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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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NASA's Hydrogen Outpost: The Rocket Systems Area at Plum Brook Station
"There was pretty much a general knowledge about hydrogen and its capabilities," recalled former researcher Robert Graham. "The question was, could you use it in a rocket engine? Do we have the technology to handle it? How will it cool? Will it produce so much heat release that we can't cool the engine? These were the questions that we had to address." The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Glenn Research Center, referred to historically as the Lewis Research Center, made a concerted effort to answer these and related questions in the 1950s and 1960s. The center played a critical role transforming hydrogen's theoretical potential into a flight-ready propellant. Since then NASA has utilized liquid hydrogen to send humans and robots to the Moon, propel dozens of spacecraft across the universe, orbit scores of satellite systems, and power 135 space shuttle flights. Rocket pioneers had recognized hydrogen's potential early on, but its extremely low boiling temperature and low density made it impracticable as a fuel. The Lewis laboratory first demonstrated that liquid hydrogen could be safely utilized in rocket and aircraft propulsion systems, then perfected techniques to store, pump, and cleanly burn the fuel, as well as use it to cool the engine. The Rocket Systems Area at Lewis's remote testing area, Plum Brook Station, played a little known, but important role in the center's hydrogen research efforts. This publication focuses on the activities at the Rocket Systems Area, but it also discusses hydrogen's role in NASA's space program and Lewis's overall hydrogen work. The Rocket Systems Area included nine physically modest test sites and three test stands dedicated to liquid-hydrogen-related research. In 1962 Cleveland Plain Dealer reporter Karl Abram claimed, "The rocket facility looks more like a petroleum refinery. Its test rigs sprout pipes, valves and tanks. During the night test runs, excess hydrogen is burned from special stacks in the best Oklahoma oil field tradition." Besides the Rocket Systems Area, Plum Brook Station also included a nuclear test reactor, a large vacuum tank, a hypersonic wind tunnel, and a full-scale upper-stage rocket stand. The Rocket Systems Area operated from 1961 until NASA shut down all of Plum Brook in 1974. The center reopened Plum Brook in the late 1980s and continues to use several test facilities. The Rocket Systems Area, however, was not restored. Today Plum Brook resembles a nature preserve more than an oil refinery. Lush fields and forests separate the large test facilities. Until recently, the abandoned Rocket Systems Area structures and equipment were visible amongst the greenery. These space-age ruins, particularly the three towers, stood as silent sentinels over the sparsely populated reservation. Few knew the story of these mysterious facilities when NASA removed them in the late 2000s.
Rocket Systems↗
Orbital Debris: Quarterly News, April 2020
Inside - New NASA Orbital Debris Engineering Model ORDEM 3.1 - Composite Material Char Rate and Strength Retention Study at University of Texas Austin - Conference and Meeting Reports - Space Missions and Satellite Box Score
Orbital Debris Engineering Model↗
Orbital Debris Quarterly News, April 2020
Inside - Second Fragmentation of Fregat Upper Stage Debris - DAS v3.1 Release - Development of Experimental Hypervelocity Impact Capabilities with Non-Spherical Projectiles - Short-Term Satellite Breakup Risk Assessment Model Process - Two Recent Breakup Events Updated - Space Missions and Satellite Box Score
Orbital Debris↗
Orbital Debris Quarterly News, March 2022
Inside - ORDEM 3.2Release - DAS 3.2 Release - International Space Station Maneuvers Twice to Avoid Fragmentation Debris - Two Minor Breakup Events in Fourth Quarter of 2021 - Conference and Workshop Reports8UpcomingMeetings - Space Missions and Satellite Box Score
Heather Cowardin↗
Orbital Debris Quarterly News
- DebriSat Analysis and Shape Categorization - The Influence of Fragmentations and Mission-related Objects on the Space Environment - Abstracts from the NASA ODPO - Abstracts from the HVIT Group - Conference and Workshop Reports - Upcoming Meetings - Space Missions and Satellite Box Score
Heather Cowardin↗
Orbital Debris Quarterly News, March 2023
- ISS Maneuver - NASA Releases HOOSF Update - Robert C. Reynolds Passes Away - Updates of the ES-MCAT for GEO Survey Operations - SpaceX Crew-4 Post-flight Inspection - Goldstone Measurements of the OD Environment: 2020-2021 - Meeting Reports - Upcoming Meetings - Plots - Space Missions and Satellite Box Score
