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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2021

Preliminary Cryogenic Cold Test Results of the First 9-Cell LSF Shape Cavity

Following successful prototyping and testing of single- & 5-cell LSF shape cavities *, **, the first 9-cell LSF shape cavity LSF9-1 was successfully constructed using an innovative process at JLab with the in-house facilities. The cavity was then shipped to KEK for post-fabrication mechanical adjustment and ILC TDR style treatment and surface processing. Cold testing was carried out at the JLab VTA facility, instrumented with a suite of Kyoto instruments. Favorable values for the bath pressure detuning sensitivity and Lorentz force detuning coefficient were experimentally measured, validating the design improvement in cell stiffeners. Pass-band measurements indicate 4 out of 9 cells reaching gradient capability of > 45 MV/m, including 2 cells reaching 51 MV/m. Cornell OST detectors identified the cell and location responsible for the current hard quench limit. Multipacting-like barriers observed in end cells are investigated both analytically and numerically. The cavity was shipped to FNAL and received a light EP at the joint ANL/FNAL facility for further cold testing at Jlab. Two new 9-cell LSF cavities are being constructed including one made of large-grain niobium material.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Shaped Beams from Diamond Field-Emitter Array Cathodes

Diamond field-emitter arrays (DFEAs) are arrays of diamond pyramids with exquisitely sharp tips and micrometer-scale bases that produce high current densities. These arrays can be fabricated in arbitrary shapes, ranging from single tips to many millions of tips, so that they produce an inherently shaped electron beam. Each tip emits a modest current, but the large dense array can produce many Amps. We are investigating these cathodes for use in dielectric wakefield accelerators; however, they may also be applicable to vacuum microwave tubes. Recently, shaped beam production and transport have been demonstrated in the 1.3-GHz RF gun at the Argonne Cathode Test Stand at the Argonne National Laboratory. The charge was measured on a Faraday cup and the beam imaged on a YAG screen with peak electric field gradients on the cathode ranging from 12 to 35 MV/m. Three cathode geometries were tested: one 1-mm equilateral triangle with 7-mu m base pyramids and 10-mu m pitch, one 1-mm equilateral triangle with 10-mu m base and 25-mu m pitch, and one sparse 5 x 5 square array with 20-mu m base and 400-mu m pitch. The two triangular arrays emitted 35 nC in an RF macropulse at 35 MV/m and 13-nC charge at 27 MV/m, respectively, while the sparse array emitted 0.060-nC charge at 15 MV/m. This article presents the results of the triangular array experiments, including damage due to breakdown in the RF gun and initial models of tip-to-tip shielding.

Cathodes↗
DOE OSTI2015

Shape-Controlled Narrow-Gap SnTe Nanostructures: From Nanocubes to Nanorods and Nanowires

The rational design and synthesis of narrow-gap colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) is an important step toward the next generation of solution-processable photovoltaics, photodetectors, and thermoelectric devices. SnTe NCs are particularly attractive as a Pb-free alternative to NCs of narrow-gap lead chalcogenides. Previous synthetic efforts on SnTe NCs have focused on spherical nanoparticles. Here we report new strategies for synthesis of SnTe NCs with shapes tunable from highly monodisperse nanocubes, to nanorods (NRs) with variable aspect ratios, and finally to long, straight nanowires (NWs). Reaction at high temperature quickly forms thermodynamically favored nanocubes, but low temperatures lead to elongated particles. Transmission electron microscopy studies of reaction products at various stages of the synthesis reveal that the growth and shape-focusing of monodisperse SnTe nanocubes likely involves interparticle ripening, while directional growth of NRs and NWs may be initiated by particle dimerization via oriented attachment.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Shape-constrained Input Estimation for Efficient Multi-shaker Vibration Testing

Multi-shaker vibration testing is gaining interest from structural dynamics test engineers as it can provide a much more accurate match to complicated field vibration responses than traditional single-axis shaker tests. However, the force capabilities of the small modal shakers typically used in multi-shaker vibration tests has limited the achievable response levels. To date, most multi-shaker vibration tests have been performed using a variety of standard, commercially-available control systems. While these control systems are adequate for a wide range of multiple-input/multiple-output tests, their control algorithms have not been tailored for the specific problem of multi-shaker vibration tests: efficiently coordinating the various shakers to work together to achieve a desired response. Here, a new input estimation algorithm is developed and demonstrated using simulations and actual test data. This algorithm, dubbed shape-constrained input estimation, is shown to effectively coordinate multiple shakers using a set of constraint vectors based on the deflection shapes of the test structure. This is accomplished by using the singular vector shapes of the system frequency response matrix, which allows the constraint vectors to automatically change as a function of frequency. Simulation and test results indicate a significant reduction in the input forces required to achieve a desired response. Finally, the results indicate that shape-constrained input estimation is an effective method to achieve higher response levels from limited shaker forces which will enable higher level multi-shaker vibration tests to be performed.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2015

