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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2017

Influence of multi-species solute transport on modeling of hydrated Portland cement leaching in strong nitrate solutions

The differences between the predictions of Fickian diffusion and Nernst-Planck electro-diffusion based reactive transport models are investigated in the context of an important practical problem – leaching of Portland cement in strong nitrate porewater solutions under saturated conditions. Numerical results are presented for three distinct porewater solutions: deionized water, ammonium nitrate solution, and diluted porewater from a cementitious low-activity nuclear waste form. Solute concentrations predicted by the two transport models show significant differences: as much as a factor of two for ammonium nitrate leaching and as much as a factor of four for waste form leaching; whereas, negligible differences are observed for deionized water leaching. The major conclusion is that Fickian diffusion may be accurate enough for deionized water leaching, but electro-diffusion should be considered in the reactive solute transport modeling of ammonium nitrate decalcification and in the degradation modeling of cementitious materials exposed to nuclear waste form solutions.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2019

Machine-learning error models for approximate solutions to parameterized systems of nonlinear equations

Here, this work proposes a machine-learning framework for constructing statistical models of errors incurred by approximate solutions to parameterized systems of nonlinear equations. These approximate solutions may arise from early termination of an iterative method, a lower-fidelity model, or a projection-based reduced-order model, for example. The proposed statistical model comprises the sum of a deterministic regression-function model and a stochastic noise model. The method constructs the regression-function model by applying regression techniques from machine learning (e.g., support vector regression, artificial neural networks) to map features (i.e., error indicators such as sampled elements of the residual) to a prediction of the approximate-solution error. The method constructs the noise model as a mean-zero Gaussian random variable whose variance is computed as the sample variance of the approximate-solution error on a test set; this variance can be interpreted as the epistemic uncertainty introduced by the approximate solution. This work considers a wide range of feature-engineering methods, data-set-construction techniques, and regression techniques that aim to ensure that (1) the features are cheaply computable, (2) the noise model exhibits low variance (i.e., low epistemic uncertainty introduced), and (3) the regression model generalizes to independent test data. Finally, numerical experiments performed on several computational-mechanics problems and types of approximate solutions demonstrate the ability of the method to generate statistical models of the error that satisfy these criteria and significantly outperform more commonly adopted approaches for error modeling.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2021

Ultrasound-Assisted Nonthermal, Nonequilibrium Separation of Organic Molecules from Their Binary Aqueous Solutions: Effect of Solute Properties on Separation

The separation of organic molecules in downstream processes, such as distillation, plays a vital role in biobased chemical production. A comprehensive study was performed here using ultrasonic energy to separate 11 organic molecules from their binary aqueous solutions under nonthermal, nonequilibrium, and phase-change free conditions. A batch sonoseparator with a three-stage mist collection unit allowed direct analysis of ultrasound-generated mist with an HPLC/GC and differentiation and quantification of the vapor and mist. The results showed that the alcohols (1-butanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and methanol) and acetone were enriched in the ultrasound-generated mist with enrichment ratios of 3.2–5. On the other hand, ethylene glycol, glycerol, γ-valerolactone (GVL), glucose, and sucrose were diluted with dilution ratios in the range of 2.04–15.7 in the mist and vapor generated by ultrasound (or concentrated in the bulk solution). No enrichment nor dilution of acetic acid was observed. The role of various physicochemical parameters such as dynamic viscosity, surface tension, Henry’s law of solubility constant, vapor pressure, and octanol–water partition coefficient in the enrichment was examined. Furthermore, the hydrophobicity of the organic molecules represented by the octanol–water partition coefficient was found to play a crucial role in determining the separation characteristics of the molecules in ultrasound-generated mist and vapor.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1995

Concentration Dependence of Solution Shear Viscosity and Solute Mass Diffusivity in Crystal Growth from Solutions

The physical properties of a supersaturated binary solution such as its density rho, shear viscosity eta, and solute mass diffusivity D are dependent on the solute concentration c: rho = rho(c), eta = eta(c), and D = D(c). The diffusion boundary layer equations related to crystal growth from solution are derived for the case of natural convection with a solution density, a shear viscosity, and a solute diffusivity that are all depen- dent on solute concentration. The solution of these equations has demonstrated the following. (1) At the vicinity of the saturation concentration c(sub s) the solution shear viscosity eta depends on rho as eta(sub s) = eta(rho(sub s))varies as square root of rho(c(sub s)). This theoretically derived result has been verified in experiments with several aqueous solutions of inorganic and organic salts. (2) The maximum solute mass transfer towards the growing crystal surface can be achieved for values of c where the ratio of d ln(D(c)/dc) to d ln(eta(c)/dc) is a maximum.

