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At least 19 records

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 89

The evaluated experimental data are presented for 14 known nuclides of mass 89 (Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh). New data on high–spin excitations are available for {sup 89}Kr, {sup 89}Rb, {sup 89}Sr, {sup 89}Tc and {sup 89}Ru, including a superdeformed structure in {sup 89}Tc. Fluorescence studies in {sup 89}Y have revealed a large number of new levels in 7–11 MeV range. New two–neutron transfer data are available for {sup 89}Zr. New direct and precise measurement of atomic masses of {sup 89}Se, {sup 89}Br, 89{sup K}r, {sup 89}Rb, {sup 89}Mo and {sup 89}Tc have greatly improved the Q value landscape in this mass region. This work supersedes previous A=89 evaluation published in 1998Si31, and also the older ones 1989Si20, 1975Ko21, and M.W. Johns et al., Nuclear Data Tables A 8, 373 (1970). In spite of extensive experimental work on the isobaric nuclei of this mass chain several deficiencies remain. The identification of {sup 89}Rh isotope remains unconfirmed. The half–lives of ground states of {sup 89}Ge, {sup 89}As and {sup 89}Rh have not been measured, only the lower limits are estimated from time–of–flight in a reaction and experimental arrangement, where produced and identified. The decay schemes of {sup 89}Ge, {sup 89}As, {sup 89}Se, {sup 89}Ru and {sup 89}Rh are not known, and those for {sup 89}Tc and {sup 89}Mo are incomplete. High–lying (neutron unbound) levels in {sup 89}Kr, expected to be populated in the decay of {sup 89}Br, have not been investigated. The spins and parities for levels in {sup 89}Kr are largely unassigned, while for {sup 89}Tc and {sup 89}Ru, only few low–spin excitations are established. For {sup 89}Rb, little information is available for high–spin structures. Detailed gamma–ray data are available for {sup 88}Sr(n,γ){sup 89}Sr reaction, but most of these γ rays remain unassigned in a level scheme. Excited state data are nonexistent for {sup 89}Ge, {sup 89}As, {sup 89}Se, {sup 89}Br and {sup 89}Rh. The {sup 89}Y and {sup 89}Zr are the most extensively studied nuclei in A=89.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Laser-driven Sisyphus cooling in an optical dipole trap

We propose a laser-driven Sisyphus-cooling scheme for atoms confined in a far-off resonance optical dipole trap. Utilizing the differential trap-induced ac Stark shift, two electronic levels of the atom are resonantly coupled by a cooling laser preferentially near the trap bottom. After absorption of a cooling photon, the atom loses energy by climbing the steeper potential, and then spontaneously decays preferentially away from the trap bottom. The proposed method is particularly suited to cooling alkaline-earth-metal-like atoms where two-level systems with narrow electronic transitions are present. Numerical simulations for the cases of {sup 88}Sr and {sup 174}Yb demonstrate the expected recoil and Doppler temperature limits. The method requires a relatively small number of scattered photons and can potentially lead to phase-space densities approaching quantum degeneracy in subsecond time scales.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

s-processing in AGB stars revisited. I. Does the main component constrain the neutron source in the {sup 13}C pocket?

Slow neutron captures at A ≳ 85 are mainly guaranteed by the reaction {sup 13}C(α,n){sup 16}O in asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, requiring proton injections from the envelope. These were so far assumed to involve a small mass (≲ 10{sup –3} M {sub ☉}), but models with rotation suggest that in such tiny layers excessive {sup 14}N hampers s-processing. Furthermore, s-element abundances in galaxies require {sup 13}C-rich layers substantially extended in mass (≳ 4 × 10{sup –3} M {sub ☉}). We therefore present new calculations aimed at clarifying those issues and at understanding whether the solar composition helps to constrain the {sup 13}C 'pocket' extension. We show that: (1) mixing 'from bottom to top' (as in magnetic buoyancy or other forced mechanisms) can form a {sup 13}C reservoir substantially larger than assumed so far, covering most of the He-rich layers; (2) on the basis of this idea, stellar models at a fixed metallicity reproduce the main s-component as accurately as before; and (3) they make nuclear contributions from unknown nucleosynthesis processes (LEPP) unnecessary, against common assumptions. These models also avoid problems of mixing at the envelope border and fulfil requirements from C-star luminosities. They yield a large production of nuclei below A = 100, so that {sup 86,} {sup 87}Sr may be fully synthesized by AGB stars, while {sup 88}Sr, {sup 89}Y, and {sup 94}Zr are contributed more efficiently than before. Finally, we suggest tests suitable for providing a final answer regarding the extension of the {sup 13}C pocket.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Ab initio study of permanent electric dipole moment and radiative lifetimes of alkaline-earth-metal--Li molecules

