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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Direct root contact among neighboring plants influences activity of soil extracellular enzymes

Composition and diversity of vegetation systems can influence soil microbial activity and extracellular enzyme (EE) dynamics, which are crucial for soil carbon (C) accrual and nutrient cycling. Yet, the impact of plant interactions and competition on EE activities remains a notable knowledge gap. This study examines how direct root contact and neighboring plant identity affect the activity and spatial distribution of four key soil EEs: β-glucosidase (BGlu), chitinase, acid phosphatase (AcidP), and alkaline phosphatase (AlkP). Using three-compartment rhizoboxes with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) grown alongside bush clover (Lespedeza capitata Michx.), and black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia hirta L.), we assessed enzyme activities using zymography under conditions that either allowed or restricted direct root contact by root barriers. Results show that root proliferation and species interactions significantly influenced EE activity. While BGlu and AcidP activities were strongly correlated with root biomass, AlkP activity was consistently higher in the absence of root barriers, indicating a pronounced microbial response to plant interactions via direct/close root contacts. Additionally, soil phosphorus availability modulated enzyme activity, with higher phosphatase activities in low-P soils. Furthermore, these findings highlight the importance of root-root interactions and plant species composition in shaping soil biochemical processes.

enyzme activity↗
DOE OSTI2025

Belowground plant carbon and nitrogen exchange: plant-derived carbon inputs and pore structure formation

Belowground plant transfer of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) can benefit soil ecosystems, increasing soil C gains and plant N availability, while improving soil pore structure. We explored such transfers among three plant species of North American prairie, where C and N were transferred from a grass (Panicum virgatum L., switchgrass (Sgrass)) to either a legume (Lespedeza capitata Michx., bush clover (Bclover)), a forb (Rudbeckia hirta L., black-eyed Susan (BSforb)), or a mixture of the two. The plants were grown either with/out direct root contact, thus allowing assessment of the relative contributions of fungal- and root-based transfer pathways. The Sgrass was labeled with 13 C and 15 N, and C and N transfers were assessed by measuring isotope enrichment of roots and aboveground biomass of neighboring plants. Soil inputs of plant-derived C and N were assessed by isotope analyses of the rhizosphere soil. X-ray computed tomography was used for pore structure analyses. Carbon transfer was much higher in the presence of direct/close root contact between source and recipient plants, yet N transfers appeared to be mainly fungal driven. Here, while C and N were readily transferred from Sgrass to other Sgrass and Bclover neighbors, transfers to BSforb were negligible. However, in a three species system, the presence of the legume enhanced C and N transfers to BSforb, suggesting non-additive influences of diverse plant community composition. The more plant-derived C and N was found in the rhizosphere of recipient plants, the greater C and N transfers through roots. Greater C and N transfers were associated with increases in 8–30 μm diameter pores and decreases in >150 μm pores. Summarily, diverse plant communities, especially those with legumes, increase C and N transfers, which then benefit soil C inputs and its protection via changes in pore structure.

13 CO 2 pulse labeling↗
DOE OSTI2025

MRCI Subtask 2.1: Defining Sub-Regional Carbon Storage Systems Final Technical Summary Report

In order to assess the regional and subregional geologic framework of the MRCI area and expand carbon dioxide (CO2) storage characterization efforts in this larger region, the current state of geologic knowledge relative to carbon storage (CS) has been summarized by compiling available geologic data and interpretive results into a centralized resource under Subtask 2.1. The MRCI region is a large area, which includes (1) part of the Forest City Basin and Western Arches, (2) Illinois Basin, (3) Upper Mississippi Embayment, (4) Michigan Basin, (5) Central Arches, (6) Appalachian Basin, and (7) Atlantic Coastal Plain and West Atlantic basins. Basins and arches are subdivided into areas of similar geology based on geologic structures and state-specific stratigraphic nomenclature. A concerted effort was made to present the current understanding of rock-unit stratigraphy in the subsurface of each basin and arch region (and subdivisions therein). Rock units are characterized based on their relative CS potential (saline reservoirs, confining intervals, etc.) within CS systems. CS systems are defined by regional confining units (usually thick, widespread shales), and contain all reservoirs and strata between the regional confining units. Report Authors – Steve Greb and Tom Sparks (Kentucky Geological Survey), Mark Kelley, Sanjay Mawalkar, John Hershberger, Priya Ravi Ganesh, Derrick James, and Stuart Skopec (Battelle), Charles Bopp, Yaghoob Lasemi and Hannes Leetaru (deceased) (Illinois State Geological Survey), Kristin Carter (Pennsylvania Geological Survey), William Harrison (Michigan Geological Repository for Research and Education – Michigan Geological Survey), Susan Pool (West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey), James McDonald (Ohio Geological Survey), John Schmelz (Rutgers University), Ryan Clark (Iowa Geological Survey). Other Technical Contributors – Seth Carpenter and John Hickman (Kentucky Geological Survey), Jessica Moore, Eric Lewis, Philip Dinterman, Timothy Vance, and Gary Daft (West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey), Michele Cooney, Robin Anthony, Cheyenne Woodward, and Katherine Schmid (Pennsylvania Geological Survey), Autumn Haagsma and Amber Conner (Michigan Geological Repository for Research and Education – Michigan Geological Survey), Kenneth Miller (Rutgers University), Ashley Douds and Valerie Beckham-Feller (Indiana Geological & Water Survey), Michael Solis (Ohio Geological Survey).