Izmailov, Alexander F.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Potential of Zero Charge and Its Temperature Derivative for Au(111) Electrode|Alkanethiol SAM|1.0 M Aqueous Electrolyte Solution Interfaces: Impact of Electrolyte Solution Ionic Strength and Its Effect on the Structure of the Modified Electrode|Electrolyte Solution Interface

In this study, we demonstrate how small and rapid temperature perturbations (produced by the indirect laser-induced temperature jump (ILIT) technique) of solid metal electrode|electrolyte solution interfaces may be used to determine the potential of zero (total) charge (E pzc ) and its temperature derivative $$\left(\frac{dEpzc}{dT}\right)$$ of Au(111) electrode surfaces modified by alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers in contact with high ionic strength (i.e., 1.0 M) aqueous electrolyte solutions. The E pzc ’s measured for two different types of SAMs (made from either HS(CH 2 ) n-1 CH 3 (5 ≤ n ≤ 12, E pzc = -(0.99 ± 0.12) V vs SSCE) or HS(CH 2 ) n OH (3 ≤ n ≤ 16, E pzc = (0.46 ± 0.22) V vs SSCE)) are considerably different than those measured previously at much lower electrolyte solution ionic strengths. For mixed monolayers made from both HS(CH 2 ) n-1 CH 3 and HS(CH 2 ) n Fc (where Fc refers to ferrocene), the difference in Epzc decreases as a function of the surface concentration of the Fc moiety (i.e., [Fc]), and it completely disappears at a surprisingly small [Fc] (~4.0 × 10 –11 mol cm –2 ). These observations for the Au(111)|hydrophobic (neat and mixed) SAM|aqueous electrolyte solution interfaces, along with the surface potentials (g S ml(dip)) evaluated for the contacting electrolyte solution surfaces of these interfaces, are consistent with a structure for the water molecule components of these surfaces where there is a net orientation of the dipoles of these molecules. Accordingly, the negative (oxygen) ends of these molecules point toward the SAM surface. The positive values of g S ml(dip) evaluated for hydrophilic SAM (e.g., made from HS(CH 2 ) n OH)|aqueous electrolyte solution interfaces) also indicate that the structure of these interfaces is similar to that of the hydrophobic interfaces. However, g S ml(dip) decreases with increasing ionic strength for the hydrophilic interfaces, while it increases with increasing ionic strength for the hydrophobic interfaces. The data (and calculations) reported in the present work and other studies of hydrophobic (and hydrophilic)|aqueous solution interfaces are as yet insufficient to support a complete explanation for the effects of ionic strength observed in the present study. Nevertheless, an analysis based upon the value of $$\left(\frac{dEpzc}{dT}\right)$$ (= (0.51 ± 0.12) mV/K, essentially the same for SAMs made from both HS(CH 2 ) n-1 CH 3 and HS(CH 2 ) n OH), determined in the present study provides a further indication that upon formation of the SAM there is a partial charge transfer of electrons from the relevant gold atoms on the Au(111) surface to the sulfur atoms of the alkanethiols.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2017

Solute mixing regulates heterogeneity of mineral precipitation in porous media

Here, synchrotron X-ray microtomography was used to track the spatiotemporal evolution of mineral precipitation and the consequent alteration of the pore structure. Column experiments were conducted by injecting CaCl 2 and NaHCO 3 solutions into granular porous media either as a premixed supersaturated solution (external mixing) or as separate solutions that mixed within the specimen (internal mixing). The two mixing modes produced distinct mineral growth patterns. While internal mixing promoted transverse heterogeneity with precipitation at the mixing zone, external mixing favored relatively homogeneous precipitation along the flow direction. The impact of precipitation on pore water flow and permeability was assessed via 3-D flow simulations, which indicated anisotropic permeability evolution for both mixing modes. Under both mixing modes, precipitation decreased the median pore size and increased the skewness of the pore size distribution. Such similar pore-scale evolution patterns suggest that the clogging of individual pores depends primarily on local supersaturation state and pore geometry.