We calculate permanent electric dipole moments (PDMs), as well as spontaneous and black body lifetimes, of alkaline-earth-metal-Li (AEM-Li) ultracold polar molecules to study anisotropic long-range dipole-dipole interactions in a single quantum state. We obtain potential energy curves for the {sup 2} {Sigma} ground state of MgLi, CaLi, SrLi, and BaLi molecules at the coupled cluster singles and doubles with partial triples [CCSD(T)] level of electron correlation. Calculated spectroscopic constants for the isotopes: {sup 24}Mg{sup 7}Li, {sup 40}Ca{sup 7}Li, {sup 88}Sr{sup 7}Li, and {sup 138}Ba{sup 7}Li, show good agreement with available theoretical and experimental results. We obtain PDM curves using finite field perturbation theory at the CCSD(T) level. We find that AEM-Li molecules have moderate values of PDM at the equilibrium bond distance (MgLi: 0.90 D, CaLi: 1.15 D, SrLi: 0.33 D, and BaLi: -0.42 D) and hence might be suitable candidates for the proposed study in a single quantum state. Radiative lifetime calculations of the {nu} = 0 state ({sup 24}Mg{sup 6}Li: 22 s, {sup 40}Ca{sup 6}Li: 39 s, {sup 88}Sr{sup 6}Li: 380 s, and {sup 138}Ba{sup 6}Li: 988 s) are found to be longer than the typical time scale associated with ultracold experiments with these molecules. The uncertainty in the lifetime calculations are estimated to be less than 10%.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

Dipole polarizability of alkali-metal (Na, K, Rb)–alkaline-earth-metal (Ca, Sr) polar molecules: Prospects for alignment

Electronic open-shell ground-state properties of selected alkali-metal–alkaline-earth-metal polar molecules are investigated. We determine potential energy curves of the {sup 2}Σ{sup +} ground state at the coupled-cluster singles and doubles with partial triples (CCSD(T)) level of electron correlation. Calculated spectroscopic constants for the isotopes ({sup 23}Na, {sup 39}K, {sup 85}Rb)–({sup 40}Ca, {sup 88}Sr) are compared with available theoretical and experimental results. The variation of the permanent dipole moment (PDM), average dipole polarizability, and polarizability anisotropy with internuclear distance is determined using finite-field perturbation theory at the CCSD(T) level. Owing to moderate PDM (KCa: 1.67 D, RbCa: 1.75 D, KSr: 1.27 D, RbSr: 1.41 D) and large polarizability anisotropy (KCa: 566 a.u., RbCa: 604 a.u., KSr: 574 a.u., RbSr: 615 a.u.), KCa, RbCa, KSr, and RbSr are potential candidates for alignment and orientation in combined intense laser and external static electric fields.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Photonic band structure of the three-dimensional {sup 88}Sr atomic lattice

Based on the narrow linewidth {sup 1} S{sub 0}-{sup 3} P{sub 1} transition of the bosonic {sup 88}Sr atom, we investigate the dispersion relation for light propagating in a three-dimensional (3D) atomic dipolar lattice. Two factors determine the presence of the photonic band gap (PBG): lattice geometry and the atomic polarization. For a two-level atomic system, the former factor plays a major role. An omnidirectional PBG is predicted in the non-Bravais diamond lattice while no PBG exists in the Bravais lattices. However, since a PBG happens around the resonant {sup 1} S{sub 0}-{sup 3} P{sub 1} line, the probe beam suffers a significant atomic absorption, which is the major drawback in Bragg scattering. We propose applying an external field to couple the atomic {sup 3} P{sub 1}-{sup 3} D{sub 1} transition so as to modify the atomic polarization of the {sup 1} S{sub 0}-{sup 3} P{sub 1} transition. In the three level {sup 1} S{sub 0}-{sup 3} P{sub 1}-{sup 3} D{sub 1} atomic system, the atomic polarization strongly affects the band structure besides the lattice geometry. Dual PBGs can exist in simple cubic and face-centered cubic lattices, but the original PBG, in the diamond lattice composed of the two-level atoms, vanishes. Meanwhile, since two PBGs can be pushed far away from the atomic resonant {sup 1} S{sub 0}-{sup 3} P{sub 1} line, the atomic absorption is significantly suppressed, which enhances the reflection efficiency in Bragg scattering.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