Appalachian,Arches,Forest City,Illinois,MRCI,Michi↗
DOE OSTI2025

147 Nd Quantification Using HSCCC-Purified Samples

Quantifying the fission product 147 Nd in nuclear debris samples is an important component of post-detonation nuclear forensics. The most accurate quantifications are obtained when Nd is purified from all other fission products, actinides, activation products, and environmental matrix contained within the debris. In this study, a recently developed method for Nd purification was tested, purifying 147 Nd from solutions of mixed fission products using high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). Importantly, the new method allowed for faster elution of Nd from the column as compared with established high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods, and resulted in accurate/precise 147 Nd quantification by gamma-ray spectrometry. While the up-front equipment costs associated with HSCCC may be higher, its operational costs are on par with those of HPLC (solvents, extractants, power). Gas-flow proportional beta decay counting revealed contamination from the nearest neighbor lanthanide 143 Pr (a gamma-silent radioisotope) in the HSCCC-purified samples, but the activity contribution from 147 Nd could still be quantified. Remarkably consistent elution profiles were observed for the HSCCC method, spanning rare earth element (REE) loadings of more than 10 orders of magnitude (tracer to mmol quantities). In conclusion, the reliability and speed of the new method suggest utility for the rapid separation and quantification of 147 Nd in unknown samples.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Earth Sciences Are the Model Sciences of the Anthropocene

After 4.5 billion years as a dynamic and evolving planet, Earth today continues to evolve but with new dynamics. Earth scientists writ large have special opportunities and responsibilities to accelerate our understanding of the changes that are transforming our most remarkable home.

Richter, Daniel↗
DOE OSTI2025

Baryon number violation: from nuclear matrix elements to BSM physics

Processes that violate baryon number, most notably proton decay and $n\bar{n}$ transitions, are promising probes of physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) needed to understand the lack of antimatter in the Universe. To interpret current and forthcoming experimental limits, theory input from nuclear matrix elements to UV complete models enters. Thus, an interplay of experiment, effective field theory, lattice QCD, and BSM model building is required to develop strategies to accurately extract information from current and future data and maximize the impact and sensitivity of next-generation experiments. Here, we briefly summarize the main results and discussions from the workshop ‘INT-25-91W: Baryon Number Violation: From Nuclear Matrix Elements to BSM Physics,’ held at the Institute for Nuclear Theory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 13–17 January 2025.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Advancing ocean monitoring and knowledge for societal benefit: the urgency to expand Argo to OneArgo by 2030

The ocean plays an essential role in regulating Earth’s climate, influencing weather conditions, providing sustenance for large populations, moderating anthropogenic climate change, encompassing massive biodiversity, and sustaining the global economy. Human activities are changing the oceans, stressing ocean health, threatening the critical services the ocean provides to society, with significant consequences for human well-being and safety, and economic prosperity. Effective and sustainable monitoring of the physical, biogeochemical state and ecosystem structure of the ocean, to enable climate adaptation, carbon management and sustainable marine resource management is urgently needed. The Argo program, a cornerstone of the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS), has revolutionized ocean observation by providing real-time, freely accessible global temperature and salinity data of the upper 2,000m of the ocean (Core Argo) using cost-effective simple robotics. For the past 25 years, Argo data have underpinned many ocean, climate and weather forecasting services, playing a fundamental role in safeguarding goods and lives. Argo data have enabled clearer assessments of ocean warming, sea level change and underlying driving processes, as well as scientific breakthroughs while supporting public awareness and education. Building on Argo’s success, OneArgo aims to greatly expand Argo’s capabilities by 2030, expanding to full-ocean depth, collecting biogeochemical parameters, and observing the rapidly changing polar regions. Providing a synergistic subsurface and global extension to several key space-based Earth Observation missions and GOOS components, OneArgo will enable biogeochemical and ecosystem forecasting and new long-term climate predictions for which the deep ocean is a key component. Driving forward a revolution in our understanding of marine ecosystems and the poorly-measured polar and deep oceans, OneArgo will be instrumental to assess sea level change, ocean carbon fluxes, acidification and deoxygenation. Emerging OneArgo applications include new views of ocean mixing, ocean bathymetry and sediment transport, and ecosystem resilience assessment. Implementing OneArgo requires about $100 million annually, a significant increase compared to present Argo funding. OneArgo is a strategic and cost-effective investment which will provide decision-makers, in both government and industry, with the critical knowledge needed to navigate the present and future environmental challenges, and safeguard both the ocean and human wellbeing for generations to come.