42 ENGINEERING↗
NASA NTRS2013

Elastic-Plastic J-Integral Solutions or Surface Cracks in Tension Using an Interpolation Methodology. Appendix C -- Finite Element Models Solution Database File, Appendix D -- Benchmark Finite Element Models Solution Database File

No closed form solutions exist for the elastic-plastic J-integral for surface cracks due to the nonlinear, three-dimensional nature of the problem. Traditionally, each surface crack must be analyzed with a unique and time-consuming nonlinear finite element analysis. To overcome this shortcoming, the authors have developed and analyzed an array of 600 3D nonlinear finite element models for surface cracks in flat plates under tension loading. The solution space covers a wide range of crack shapes and depths (shape: 0.2 less than or equal to a/c less than or equal to 1, depth: 0.2 less than or equal to a/B less than or equal to 0.8) and material flow properties (elastic modulus-to-yield ratio: 100 less than or equal to E/ys less than or equal to 1,000, and hardening: 3 less than or equal to n less than or equal to 20). The authors have developed a methodology for interpolating between the goemetric and material property variables that allows the user to reliably evaluate the full elastic-plastic J-integral and force versus crack mouth opening displacement solution; thus, a solution can be obtained very rapidly by users without elastic-plastic fracture mechanics modeling experience. Complete solutions for the 600 models and 25 additional benchmark models are provided in tabular format.

Allen, Phillip A.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Influence of surface relaxation on solute atoms positioning within atom probe tomography reconstructions

Highlights: • APT measurement of Al/Cu alloy is simulated with a combined electrostatics and molecular dynamics (MD) approach. • Results show segregation of dilute Cu at [111] poles in correspondence to experimental measurements. • No temperature is involved. The effect originates in both disparate evaporation field and bond-energies in the alloy. While thermal or field-induced surface migration has been invoked often in past literature to rationalize the experimental observations of solute and impurity atoms segregation to specific poles and zones lines in atom probe tomography (APT) reconstructions, it does not satisfactorily explain all experimental results. Using a combined finite-element and molecular dynamics simulation approach that models the field evaporation process from mechanically relaxed emitter structures, we show that an additional mechanism, athermal relaxation, can also drive significant solute migration. The mechanism is illustrated for Cu in solid solution in Al, which exhibits segregation of Cu to 111 poles and along [110] zone lines in reconstructed APT data. The higher bonding energy of Cu atoms on the surface, confirmed using density-functional theory calculations, causes longer retention on the surface and preferential evaporation of neighboring Al atoms with subsequent athermal relaxation of Cu into higher-neighbor-count sites left vacant by evaporating Al neighbors. This in turn results in barrier-free long-range migration of the Cu atoms by a series of relaxation events that follow the receding terrace ledges towards high-neighbor count poles and zone lines. This mechanism fundamentally limits spatial resolution in the limit of zero temperature.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Local structure of Ni 80 X 20 (X: Cr, Mn, Pd) solid-solution alloys and its response to ion irradiation

In this work, the local structure of Ni 80 X 20 (X: Cr, Mn, Pd) solid-solution alloys was investigated with x-ray absorption and total scattering x-ray diffraction methods. Atomic pair distribution function (PDF) analysis indicated that the local lattice distortion is strongly relevant to the atomic size mismatch, and the local lattice distortion in Ni80Pd20 alloy is obviously larger than that in other solid-solution alloys. The bond length of different atomic pairs was derived from the fitting of extended x-ray absorption fine structure spectra. Quantitative analysis of the local bonding environment in Ni 80 Cr 20 during Ni ion irradiation suggested that Cr atoms tend to form clusters in Ni 80 Cr 20 with the increase of ion dose.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Technetium and iodine aqueous species immobilization and transformations in the presence of strong reductants and calcite-forming solutions: Remedial action implications

At the Hanford Site in southeastern Washington State, radionuclide (Tc-99/I-129) laden liquid wastes have been discharged to ground, resulting in vadose zone contamination, which provides a continuous source of these contaminants to groundwater. The presence of multiple contaminants increases the complexity of finding viable remediation technologies to sequester vadose zone contaminants in situ and protect groundwater. Although previous studies have shown the efficiency of zero valent iron (ZVI) and sulfur modified iron (SMI) in reducing mobile Tc(VII) to immobile Tc(IV) and iodate incorporation into calcite, the coupled effects from simultaneously using these remedial technologies have not been previously studied. In this first-of-a-kind laboratory study, we used two efficient reductants (i.e., ZVI and SMI) and calcite-forming solutions to simultaneously remove aqueous Tc(VII) and iodate via reduction and incorporation, respectively. The results confirmed that Tc(VII) was rapidly removed from the aqueous phase via reduction to Tc(IV). ZVI removed Tc(VII) faster than SMI, although both had removed the same amount by the end of the experiments. Most of the aqueous iodate was rapidly transformed to iodide, and therefore was not incorporated into calcite, but instead remained in the aqueous phase. The iodate reduction to iodide was much faster than iodate incorporation into calcite, suggesting that this remedial pathway is not efficient in removing aqueous iodate when strong reductants are present. Other experiments suggested that iodate removal via calcite precipitation should occur first and then reductants should be added for Tc(VII) removal. Although ZVI can negatively impact microbial populations and thereby inhibit natural attenuation mechanisms, only changes in the makeup of the microbial community were observed. However, these changes in the microbial community may have an impact on remediation efforts in the long term that could not be seen in a short-term study. The results underscore the importance of identifying interactions between natural attenuation pathways and remediation technologies that only target individual contaminants.

