Low-Cost and Efficient Flight Operations for SIRTF
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Low Cost and Efficient Flight Operations System for SIRTF
The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), the fourth of the Great Observatories, will be placed in a unique solar orbit trailing the Earth, in 2001.
SIRTF Astronomy Operations↗
Efficient computer algorithms for infrared astronomy data processing
Data processing techniques to be studied for use in infrared astronomy data analysis systems are outlined. Only data from space based telescope systems operating as survey instruments are considered. Resulting algorithms, and in some cases specific software, will be applicable for use with the infrared astronomy satellite (IRAS) and the shuttle infrared telescope facility (SIRTF). Operational tests made during the investigation use data from the celestial mapping program (CMP). The overall task differs from that involved in ground-based infrared telescope data reduction.
Pelzmann, R. F., Jr.↗
Orbital operations with the Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility /SIRTF/
The Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) is a cryogenically-cooled, 1-m-class telescope that will be operated from the Space Shuttle as an observatory for infrared astronomy. This paper discusses the scientific constraints on and the requirements for pointing and controlling SIRTF as well as several aspects of SIRTF orbital operations. The basic pointing requirement is for an rms stability of 0.25 arcsec, which is necessary to realize the full angular resolution of the 5-micron diffraction-limited SIRTF. Achieving this stability requires the use of hardware and software integral to SIRTF working interactively with the gyrostabilized Shuttle pointing-mount. The higher sensitivity of SIRTF, together with orbital and time constraints, puts a premium on rapid target acquisition and on efficient operational and observational procedures. Several possible acquisition modes are discussed, and the importance of source acquisition by maximizing the output of an infrared detector is emphasized.
Werner, M. W.↗
The SIRTF mission
This paper describes the scientific and technical background and prospects for the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF). SIRTF is a cryogenically-cooled, one meter-class space telescope which will be operated by NASA as an observatory for infrared astronomy, in the mid-1990's. SIRTF will provide detailed studies of even the faintest IRAS sources, important new capabilities for the study of known astrophysical phenomena, and the potential to make new and unexpected discoveries about the nature of the universe. The long-life SIRTF mission has undergone intensive review by the SIRTF Science Working Group, which was selected in mid-1984. This paper presents the outcome of that review process and describes the SIRTF program as it is now envisioned. Particular emphasis will be placed on the choice of orbit for SIRTF, the SIRTF scientific performance requirements, and the baseline design concept for the SIRTF facility and mission.
Werner, Michael W.↗
SIRTF - The Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility
The Shuttle Infrared Telescope (SIRTF) is a 1-m class cryogenically cooled telescope to be operated from the shuttle as a facility for infrared astronomy. By exploiting the very low infrared background of space, SIRTF will achieve 100 to 1000 times the sensitivity currently attainable at infrared wavelengths between 2 and 200 microns. The scientific requirements of SIRTF, the current design concept, and the scientific capabilities of the systems are reviewed. We also review recent experimental results showing that mirrors made of glassy materials may be suitable for use in large cryogenic telescopes such as SIRTF.
Werner, M. W.↗
SIRTF - The Shuttle Infrared Telescope Facility
The Shuttle Infrared Telescope (SIRTF) is a 1-m class cryogenically cooled telescope to be operated from the Shuttle as a facility for infrared astronomy. By exploiting the very low infrared background of space, SIRTF will achieve 100 to 1000 times the sensitivity currently attainable at infrared wavelengths between 2 and 200 microns. The scientific requirements of SIRTF, the current design concept, and the scientific capabilities of the systems are reviewed. Recent experimental results are also reviewed showing that mirrors made of glassy materials may be suitable for use in large cryogenic telescopes such as SIRTF. Previously announced in STAR as N82-32207
Werner, M. W.↗
Servicing operations for the SIRTF Observatory at the Space Station
This paper describes the servicing requirements, plans, and proposed Space Station-based servicing operations for the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) Observatory. SIRTF is a cryogenically-cooled, long-life, one meter class space telescope which will be operated by NASA as a free-flying observatory for infrared astronomy, in the mid-1990's. To achieve its 5-year lifetime requirement (10 year goal), SIRTF must be replenished periodically with cryogenic helium and have its life-limited modular subsystems replaced; capability for contingency repair of warm components will also be provided in the Observatory design. A general description of the SIRTF Observatory is given, including options for the support systems (spacecraft). The overall servicing philosophy and plans are addressed with scheduling and needed support elements described. A proposed Space Station-based servicing scenario is described, including orbital transfer, servicing and checkout operations. A detailed description and timeline for liquid helium replenishment operations is provided, including a conceptual design and technology development program for the cryogenic helium transfer dewar (tanker). Finally, a preliminary SIRTF spares/logistics philosophy is outlined, including tradeoffs to be considered.