Heather Mae Cowardin↗
Orbital Debris Quarterly News, June 2023
Inside - DAS Release - Recent Advances in Modeling Hollow Objects During Reentry - Two Years of Space Traffic: Current Trends in New Payloads and Debris in Orbit - Overview of ORDEM Web Application Features - Workshop Report - Upcoming Meetings - Space Missions and Satellite Box Score
Heather Cowardin↗
Orbital Debris Quarterly News, August 2023
- IOC II Announces Program and Venue - Continuing Development of ISO Debris Mitigation Standards - DAS Release - MEO Releases New Example Library - Updated Flux Interpolation in ORDEM - Evolution of Major Debris Clouds in LEO - ODPO Receives the 2022 Agency Group Achievement Honor Award - Upcoming Meetings - Orbital Debris Environment Plot - Space Missions and Satellite Box Score
Heather Cowardin↗
Orbital Debris Quarterly News, October 2023
In this issue: - ISS Maneuvers to Avoid Potential Collisions Twice in August 2023 - Derelict Cosmos Communications Spacecraft Breaks Up in June 2023 - Gene Stansbery, Former NASA Program Manager for Orbital Debris, Passes - HUSIR Radar Measurements of the Orbital Debris Environment: 2022 - Thirty Years Later: A Look Back at the 1993 JSC Perseid Stormwatch Center - IOC II Commences in December 2023 - NASA ODPO and HVIT Abstract - Conference Report - Orbital Debris Environment Plots - Space Missions and Satellite Box Score
Heather Mae Cowardin↗
Orbital Debris Quarterly News, February 2024
- The Second International Orbital Debris Conference - ISS Maneuvers to Avoid Potential November 2023 Collision - Goldstone Radar Measurements of the Orbital Debris Environment: 2022 - ODPO Lab Updates - Conference and Workshop Reports - Upcoming Meetings - IOC II Conference Abstracts from the NASA HVIT - IOC II Conference Abstracts from the NASA ODPO - Space Missions and Satellite Box Score
Heather Cowardin↗
Orbital Debris Quarterly News, April 2024
- 2024 UN COPUOS STSC Session - Evolution of the Cosmos 1408 Breakup Cloud - Modeling the Small Debris Population in ORDEM - Meeting Report - Upcoming Meetings - Plot - Space Missions and Satellite Box Score
Heather Cowardin↗
Orbital Debris Quarterly News, October 2024
- Three New On-orbit Fragmentations - NASA’s ODPO Wins Software of the Year Award - Aerodynamic Demise Model for Carbon Fiber Polymer Fiber - DebriSat: 10 years and Growing - Meeting Reports - Upcoming Meetings - NASA ODPO Abstracts - Space Missions, and Satellite Box Score
Heather Cowardin↗
Orbital Debris Quarterly News, Volume 29 Issue 1
In This Issue: - Two New On-orbit Fragmentations - Machine Learning Applications Supporting the ODPO - Radar Measurements of the Orbital Debris Environment from HUSIR and Goldstone: 2023 - Meeting Reports - Monthly Number of Objects in Earth Orbit by Object Type - Upcoming Meetings - Space Missions and Satellite Box Score
Heather Cowardin↗
Tethered Satellite System (TSS-1R)-Post Flight (STS-75) Engineering Performance Report
The first mission of the Tethered Satellite deployer was flown onboard Atlantis in 1992 during the Space Transportation System (STS) flight STS-46. Due to a mechanical interference with the level wind mechanism the satellite was only Deployed to 256 m rather than the planned 20,000 m. Other problems were also experienced during the STS-46 flight and several modifications were made to the Deployer and Satellite. STS-75 was a reflight of the Tethered Satellite System 1 (TSS-1) designated as Tethered Satellite System 1 Reflight (TSS-1 R) onboard Columbia. As on STS-46, the TSS payload consisted of the Deployer, the Satellite, 3 cargo bay mounted experiments: Shuttle Electrodynamic Tether System (SETS), Shuttle Potential and Return Electron Experiment (SPREE), Deployer Core Equipment (DCORE) 4 Satellite mounted experiments: Research on Electrodynamics Tether Effects (RETE), Research on Orbital Plasma Electrodynamics (ROPE), Satellite Core Instruments (SCORE), Tether Magnetic Field Experiment (TEMAG) and an aft flight deck camera: Tether Optical Phenomena Experiment (TOP). Following successful pre-launch, launch and pre-deployment orbital operations, the Deployer deployed the Tethered Satellite to 19,695 m at which point the tether broke within the Satellite Deployment Boom (SDB). The planned length for On-Station I (OST1) was 20,700 m The Satellite flew away from the Orbiter with the tether attached. The satellite was "safed" and placed in a limited power mode via the RF link. The Satellite was contacted periodically during overflights of ground stations. Cargo bay science activities continued for the period of time allocated to TSS-1 R operations.
