiments on 150 mm dia. prototypes. The mirrors have demonstrated post-correction figure accuracies of 200 nm RMS (two dead actuators limiting performance).

Reverse Hartmann↗
NASA NTRS1984

Midstratospheric circulations in the southern hemisphere from super pressure balloon trajectories

Three instrumented super pressure balloons were flown throughout the southern hemisphere at 18 mbar, over a period of five months. The balloon trajectories, reconstructed from NIMBUS 6 satellite location data, have proved to be valuable indicators of midstratospheric structure and dynamics in the Lagrangian frame of reference. Several examples of high zonal and meridional winds are reported. Also shown in the analysis is a feature encountered between 30 S-40 S during a two-week period. The feature appears to be a breakdown of large-scale zonal flow and its replacement by weak cyclonic eddies. During the observational period the balloon motions document the spring reversal. Mean zonal wind speed analysis from balloon positions were obtained covering the area 15 S-65 S. The results presented here are in substantial agreement with those of Hartmann (1977).

Olivero, J. J.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Towards ultrafast dynamics with split-pulse X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy at free electron laser sources

One of the important challenges in condensed matter science is to understand ultrafast, atomic-scale fluctuations that dictate dynamic processes in equilibrium and non-equilibrium materials. Here, we report an important step towards reaching that goal by using a state-of-the-art perfect crystal based split-and-delay system, capable of splitting individual X-ray pulses and introducing femtosecond to nanosecond time delays. We show the results of an ultrafast hard X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy experiment at LCLS where split X-ray pulses were used to measure the dynamics of gold nanoparticles suspended in hexane. We show how reliable speckle contrast values can be extracted even from very low intensity free electron laser (FEL) speckle patterns by applying maximum likelihood fitting, thus demonstrating the potential of a split-and-delay approach for dynamics measurements at FEL sources. This will enable the characterization of equilibrium and, importantly also reversible non-equilibrium processes in atomically disordered materials.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2013

Nanoscale spin reversal by non-local angular momentum transfer following ultrafast laser excitation in ferrimagnetic GdFeCo

Ultrafast laser techniques have revealed extraordinary spin dynamics in magnetic materials that equilibrium descriptions of magnetism cannot explain. Particularly important for future applications is understanding non-equilibrium spin dynamics following laser excitation on the nanoscale, yet the limited spatial resolution of optical laser techniques has impeded such nanoscale studies. Here in this paper, we present ultrafast diffraction experiments with an X-ray laser that probes the nanoscale spin dynamics following optical laser excitation in the ferrimagnetic alloy GdFeCo, which exhibits macroscopic all-optical switching. Our study reveals that GdFeCo displays nanoscale chemical and magnetic inhomogeneities that affect the spin dynamics. In particular, we observe Gd spin reversal in Gd-rich nanoregions within the first picosecond driven by the non-local transfer of angular momentum from larger adjacent Fe-rich nanoregions. These results suggest that a magnetic material’s microstructure can be engineered to control transient laser-excited spins, potentially allowing faster (~ 1 ps) spin reversal than in present technologies.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
NASA NTRS1989

Rotational velocities of newly discovered, low-mass members of the Alpha Persei cluster

About 30 new, low-mass members of the young open cluster Alpha Persei are identified via a proper-motion study and subsequent photometric and spectroscopic observations. Membership in the cluster is confirmed for a number of the fainter proper-motion candidates from Heckman, Dieckvoss, and Kox (1956). Coordinates, finding charts, BVRI photometry, and rotational velocities are provided for most of the stars. At least two of the stars show peculiar H-alpha emission profiles, with weak but very broad emission wings, and relatively narrow absorption reversals. The rotational velocity distribution for low-mass stars in the Alpha Per cluster are compared with recently derived rotational velocity distributions for T Tauri stars, placing strong constraints on the mechanisms for angular momentum loss during pre-main-sequence evolution.

Stauffer, John R.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Freestanding 1T MoS 2 /graphene heterostructures as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for lithium polysulfides in Li–S batteries

A new method to effectively suppress the “polysulfide shuttle” in Li–S batteries is presented by designing a freestanding, three-dimensional graphene/1T MoS 2 (3DG/TM) heterostructure with highly efficient electrocatalysis properties for lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). The 3DG/TM heterostructure is constructed by few-layered graphene nanosheets sandwiched by hydrophilic, metallic, few-layered 1T MoS 2 nanosheets with abundant active sites. The porous 3D structure and the hydrophilic feature of 1T-MoS 2 are beneficial for electrolyte penetration and Li-ion transfer, and the high conductivities of both graphene and the 1T MoS 2 nanosheets facilitate electron transfer. These merits lead to a high electrocatalytic efficiency for LiPSs due to excellent ion/electron transfer and the presence of sufficient electrocatalytic active sites. Thus, the cells with 3DG/TM exhibit outstanding electrochemical performance, with a high reversible discharge capacity of 1181 mA h g -1 and a capacity retention of 96.3% after 200 cycles. The electrocatalysis mechanism of LiPSs is further experimentally and theoretically revealed, which provides new insights and opportunities to develop advanced Li–S batteries with highly efficient electrocatalysts for LiPS conversion.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS1992