Impact of dynamic specimen shape evolution on the atom probe tomography results of doped epitaxial oxide multilayers: Comparison of experiment and simulation

The experimental atom probe tomography (APT) results from two different specimen orientations (top-down and sideways) of a high oxygen ion conducting Samaria-doped-ceria/Scandia-stabilized-zirconia multilayer thin film solid oxide fuel cell electrolyte was compared with level-set method based field evaporation simulations for the same specimen orientations. This experiment-simulation comparison explains the dynamic specimen shape evolution and ion trajectory aberrations that can induce density artifacts in final reconstruction, leading to inaccurate estimation of interfacial intermixing. This study highlights the importance of comparing experimental results with field evaporation simulations when using APT to study oxide heterostructure interfaces.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2024

Advanced Permanent Magnet Generator Topologies Using Multimaterial Shape Optimization and 3D Printing: Preprint

A vast majority of utility-scale wind turbine generators in the United States are dependent on foreign- sourced rare-earth permanent magnets that are vulnerable to supply chain uncertainties. Many small wind original equipment manufacturers are motivated to pursue continuous improvements to the generator design to lower the material and production costs and improve performance by lowering cogging torque and increasing the efficiency. Traditional design and manufacturing offer limited opportunities. In this work, we demonstrate advanced design approaches for a 15-kW baseline wind turbine generator by making use of recent progress in three-dimensional (3D) printing of polymer- bonded magnets and, electrical and structural steel. We explore three methods of magnet parametrization using Bezier curves resulting in symmetric, asymmetric and multimaterial magnet designs. We employ a multiphysics approach combining parametric computer-aided design modeling, finite- element analysis and targeted sampling to identify novel designs with more opportunities for reducing rare-earth material, improving efficiency and minimizing cogging torque. The results show that asymmetric-pole design and multimaterial-pole designs offer a greater opportunity to minimize rare-earth magnet materials by up to 35% with similar performance as the baseline generator, suggesting newer opportunities with design freedom beyond traditional limits of symmetry and as allowed by 3D printing.

Bezier curves↗
DOE OSTI2021

How Snow Aggregate Ellipsoid Shape and Orientation Variability Affects Fall Speed and Self-Aggregation Rates

Snow aggregate shapes and orientations have long been known to exhibit substantial variability. Despite this observed variability, most weather and climate prediction models use fixed power-law functions that deterministically map particle size to mass and fall speed. As such, integrated quantities like precipitation and self-aggregation rates currently ignore nonlinear effects resulting from variation in shape and orientation for aggregates of the same size. This study therefore develops an analytic framework that couples an empirically based bivariate distribution of ellipsoid shapes to classical hydrodynamic theory so as to capture an appropriate dispersion of masses, projected areas, and fall speeds for an assumed size distribution. For a fixed aggregate size, shape variations produce approximately ±0.13 m s -1 standard deviation of fall speed which increases the mass flux fall speed dispersion by more than 100% over traditional microphysics models. This increased fall speed dispersion results predominantly from shape-induced mass dispersion whereas orientation and drag dispersion play a lesser role. Shape variations can increase mass- and reflectivity-weighted fall speeds by up to 60% of traditional models whereas self-aggregation rates can increase by a factor of 100 for very small slope parameters. This implies that aggregate shape variations effectively forestall the theorized onset of fall speed distribution narrowing and subsequent quenching of the aggregation process. As a result, it is likely that secondary ice formation is necessary to prevent an ever decreasing slope parameter. The mathematical theory presented in this study is used to develop simple correction factors for snow forecast and climate models.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2017

Precision Control of the Electron Longitudinal Bunch Shape Using an Emittance-Exchange Beam Line