Secondary laser cooling of strontium-88 atoms

The secondary laser cooling of a cloud of strontium-88 atoms on the {sup 1}S{sub 0}–{sup 3}P{sub 1} (689 nm) intercombination transition captured into a magneto-optical trap has been demonstrated. We describe in detail the recapture of atoms from the primary trap operating on the strong {sup 1}S{sub 0}–{sup 1}P{sub 1} (461 nm) transition and determine the recapture coefficient κ, the number of atoms, and their temperature in the secondary trap as a function of experimental parameters. A temperature of 2 µK has been reached in the secondary trap at the recapture coefficient κ = 6%, which confirms the secondary cooling efficiency and is sufficient to perform metrological measurements of the {sup 1}S{sub 0}–{sup 3}P{sub 1} (698 nm) clock transition in an optical lattice.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

Influence of higher-order dispersion coefficients on near-threshold bound and continuum states: Application to {sup 88}Sr{sub 2}

We give a simple description of quantum states near the dissociation threshold of deep interatomic potentials. The influence of the potential tail is separated from effects due to the interaction at short distances. We present a general formalism which is valid for weakly bound and low-energy continuum states, both for vanishing and non-vanishing angular momentum. Its applicability is demonstrated for the example of the electronic ground state of the strontium dimer {sup 88}Sr{sub 2}. With an appropriate choice of the potential tail that includes higher-order dispersion coefficients, all short-range effects are incorporated via the threshold quantum number v{sub D} and one further parameter accounting for residual short-range effects.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

CORRELATED STRONTIUM AND BARIUM ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS OF ACID-CLEANED SINGLE MAINSTREAM SILICON CARBIDES FROM MURCHISON

We present strontium, barium, carbon, and silicon isotopic compositions of 61 acid-cleaned presolar SiC grains from Murchison. Comparison with previous data shows that acid washing is highly effective in removing both strontium and barium contamination. For the first time, by using correlated {sup 88}Sr/{sup 86}Sr and {sup 138}Ba/{sup 136}Ba ratios in mainstream SiC grains, we are able to resolve the effect of {sup 13}C concentration from that of {sup 13}C-pocket mass on s-process nucleosynthesis, which points toward the existence of large {sup 13}C pockets with low {sup 13}C concentrations in asymptotic giant branch stars. The presence of such large {sup 13}C pockets with a variety of relatively low {sup 13}C concentrations seems to require multiple mixing processes in parent asymptotic giant branch stars of mainstream SiC grains.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Ultrastable laser system for spectroscopy of the {sup 1}S{sub 0}–{sup 3}P{sub 0} clock transition in Sr atoms

A laser system with a spectral linewidth less than 1 Hz for spectroscopy of the {sup 1}S{sub 0}–{sup 3}P{sub 0} clock transition in strontium atoms has been demonstrated. A semiconductor laser emitting at a wavelength of 698 nm was stabilised to an external high-finesse Fabry–Perot cavity with vibration and temperature compensation near the zero expansion point. After laser cooling to a temperature below 3 μK, {sup 88}Sr atoms were loaded into an optical lattice at a magic wavelength of 813 nm. The laser system was used to characterise the {sup 88}Sr clock transition by magnetically induced spectroscopy. The resonance spectral width was determined to be 130 ± 17 Hz, which corresponds to a quality factor of 3 × 10{sup 12}. (paper)

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗

Precision measurement of transverse velocity distribution of a strontium atomic beam

We measure the transverse velocity distribution in a thermal Sr atomic beam precisely by velocity-selective saturated fluorescence spectroscopy. The use of an ultrastable laser system and the narrow intercombination transition line of Sr atoms mean that the resolution of the measured velocity can reach 0.13 m/s, corresponding to 90 μK in energy units. The experimental results are in very good agreement with the results of theoretical calculations. Based on the spectroscopic techniques used here, the absolute frequency of the intercombination transition of {sup 88}Sr is measured using an optical-frequency comb generator referenced to the SI second through an H maser, and is given as 434 829 121 318(10) kHz.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Improved transistor-controlled and commutated brushless DC motors for electric vehicle propulsion