Lavoie, Anthony R.↗
Recent Trends of the Tropical Hydrological Cycle Inferred from Global Precipitation Climatology Project and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project data
Scores of modeling studies have shown that increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere impact the global hydrologic cycle; however, disagreements on regional scales are large, and thus the simulated trends of such impacts, even for regions as large as the tropics, remain uncertain. The present investigation attempts to examine such trends in the observations using satellite data products comprising Global Precipitation Climatology Project precipitation and International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project cloud and radiation. Specifically, evolving trends of the tropical hydrological cycle over the last 20-30 years were identified and analyzed. The results show (1) intensification of tropical precipitation in the rising regions of the Walker and Hadley circulations and weakening over the sinking regions of the associated overturning circulation; (2) poleward shift of the subtropical dry zones (up to 2deg/decade in June-July-August (JJA) in the Northern Hemisphere and 0.3-0.7deg/decade in June-July-August and September-October-November in the Southern Hemisphere) consistent with an overall broadening of the Hadley circulation; and (3) significant poleward migration (0.9-1.7deg/decade) of cloud boundaries of Hadley cell and plausible narrowing of the high cloudiness in the Intertropical Convergence Zone region in some seasons. These results support findings of some of the previous studies that showed strengthening of the tropical hydrological cycle and expansion of the Hadley cell that are potentially related to the recent global warming trends.
Zhou, Y. P.↗
Initial Results from the GEM Challenge on the Spacecraft Surface Charging Environment
Spacecraft surface charging during geomagnetically disturbed times is one of the most important causes of satellite anomalies. Predicting the surface charging environment is one prevalent task of the geospace environment models. Therefore, the Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) Focus Group "Inner Magnetosphere Crossenergy/Population Interactions" initiated a communitywide challenge study to assess the capability of several inner magnetosphere ring current models in determining surface charging environment for the Van Allen Probes orbits during the 17 March 2013 storm event. The integrated electron flux between 10 and 50 keV is used as the metrics. Various skill scores are applied to quantitatively measure the modeling performance against observations. Results indicate that no model consistently perform the best in all of the skill scores or for both satellites. We find that from these simulations the ring current model with observational flux boundary condition and Weimer electric potential driver generally reproduces the most realistic flux level around the spacecraft. A simple and weaker VollandStern electric field is not capable of effectively transporting the same plasma at the boundary toward the Earth. On the other hand, if the ring current model solves the electric field selfconsistently and obtains similar strength and pattern in the equatorial plane as the Weimer model, the boundary condition plays another crucial role in determining the electron flux level in the inner region. When the boundary flux spectra based on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model/empirical model deviate from the shape or magnitude of the observed distribution function, the simulation produces poor skill scores along Van Allen Probes orbits.
Yu, Yiqun↗
Satellite situation report, volume 32, no. 4
This report consists of data computed at the U.S. Space Command, GSFC, or provided by satellite owners. A space objects box score table is presented with data under the following headings: source/organization, objects in orbit, and decayed objects. The objects in orbit and decayed objects headings have payload, debris, and total as subheadings. The bulk of the document is objects-in-orbit tables with data under the following headings: international designation, name, catalog number, source, launch date, period minutes, inclination, apogee (km), perigee (km), and notes.
Source record↗