We report on the experimental generation of relativistic electron bunches with a tunable longitudinal bunch shape. A longitudinal bunch-shaping (LBS) beam line, consisting of a transverse mask followed by a transverse-to-longitudinal emittance exchange (EEX) beam line, is used to tailor the longitudinal bunch shape (or current profile) of the electron bunch. The mask shapes the bunch’s horizontal profile, and the EEX beam line converts it to a corresponding longitudinal profile. The Argonne wakefield accelerator rf photoinjector delivers electron bunches into a LBS beamline to generate a variety of longitudinal bunch shapes. The quality of the longitudinal bunch shape is limited by various perturbations in the exchange process. We develop a simple method, based on the incident slope of the bunch, to significantly suppress the perturbations

Ha, G.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Data-driven predictive probability density function control of fiber length stochastic distribution shaping in refining process

Pulp is the most important raw material in paper in paper industries, whose Fiber Length Stochastic Distribution (FLSD) shaping directly determines the energy consumption and paper quality of the subsequent papermaking processes. However, the mean and variance are insufficient to describe the output FLSD shaping, which display non-Gaussian distribution properties. Therefore, the traditional control, method based on the mean and variance of fiber length is difficult to control the FLSD shaping effectively. In this paper, a novel data-driven predictive probability density function (PDF) control method is proposed for output FLSD shaping in refining process. Primarily, in order to improve the approximation accuracy of the PDF employing RBF neural network, the parameters (center value and width) of each RBF basis functions are tuned via utilizing iterative learning control (ILC) law, and the corresponding estimations of weights law can be obtained. Secondly, considering that the conventional linear model of weights vector has drawbacks of low accuracy and weak generalization ability, random vector functional link networks (RVFLNs) based data driven nonlinear modelling method is employed to characterize the prediction model between the input variables and weights vector. Finally, in order to reduce the randomness of the output FLSD, a minimum entropy control method under mean constraint is employed to design the predictive PDF controller for the output FLSD shaping with the help of the established nonlinear stochastic distribution model. Both simulations and experiments are given to illustrate the effectiveness and practicability of the proposed method.

Probability debsity function, Fiber length distrib↗
DOE OSTI2019

Solid-Phase Synthesis of Three-Armed Star-Shaped Peptoids and Their Hierarchical Self-Assembly

Due to the branched structure feature and unique properties, a variety of star-shaped polymers have been designed and synthesized. Despite those advances, solid-phase synthesis of star-shaped sequence-defined synthetic polymers that exhibit hierarchical self-assembly remains a significant challenge. Hence, we present an effective strategy for the solid-phase synthesis of three-armed star-shaped peptoids, in which ethylenediamine was used as the centric star pivot. Based on the sequence of monomer addition, a series of AA'A''-type and ABB'-type peptoids were synthesized and characterized by UPLC-MS (ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry). By taking advantage of the easy-synthesis and large side-chain diversity, we synthesized star-shaped peptoids with tunable functions. We further demonstrated the aqueous self-assembly of some representative peptoids into biomimetic nanomaterials with well-defined hierarchical structures, such as nanofibers and nanotubes. These results indicate that star-shaped peptoids offer the potential in self-assembly of biomimetic nanomaterials with tunable chemistries and functions.

Solid-phase synthesis, star-shaped peptoids, aqueo↗
DOE OSTI2020

Shape Dependence of Pressure-Induced Phase Transition in CdS Semiconductor Nanocrystals

Understanding structural stability and phase transformation of nanoparticles under high pressure is of great scientific interest, as it is one of the crucial factors for design, synthesis, and application of materials. Even though high-pressure research on nanomaterials has been widely conducted, their shape-dependent phase transition behavior still remains unclear. Examples of phase transitions of CdS nanoparticles are very limited, despite the fact that it is one of the most studied wide band gap semiconductors. Here we have employed in-situ synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate the high-pressure behaviors of CdS nanoparticles as a function of particle shapes. We observed that CdS nanoparticles transform from wurtzite to rocksalt phase at elevated pressure in comparison to their bulk counterpart. Phase transitions also vary with particle shape—rod-shaped particles show a partially reversible phase transition and the onset of the structural phase transition pressure decreases with decreasing surface-to-volume ratios, while spherical particles undergo irreversible phase transition with relatively low phase transition pressure. Additionally, TEM images of spherical particles exhibited sintering-induced morphology change after high-pressure compression. Calculations of the bulk modulus reveals that spheres are more compressible than rods in the wurtzite phase. These results indicate that the shape of the particle plays an important role in determining their high-pressure properties. Our study provides important insights into understanding of the phase-structure-property relationship, guiding future design and synthesis of nanoparticles for promising applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Shape Evolution of C75 Large-Grain Niobium Half-Cells During Cavity Fabrication