The development, design, construction, and testing processes of two electronically (transistor) controlled and commutated permanent magnet brushless dc machine systems, for propulsion of electric vehicles are detailed. One machine system was designed and constructed using samarium cobalt for permanent magnets, which supply the rotor (field) excitation. Meanwhile, the other machine system was designed and constructed with strontium ferrite permanent magnets as the source of rotor (field) excitation. These machine systems were designed for continuous rated power output of 15 hp (11.2 kw), and a peak one minute rated power output of 35 hp (26.1 kw). Both power ratings are for a rated voltage of 115 volts dc, assuming a voltage drop in the source (battery) of about 5 volts. That is, an internal source voltage of 120 volts dc. Machine-power conditioner system computer-aided simulations were used extensively in the design process. These simulations relied heavily on the magnetic field analysis in these machines using the method of finite elements, as well as methods of modeling of the machine power conditioner system dynamic interaction. These simulation processes are detailed. Testing revealed that typical machine system efficiencies at 15 hp (11.2 kw) were about 88% and 84% for the samarium cobalt and strontium ferrite based machine systems, respectively. Both systems met the peak one minute rating of 35 hp.

Demerdash, N. A.↗

Simultaneous isotopic analysis of fission product Sr, Mo, and Ru in spent nuclear fuel particles by resonance ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract Fission product Sr, Mo, and Ru isotopes in six 10-μm particles of spent fuel from a pressurized water reactor were analyzed by resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) and evaluated for utility in nuclear material characterization. Previous measurements on these same samples showed widely varying U, Pu, and Am isotopic compositions owing to the samples’ differing irradiation environments within the reactor. This is also seen in Mo and Ru isotopes, which have the added complication of exsolution from the UO 2 fuel matrix. This variability is a hindrance to interpreting data from a collection of particles with incomplete provenance since it is not always possible to assign particles to the same batch of fuel based on isotopic analyses alone. In contrast, the measured 90 Sr/ 88 Sr ratios were indistinguishable across all samples. Strontium isotopic analysis can therefore be used to connect samples with otherwise disparate isotopic compositions, allowing them to be grouped appropriately for interpretation. Strontium isotopic analysis also provides a robust chronometer for determining the time since fuel irradiation. Because of the very high sensitivity of RIMS, only a small fraction of material in each of the 10 μm samples was consumed, leaving the vast majority still available for other analyses.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Irradiation of strontium chloride targets at proton energies above 35 MeV to produce PET radioisotope Y-86

Proton irradiation of natural and enriched SrCl{sub 2} targets was used to produce PET radioisotope {sup 86}. The proton energy was degraded from the incident 117.8 MeV to induce the {sup 88}Sr(p,3n) reaction. For the irradiation three pellets made of {sup nat}SrCl{sub 2} (6.61 and 74.49 g) and {sup 88}SrCl{sub 2} (5.02 g) were pressed and individually encapsulated in stainless steel target bodies. The two smaller targets were irradiated for 0.5-1 h at the energy - 46 {yields} 37 MeV to take advantage of the peak in the excitation function of the {sup 88}Sr(p,3n) reaction. The larger target was irradiated at 66.4 {yields} 44.6 MeV. The irradiated pellets were chemically processed to selectively separate {sup 86}Y radioisotope using Eichrom DGA (N,N,N{prime},N{prime}-tetra-n-octyldiglycolamide) resin. The production yields of {sup 86}Y were determined to be 10-13 mCi/{mu}A h. Coproduction of {sup 87m}Y in the final product was 34% for {sup nat}SrCl{sub 2} and 54% for {sup 88}SrCl{sub 2} target. The chemical separation yield of yttrium reached 88-92%. The developed chemical procedure allows for the same day processing and shipment of the isotope to users.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Structure of even-even Sr isotopes with 50 ≤ N ≤ 58 neutrons