ARGO↗
DOE OSTI2025

Additive Manufacturing of Thermal Energy Storage Composites with Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials Supported in a Multipolymer Matrix

Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques to directly integrate phase change materials (PCMs) are of interest for efficient thermal energy storage (TES) architectures. Complex, high surface-to-volume ratio composites embedded with PCM can improve thermal management with reduced material waste for customizable device fabrication. Reducing feature sizes of TES-integrated heat exchangers using AM can increase heat transfer without thermal conductivity enhancement. Here, composite AM materials containing 60 wt% microencapsulated phase change materials (MEPCM) are fabricated using off-the-shelf printers at common speeds and resolutions. High MEPCM loading in filaments is achieved with powder extrusion using two polymers, thermoplastic-polyurethane (TPU) and polycaprolactone (PCL), that mediate flexibility and rigidity for effective extrusion and printing without filament fracture or buckling. Furthermore, with PCL and TPU at 20 wt% each and 60 wt% MEPCM (P 20 T 20 M 60 ), smooth, form-stable filaments are consistently printed. Powder-based extrusion displays negligible damaging effects on the MEPCM. Printed P 20 T 20 M 60 demonstrates 105 J/g of energy storage with no degradation through 250 thermal cycles, within 5% of the theoretical storage enthalpy. Combining PCL/TPU shows good interfacial adhesion between print layers and produces high surface area objects, like 15% gyroids, and dense, 100% infilled pucks. Prints are also scalable to a 900 cm 3 honeycomb heat exchanger with an estimated 9 Wh energy storage.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Pseudo‐Surfactant Chemical Permeation Enhancer to Treat Otitis Media via Sustained Transtympanic Delivery of Antibiotics

Abstract Chemical permeation enhancers (CPEs) represent a prevalent and safe strategy to enable noninvasive drug delivery across skin‐like biological barriers such as the tympanic membrane (TM). While most existing CPEs interact strongly with the lipid bilayers in the stratum corneum to create defects as diffusion paths, their interactions with the delivery system, such as polymers forming a hydrogel, can compromise gelation, formulation stability, and drug diffusion. To overcome this challenge, differing interactions between CPEs and the hydrogel system are explored, especially those with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an ionic surfactant and a common CPE, and those with methyl laurate (ML), a nonionic counterpart with a similar length alkyl chain. Notably, the use of ML effectively decouples permeation enhancement from gelation, enabling sustained delivery across TMs to treat acute otitis media (AOM), which is not possible with the use of SDS. Ciprofloxacin and ML are shown to form a pseudo‐surfactant that significantly boosts transtympanic permeation. The middle ear ciprofloxacin concentration is increased by 70‐fold in vivo in a chinchilla AOM model, yielding superior efficacy and biocompatibility than the previous highest‐performing formulation. Beyond improved efficacy and biocompatibility, this single‐CPE formulation significantly accelerates its progression toward clinical deployment.

Engineering↗
DOE OSTI2024

Colossal Strain Tuning of Ferroelectric Transitions in KNbO 3 Thin Films

Strong coupling between polarization ( P ) and strain (ɛ) in ferroelectric complex oxides offers unique opportunities to dramatically tune their properties. Here colossal strain tuning of ferroelectricity in epitaxial KNbO 3 thin films grown by sub‐oxide molecular beam epitaxy is demonstrated. While bulk KNbO 3 exhibits three ferroelectric transitions and a Curie temperature ( T c ) of ≈676 K, phase‐field modeling predicts that a biaxial strain of as little as −0.6% pushes its T c > 975 K, its decomposition temperature in air, and for −1.4% strain, to T c > 1325 K, its melting point. Furthermore, a strain of −1.5% can stabilize a single phase throughout the entire temperature range of its stability. A combination of temperature‐dependent second harmonic generation measurements, synchrotron‐based X‐ray reciprocal space mapping, ferroelectric measurements, and transmission electron microscopy reveal a single tetragonal phase from 10 K to 975 K, an enhancement of ≈46% in the tetragonal phase remanent polarization ( P r ), and a ≈200% enhancement in its optical second harmonic generation coefficients over bulk values. These properties in a lead‐free system, but with properties comparable or superior to lead‐based systems, make it an attractive candidate for applications ranging from high‐temperature ferroelectric memory to cryogenic temperature quantum computing.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Automated Label‐Free Assay for Viral Detection and Inhibitor Screening via Biomembrane‐Functionalized Microelectrode Arrays