The largely anisotropic deformation of large-grain Nb discs during deep drawing into half-cells poses a challenge for achieving a desired shape accuracy. Two 5-cell cavities for the C75 CEBAF cryomodule rework program have been fabricated at Jefferson Lab from large-grain Nb discs directly sliced from an ingot. The shape of the inner surface of eight half-cells has been inspected using a FARO Edge laser scanner during the fabrication process and compared to the reference shape. On average, approximately 63% of the half-cell inner surface was found to be within 0.1 mm of the reference shape and ~90% to be within 0.2 mm, after the final equator machining. Several 5-cell C75 cavities have also been fabricated at Research Instruments, Germany, and measurements of the shape accuracy using a Zeiss 3D coordinate measuring machine gave similar results. One half-cell was measured both at Research Instruments and Jefferson Lab for comparison.

Ciovati, G.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Empirical Investigations of the Opportunity Limits of Automatic Residential Electric Load Shaping

Residential electric load shaping is often modeled as infrequent, utility-initiated, short-duration deferral of peak demand through direct load control. In contrast, modeled herein is the potential for frequent, transactive, intraday, consumer-configurable load shaping for storage-capable thermostatically controlled electric loads (TCLs), including refrigerators, freezers, and hot water heaters. Unique to this study are 28 months of 15-minute-interval observations of usage in 101 homes in the Pacific Northwest United States that specify exact start, duration, and usage patterns of approximately 25 submetered loads per home. The magnitudes of the load shift from voluntarily-participating TCL appliances are aggregated to form hourly upper and lower load-shaping limits for the coordination of electrical generation, transmission, distribution, storage, and demand. Empirical data are statistically analyzed to define metrics that help quantify load-shaping opportunities.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2015

A Near-Threshold Shape Resonance in the Valence-Shell Photoabsorption of Linear Alkynes

The room-temperature photoabsorption spectra of a number of linear alkynes with internal triple bonds (e.g., 2-butyne, 2-pentyne, and 2- and 3-hexyne) show similar resonances just above the lowest ionization threshold of the neutral molecules. These features result in a substantial enhancement of the photoabsorption cross sections relative to the cross sections of alkynes with terminal triple bonds (e.g., propyne, 1-butyne, 1-pentyne,...). Based on earlier work on 2-butyne [Xu et al., J. Chem. Phys. 2012, 136, 154303], these features are assigned to excitation from the neutral highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to a shape resonance with g (l = 4) character and approximate pi symmetry. This generic behavior results from the similarity of the HOMOs in all internal alkynes, as well as the similarity of the corresponding g pi virtual orbital in the continuum. Theoretical calculations of the absorption spectrum above the ionization threshold for the 2- and 3-alkynes show the presence of a shape resonance when the coupling between the two degenerate or nearly degenerate pi channels is included, with a dominant contribution from l = 4. These calculations thus confirm the qualitative arguments for the importance of the l = 4 continuum near threshold for internal alkynes, which should also apply to other linear internal alkynes and alkynyl radicals. The 1-alkynes do not have such high partial waves present in the shape resonance. The lower l partial waves in these systems are consistent with the broader features observed in the corresponding spectra.

photoabsorption↗
DOE OSTI2015

New low-energy 0 + state and shape coexistence in Ni 70

We report that in recent models, the neutron-rich Ni isotopes around N=40 are predicted to exhibit multiple low-energy excited 0 + states attributed to neutron and proton excitations across both the N=40 and Z=28 shell gaps. In 68 Ni, the three observed 0 + states have been interpreted in terms of triple shape coexistence between spherical, oblate, and prolate deformed shapes. In the present work a new (0 2 + ) state at an energy of 1567 keV has been discovered in 70 Ni by using β-delayed, γ-ray spectroscopy following the decay of 70 Co. The precipitous drop in the energy of the prolate-deformed 0 + level between 68 Ni and 70 Ni with the addition of two neutrons compares favorably with results of Monte Carlo shell-model calculations carried out in the large f pg9/2 d 5/2 model space, which predict a 0 2 + state at 1525 keV in 70 Ni. Finally, the result extends the shape-coexistence picture in the region to 70 Ni and confirms the importance of the role of the tensor component of the monopole interaction in describing the structure of neutron-rich nuclei.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