Keywords: Tc removal, groundwater remediation, nuc↗
DOE OSTI2019

Organic-Mineral Interfacial Chemistry Drives Heterogeneous Nucleation of Sr-Rich (Bax, Sr1-x)SO4 from Undersaturated Solution

Sr-bearing marine barite [(Bax, Sr1-x)SO4] cycling has been widely used to reconstruct geochemical evolutions of paleoenvironments. However, an understanding of barite precipitation in the ocean, which is globally undersaturated with respect to barite, is missing. Moreover, the reason for the occurrence of higher Sr content in marine barites than expected for classical crystal growth processes remains unknown. Field data analyses suggested that organic molecules may regulate the formation and composition of marine barites; however, the specific organic–mineral interactions are unclear. Using in situ grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS), size and total volume evolutions of barite precipitates on organic films were characterized. The results show that barite forms on organic films from undersaturated solutions. Moreover, from a single supersaturated solution with respect to barite, Sr-rich barite nanoparticles formed on organics, while micrometer-size Sr-poor barites formed in bulk solutions. Ion adsorption experiments showed that organic films can enrich cation concentrations in the adjacent solution, thus increasing the local supersaturation and promoting barite nucleation on organic films, even when the bulk solution was undersaturated. The Sr enrichment in barites formed on organic films was found to be controlled by solid-solution nucleation rates; instead, the Sr-poor barite formation in bulk solution was found to be controlled by solid-solution growth rates. This study provides a mechanistic explanation for Sr-rich marine barite formation and offers insights for understanding and controlling the compositions of solid solutions by separately tuning their nucleation and growth rates via the unique chemistry of solution–organic interfaces.

Deng, Ning↗
DOE OSTI2021

Drying model of a high salt content cementitious waste form: Effect of capillary forces and salt solution

Highlights: • Drying model for a high salt content cementitious waste form is developed. • Water vapor diffusion and capillary liquid flow are distinguished. • Capillary and salt solution effects are considered in vapor-liquid equilibrium. A water transport model coupling capillary liquid flow with vapor diffusion is developed to describe the drying process for a cementitious waste form with high salinity porewater. Vapor-liquid equilibrium is formulated as the driving force for vapor diffusion and the model accounts for pore capillary and high salinity effects on water thermodynamic activity. Pore filling and porewater surface tension as a function of pore size distribution and water saturation have been quantified for the material. Geochemical speciation modeling is used to simulate porewater activity as a function of composition over the range of saturation. The theoretical relationship between relative humidity and water saturation generally agrees with experimental measurement, and the developed model is capable of predicting drying rates under various external relative humidity conditions. The model was developed to be incorporated into reactive transport models considering the effects of drying such as salt redistribution and efflorescence.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Solute clustering in polycrystals: Unveiling the interplay of grain boundary junction and long-range solute attraction effects

Spectral analysis of local atomic environments has become a powerful tool for studying solute atom segregation and interactions at grain boundaries in nanocrystalline alloys. When applied to individual grain boundaries, the spectral analysis has shown that solute-solute interaction can be either attractive or repulsive, with long-range relative attraction enhancing the likelihood for solute atoms to begin clustering. In this article, we combine this analysis with a new grain-boundary structure descriptor based on grain-boundary atom coordination, to investigate the impact of grain-boundary junctions on solute atom segregation in polycrystals. Specifically, we systematically characterize the tendency of solute clusters to begin forming at various types of ordinary grain boundaries, triple junctions, and high-order junctions in Ag polycrystals containing either Ni or Cu solute atoms. Our findings demonstrate that the formation of solute clusters at grain boundaries is primarily driven by long-range relative solute attraction, rather than short-range solute-solute interactions. Furthermore, this effect is most pronounced near grain-boundary junctions. Our study highlights the multiscale nature of solute segregation at crystalline interfaces and provides new insights into the complex phenomena governing heterogeneous solute segregation in grain-boundary networks.

Grain-boundary junction↗