Winds from T Tauri stars. II - Balmer line profiles for inner disk winds

Results are presented of calculations of Balmer emission line profiles using escape probability methods for T Tauri wind models with nonspherically symmetric geometry. The wind is assumed to originate in the inner regions of an accretion disk surrounding the T Tauri star, and flows outward in a 'cone' geometry. Two types of wind models are considered, both with monotonically increasing expansion velocities as a function of radial distance. For flows with large turbulent velocities, such as the HF Alfven wave-driven wind models, the effect of cone geometry is to increase the blue wing emission, and to move the absorption reversal close to line center. Line profiles for a wind model rotating with the same angular velocity as the inner disk are also calculated. The Balmer lines of this model are significantly broader than observed in most objects, suggesting that the observed emission lines do not arise in a region rotating at Keplerian velocity.

Calvet, Nuria↗
DOE OSTI2016

Effect of cleaning procedures on the electrical properties of carbon nanotube transistors—A statistical study

The interface between a carbon nanotube (CNT) and its environment can dramatically affect the electrical properties of CNT-based field-effect transistors (FETs). For such devices, the channel environment plays a significant role inducing doping or charge traps giving rise to hysteresis in the transistor characteristics. Thereby the fabrication process strongly determines the extent of those effects and the final device performance. In CNT-based devices obtained from dispersions, a proper individualization of the nanotubes is mandatory. This is generally realized by an ultrasonic treatment combined with surfactant molecules, which enwrap nanotubes forming micelle aggregates. To minimize impact on device performance, it is of vital importance to consider post-deposition treatments for removal of surfactant molecules and other impurities. In this context, we investigated the effect of several wet chemical cleaning and thermal post treatments on the electrical characteristics as well as physical properties of more than 600 devices fabricated only by wafer-level compatible technologies. We observed that nitric acid and water treatments improved the maximum-current of devices. Additionally, we found that the ethanol treatment successfully lowered hysteresis in the transfer characteristics. The effect of the chemical cleaning procedures was found to be more significant on CNT-metal contacts than for the FET channels. Moreover, we investigated the effect of an additional thermal cleaning step under vacuum after the chemical cleaning, which had an exceptional impact on the hysteresis behavior including hysteresis reversal. The presence of surfactant molecules on CNT was evidenced by X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopies. By identifying the role of surfactant molecules and assessing the enhancement of device performance as a direct consequence of several cleaning procedures, these results are important for the development of CNT-based electronics at the wafer-level.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2022

Toward full simulations for a liquid metal blanket: part 2. Computations of MHD flows with volumetric heating for a PbLi blanket prototype at Ha ~10 4 and Gr ~10 12

On the pathway toward full simulations for a liquid metal (LM) blanket, this part 2 extends a previous study of purely magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flows in a DCLL blanket in reference Chen et al (2020 Nucl. Fusion 60 076003) to more general conditions when the MHD flow is coupled with heat transfer. The simulated prototypic blanket module includes all components of a real LM blanket system, such as supply ducts, inlet and outlet manifolds, multiple poloidal ducts and a U-turn zone. Volumetric heating generated by fusion neutrons is added to simulate thermal effects in the flowing lead–lithium (PbLi) breeder. The MHD flow equations and the energy equation are solved with a DNS-type finite-volume code ‘MHD-UCAS’ on a very fine mesh of 470 × 10 6 cells. The applied magnetic field is 5 T (Hartmann number Ha ~ 10 4 ), the PbLi velocity in the poloidal ducts is 10 cm s –1 (Reynolds number Re ~10 5 ), whereas the maximum volumetric heating is 30 MW m –3 (Grashof number Gr ~ 10 12 ). Four cases have been simulated, including forced- and mixed-convection flows, and either an electrically conducting or insulating blanket structure. Various comparisons are made between the four computed cases and also against the purely MHD flows computed earlier in reference Chen et al (2020 Nucl. Fusion 60 076003) with regards to the (1) MHD pressure drop, (2) flow balancing, (3) temperature field, (4) flows in particular blanket components, and (5) 3D and turbulent flow effects. The strongest buoyancy effects were found in the poloidal ducts. In the electrically non-conducting blanket, the buoyancy forces lead to significant modifications of the flow structure, such as formation of reverse flows, whereas their effect on the MHD pressure drop is relatively small. In the electrically conducting blanket case, the buoyancy effects on the flow and MHD pressure drop are almost negligible.