Excited levels in Sr 90 , Sr 92 , Sr 94 , and Sr 96 nuclei were reinvestigated using high-statistics multiple- γ coincidence data from neutron-induced fission of U 235 and spontaneous fission of Cf 252 , measured using Exogam at Institut Laue Langevin and Gammasphere arrays, respectively. The experimental goal was the search for new excited levels and firm spin-parity assignments to known levels. A total of 23 new levels with 30 new or corrected decays and 39 new or improved spin-parity assignments were obtained in the four nuclei. Negative-parity structures on top of 3 - excitation were firmly identified and extended to higher spins. New positive-parity structures in Sr 94 and Sr 96 were observed with 3 + excitations characteristic of γ collectivity. The 277.7-keV, E 2 decay from the 1507.0-keV level to the second 0 + level in Sr 96 , found in this paper, completes the coexisting deformed band in this nucleus. To learn about the microscopic structure of levels in the Sr 88 - 96 nuclei, we performed large-scale shell-model calculations. The calculations compared to the experiment, helped the discussion of the evolution of collectivity in strontium isotopes, highlighting the important role of various single-particle excitations in phase transitions and shape coexistence in the region. The special role of the neutron 9 / 2 + [ 404 ] extruder as a catalyst of the deformation change in the region is highlighted.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

Radiological Impact Assessment (RIA) following a postulated accident in PHWRS

Radiological Impact Assessment (RIA) following postulated accident i.e Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) with failed Emergency Core Cooling System (ECCS), performed as part of the reactor safety analysis of a typical 700 MWe Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor(PHWR). The rationale behind the assessment is that the public needs to be protected in the event that the postulated accident results in radionuclide release outside containment. Radionuclides deliver dose to the human body through various pathways namely, plume submersion, exposure due to ground deposition, inhalation and ingestion. The total exposure dose measured in terms of total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) is the sum of doses to a hypothetical adult human at exclusion zone boundary by all the exposure pathways. The analysis provides the important inputs to decide upon the type of emergency counter measures to be adopted during the postulated accident. The importance of the various pathways in terms of contribution to the total effective dose equivalent(TEDE) is also assessed with respect to time of exposure. Inhalation and plume gamma dose are the major contributors towards TEDE during initial period of accident whereas ingestion and ground shine dose start dominating in TEDE in the extended period of exposure. Moreover, TEDE is initially dominated by I-131, Kr-88, Te-132, I-133 and Sr-89, whereas, as time progresses, Xe-133,I-131 and Te-132 become the main contributors. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

A dissipation-induced superradiant transition in a strontium cavity-QED system

Driven-dissipative many-body systems are ubiquitous in nature and a fundamental resource for quantum technologies. However, they are also complex and hard to model because they cannot be described by the standard tools in equilibrium statistical mechanics. Probing nonequilibrium critical phenomena in pristine setups can illuminate fresh perspectives on these systems. Here, we use an ensemble of cold 88 Sr atoms coupled to a driven high-finesse cavity to study the cooperative resonance fluorescence (CRF) model, a classic driven-dissipative model describing coherently driven dipoles superradiantly emitting light. We observe its nonequilibrium phase diagram characterized by a second-order phase transition. Below a critical drive strength, the atoms quickly reach the so-called superradiant steady state featuring a macroscopic dipole moment; above the critical point, the atoms undergo persistent Rabi-like oscillations. At longer times, spontaneous emission transforms the second-order transition into a discontinuous first-order transition. Our observations pave the way for harnessing robust entangled states and exploring boundary time crystals in driven-dissipative systems.

Science & Technology - Other Topics↗

Collinear Three-Photon Excitation of a Strongly Forbidden Optical Clock Transition

The 1 𝑆 0 − 3 𝑃 0 clock transition in strontium serves as the foundation for the world’s best atomic clocks and for gravitational wave detector concepts in clock atom interferometry. This transition is weakly allowed in the fermionic isotope 87 Sr but strongly forbidden in bosonic isotopes. Here, we demonstrate coherent excitation of the clock transition in bosonic 88 Sr using a novel collinear three-photon process in a weak magnetic field. We observe Rabi oscillations with frequencies of up to 50 kHz using W/cm 2 laser intensities and Gauss-level magnetic field amplitudes. The absence of nuclear spin in bosonic isotopes offers decreased sensitivity to magnetic fields and optical lattice light shifts, enabling atomic clocks with reduced systematic errors. The collinear propagation of the laser fields permits the interrogation of spatially separated atomic ensembles with common laser pulses, a key requirement for dark matter searches and gravitational wave detection with next-generation quantum sensors.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