Wiltsee, Christopher B.↗
Thermal systems analysis for the Space Infrared Telescope Facility dewar
Thermal systems analysis models were used to design SFHe cooled dewar for the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), a 1 m class cryogenically cooled observatory for IR astronomy. The models are capable of computing both the heat leaks into the dewar and the operating temperature of a SFHe tank. The models are aimed at predicting the ability of the SIRTF cryogenic system to satisfy a five-year mission lifetime requirement and maintain the SFHe tank operating temperature of 1.25 K to provide sufficient cooling for science instruments and the optical system. The thermal models are very detailed and very fast with a typical steady state run of about 20 sec on a VAX minicomputer.
Bhandari, Pradeep↗
Cosmological investigations from SIRTF
An overview is presented of the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), a one-meter-class cryogenically-cooled observatory for IR astronomy from space that will be the IR component of NASA's family of Great Observatories. SIRTF will operate at an altitude of 100,000 km and achieve its five year lifetime without the complication of on-orbit cryogenic replenishment and have twice the on-target efficiency that could be realized in LEO. The observations will permit the development of a direct empirical picture of the time evolution of cosmic phenomena, such as evolution of the chemical and stellar content of galaxies and the growth and decay of the quasar population.
Werner, M.↗
Study of helium transfer technology for STICCR: Fluid management
The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) is a long life cryogenically cooled space based telescope for infrared astronomy from 2 to 700 microns currently under study and planned for launch in the mid 90's. SIRTF will operate as a multi-user facility, initially carrying 3 instruments at the focal plane. It will be cooled to below 2 K by superfluid liquid helium to achieve radiometric sensitivity limited only by the statistical fluctuations in the natural infrared background radiation over most of its spectral range. The lifetime of the mission will be limited by the lifetime of the liquid helium supply, and is currently baselined to be 2 years. Candidates are reviewed for a liquid management device to be used in the resupply of liquid helium, and for the selection of an appropriate candidate.
Frank, D. J.↗
BASD: SIRTF Telescope Instrument Changeout and Cryogen Replenishment (STICCR) study
The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) is a long-life cryogenically cooled space-based telescope for infrared astronomy from 2 micrometer to 700 miocrometers currently under study by NASA-ARC, and planned for launch in approximately the mid 90's. SIRTF will operate as a multi-user facility, initially carrying 3 instruments at the focal plane. It will be cooled to below 2 K by superfluid liquid helium to achieve radiometric sensitivity limited only by the statistical fluctuations in the natural infrared background radiation over most of its spectral range. The lifetime of the mission will be limited by the lifetime of the liquid helium supply, and is currently baselined to be 2 years. The telescope changes required to allow in-space replenishment of the 2,000 liter superfluid helium tank are investigated. A preliminary design for the space services equipment is also developed. The impacts of basing the equipment and servicing on the space station are investigated. Space replenishment and changeout of instruments requires changes to the telescope design and preliminary concepts are presented.
Mord, A. J.↗
SIRTF Telescope Instrument Changeout and Cryogen Replenishment (STICCR) Study
The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) is a long-life cryogenically cooled space-based telescope for infrared astronomy from 2 to 700 micrometers. SIRTF is currently under study by NASA-ARC (Reference AP) and planned for launch in approximately the mid 1990s. SIRTF will operate as a multiuser facility, initially carrying three instruments at the focal plane. It will be cooled to below 2 K by superfluid liquid helium to achieve radiometric sensitivity limited only by the statistical fluctuations in the natural infrared background radiation over most of its spectral range. The lifetime of the mission will be limited by the lifetime of the liquid helium supply, and baseline is currently to be 2 years. The telescope changes required to allow in-space replenishment of the 4,000-L superfluid helium tank was investigated. A preliminary design for the space services equipment was also developed. The impacts of basing the equipment and servicing on the space station were investigated. Space replenishment and changeout of instruments required changes to the telescope design. Preliminary concepts are presented.