Physics↗
NASA NTRS2008

Magnetohydrodynamic Effects in Propagating Relativistic Ejecta: Reverse Shock and Magnetic Acceleration

We solve the Riemann problem for the deceleration of arbitrarily magnetized relativistic ejecta injected into a static unmagnetized medium. We find that for the same initial Lorentz factor, the reverse shock becomes progressively weaker with increasing magnetization s (the Poynting-to-kinetic energy flux ratio), and the shock becomes a rarefaction wave when s exceeds a critical value, sc, defined by the balance between the magnetic pressure in the ejecta and the thermal pressure in the forward shock. In the rarefaction wave regime, we find that the rarefied region is accelerated to a Lorentz factor that is significantly larger than the initial value. This acceleration mechanism is due to the strong magnetic pressure in the ejecta.

Mizuno, Y.↗
NASA NTRS2012

Radiation from Shock-Accelerated Particles

Plasma instabilities excited in collisionless shocks are responsible for particle acceleration, generation of magnetic fields , and associated radiation. We have investigated the particle acceleration and shock structure associated with an unmagnetized relativistic jet propagating into an unmagnetized plasma. Cold jet electrons are thermalized and slowed while the ambient electrons are swept up to create a partially developed hydrodynamic-like shock structure. The shock structure depends on the composition of the jet and ambient plasma (electron-positron or electron-ions). Strong electromagnetic fields are generated in the reverse , jet shock and provide an emission site. These magnetic fields contribute to the electron's transverse deflection behind the shock. We have calculated, self-consistently, the radiation from electrons accelerated in the turbulent magnetic fields. We found that the synthetic spectra depend on the Lorentz factor of the jet, its thermal temperature and strength of the generated magnetic fields. The detailed properties of the radiation are important for understanding the complex time evolution and/or spectral structure in gamma-ray bursts, relativistic jet shocks, and supernova remnants

Nishikawa, Ken-ichi↗
DOE OSTI2016

Polarization control in an X-ray free-electron laser

X-ray free-electron lasers are unique sources of high-brightness coherent radiation. However, existing devices supply only linearly polarized light, precluding studies of chiral dynamics. A device called the Delta undulator has been installed at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) to provide tunable polarization. With a reverse tapered planar undulator line to pre-microbunch the beam and the novel technique of beam diverting, hundreds of microjoules of circularly polarized X-ray pulses are produced at 500–1,200 eV. These X-ray pulses are tens of femtoseconds long, have a degree of circular polarization of 0.98 –0.04 +0.02 at 707 eV and may be scanned in energy. We also present a new two-colour X-ray pump–X-ray probe operating mode for the LCLS. As a result, energy differences of ΔE/E = 2.4% are supported, and the second pulse can be adjusted to any elliptical polarization. In this mode, the pointing, timing, intensity and wavelength of the two pulses can be modified.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Probing the Active Sites of MoS 2 Based Hydrotreating Catalysts Using Modulation Excitation Spectroscopy

The reactive surface sites of MoS 2 hydrotreating catalysts (unpromoted as well as Co- and Ni-promoted) supported on MgAl 2 O 4 spinel were investigated with respect to the substitution of sulfur by oxygen using in situ XAS coupled with modulation excitation spectroscopy (MES). Specifically, MES experiments were carried out by periodically cycling between a H 2 O and H 2 S containing hydrogen gas mixture at 400 °C. Due to the low fraction of S–O exchange, conventional XANES and EXAFS data hardly showed any changes when these catalysts were exposed to increasing ratios of H 2 O to H 2 S in an H 2 atmosphere. XANES and EXAFS data extracted at the Mo K-edge by MES analysis showed that for approximately 1% of the Mo atoms, sulfur atoms are replaced by oxygen atoms when exposed to H 2 O, causing partial oxidation of these active sites. The reaction is reversible and Mo returns to its initial sulfide phase when H 2 O is removed and H 2 S is supplied in the feed. In the case of Co- and Ni-promoted catalysts, the magnitude of S–O exchange was found to be reduced, indicating the beneficial effect of promotion. MES at the Ni K-edge showed that Ni was oxidized during H 2 O exposure, which in turn delayed the Mo oxidation in the Ni-promoted catalyst. The structures of these catalysts under S–O exchange were modeled using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, showing that the edge atoms are affected strongly. For all three catalysts, OH substitution is more favorable, while O substitution could be possible at high H 2 O pressure for unpromoted MoS 2 . Mo K-edge XANES spectra calculated using these simulated structures support the results obtained from the MES experiments. In conclusion, the presented approach using MES in combination with XAS and supported by DFT can be extended in general to catalysts under operando conditions and is thus a useful tool for determination of the active site on an atomic-scale.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