Nast, T. C.↗
Objectives for the Space Infrared Telescope Facility
The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRFT) is a one-meter-class, liquid-helium-cooled, earth-orbiting astronomical observatory that will be the infrared component of NASA's family of Great Observatories. SIRTF will investigate numerous scientific areas including formation and evolution of galaxies, stars, and other solar systems; supernovae; phenomena in our own solar system; and, undoubtedly, topics that are outside today's scientific domain. SIRTF's three instruments will permit imaging at all infrared wavelengths from 1.8 to 1200 microns and spectroscopy from 2.5 to 200 microns. The observatory will operate at an altitude of 100,000 km where it will achieve a five-year lifetime and operate with better than 80 percent on-target efficiency. The scientific importance and technical and programmatic readiness of SIRTF has been recognized by the 1991 report of the National Research Council's Astronomy and Astrophysics Survey Committee which recently identified SIRTF as the highest priority major new initiative in all of astronomy for the coming decade.
Spehalski, Richard J.↗
Unfulfilled needs in IR astronomy focal-plane readout electronics
The NOAO's 8-m IR optimized telescope for Mauna Kea and NASA's SIRTF show that from 1 to 200 microns there are a number of unfulfilled needs in readout electronics. These include: extremely low readnoise, less than 10 electrons, stable operation at temperatures as low as 2 K, high well capacity, greater than 1 e 7 electrons, and integration times from 30 msec to over 100 sec. Sensors for adaptive optics systems are required with readnoise less than 10 electrons and response times of 30 msec. They should be highly efficient from 1 to 2.5 microns, but may have small formats. Ground-based imagers at these wavelengths need comparable readnoise but longer integration times, and the largest possible formats are essential. To achieve these goals improved cryogenic MOSFETS are essential and complete cryogenic CMOS circuits are highly desirable. Experimental cryoptimized MFETS promise to exceed the above noise requirements at 77 K and approach the needs at 2 K.
Low, Frank J.↗
Development of the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF)
This paper will provide an overview of the SIRTF mission, telescope, cryostat, instruments, spacecraft, orbit, and operations in preparation for an accompanying set of detailed technical presentations.
SIRTF↗
The Mid and Far IR Universe and Facilities To See It
Although half the luminosity of the universe appears in the band from 20-450 $\mu$m, almost nothing is known about the sources of this radiation. Moreover, many molecules, atoms, and ions of astrophysical interest have some of their strongest lines in this wavelength range. Now Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS) and ISO have flown, Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) is nearly ready, SOFIA is under construction, and NGST, ALMA, Herschel, Planck, and a dozen 8 m and a 25 m ground-based visible/near IR telescopes could all be operational by the end of decade. Nevertheless, the mid and far IR region will still not have telescopes that are comparable to neighboring bands in energy sensitivity or angular resolution, despite these many advances. What scientific questions will still be open, and what instrumentation will be required? We anticipate that cold filled-aperture telescopes operating out to 100 $\mu$m and cold imaging interferometers, operating out to about 450 $\mu$m in space could be very powerful, using direct detection rather than heterodyne systems. I will give a brief overview of the scientific questions that may still be open, the main factors governing the choice of equipment, and the technological developments that would be required to actually build and use these new facilities.
Mather, John C.↗
Telescience testbed pilot program, volume 3: Experiment summaries
Space Station Freedom and its associated labs, coupled with the availability of new computing and communications technologies, have the potential for significantly enhancing scientific research. A Telescience Testbed Pilot Program (TTPP), aimed at developing the experience base to deal with issues in the design of the future information system of the Space Station era. The testbeds represented four scientific disciplines (astronomy and astrophysics, earth science, life sciences, and microgravity sciences) and studied issues in payload design, operation, and data analysis. This volume, of a 3 volume set, which all contain the results of the TTPP, presents summaries of the experiments. This experiment involves the evaluation of the current Internet for the use of file and image transfer between SIRTF instrument teams. The main issue addressed was current network response times.
Leiner, Barry M.↗