Most virus infection assays have indirect readout such as virus number following entry (e.g., PCR, cell lysis). While effective, these technologies are labor‐intensive, require specialized environments (e.g., sterile or RNA‐free), and detect later‐stage viral events like lysis or cell death, lacking sensitivity to early fusion events. To address these limitations, we present biologically relevant 2D membrane materials, host‐cell‐derived supported lipid bilayers (hcd‐SLBs), integrated with organic microelectrode arrays (OMEAs) for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) fusion. By overexpressing angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors on the native membranes, the platform functions as a viral sensor capable of detecting virus pseudo particles (VPPs) through the late pathway. Additionally, hcd‐SLBs extracted from human lung epithelium expressing native ACE2 detect fusion events through the early pathway. The platform's utility as a drug‐screening tool is demonstrated by testing antibodies targeting either the ACE2 on the host membrane or the viral spike (S) proteins. To enhance the throughput, microfluidics are integrated for automation and OMEAs are incorporated within each channel, miniaturizing the testing units. This system supports high‐throughput data generation, automation, and scalability, providing an efficient platform for viral fusion detection that advances the study of pathogen‐host interactions and accelerates antiviral drug discovery.

Biology↗
DOE OSTI2026

Revealing the Defect‐Driven Ferroelectric Mechanisms of Aluminum Nitride

Wurtzite III-nitride compounds are CMOS-compatible with widespread industrial interest to exercise ferroelectricity, despite their polar structure being highly resistant to polarization reversal. Here, we induce and tune ferroelectric properties in w-AlN via direct-write ion-beam processing, using nanoscale patterned defect engineering as a post-growth alternative to conventional cation substitution. Nanometric piezoresponse spectroscopy of the focused He + beam patterned defect concentrations in ferroelectric Al 0.92 B 0.08 N measures a localized 10x enhancement in effective piezoresponse and 40% reduction in switching barrier. The irradiation-induced point defects convert piezoelectric AlN into a ferroelectric system with site-saturated nucleation and raise the dielectric susceptibility, switched polarization, and effective piezoelectric coefficient. Enhanced defect-lattice interactions in AlN increase carrier conduction and phonon scattering loss but preserve long-range crystallinity. Here, based on atomistic analysis of nudged elastic band density functional theory calculations and reactive force field simulations, both nitrogen vacancies and defect complexes disrupt bond ordering, facilitating a line-by-line low-barrier switching of pristine AlN.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Flux Synthesis of A-site Disordered Perovskite La 0.5 M 0.5 TiO 3 (M$=$Li, Na, K) Nanorods Tailored for Solid Composite Electrolytes

Inorganic fillers play an important role in improving the ionic conductivity of solid composite electrolytes (SCEs) for Li-ion batteries. Among inorganic fillers, perovskite-type lithium lanthanum titanate (LLTO) stands out for its high bulk Li + conductivity on the order of 10 -3 S cm -1 at room temperature. According to a literature survey, the optimal LLTO filler should possess the following characteristics: i) a single-crystal structure to minimize grain boundaries; ii) a small particle size to increase the filler/polymer interface area; iii) a 1D morphology for efficient interface channels; and iv) cubic symmetry to facilitate rapid bulk Li + diffusion within the filler. However, the synthesis of single crystal, 1D LLTO nanomaterials with cubic symmetry is challenging. Herein, a flux strategy is developed to synthesize La 0.5 M 0.5 TiO 3 (LMTO, M$=$Li, Na, and K) single-crystal nanorods with an A-site-disordered, cubic perovskite phase. The flux media promotes the oriented growth of nanorods, prevents nanorods from sintering, and provides multiple alkali metal ion doping at M sites to stabilize the cubic phase. SCEs compositing the Li + -conducting LMTO nanorods as fillers and poly[vinylene carbonate- co -lithium sulfonyl(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide methacrylate] matrix exhibit more than twice the conductivity of the neat polymer electrolyte (30.6 vs 14.0 µS cm -1 at 303 K).

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Strain Fluctuations Unlock Ferroelectricity in Wurtzites

Ferroelectrics are of practical interest for non-volatile data storage due to their reorientable, crystallographically defined polarization. Yet efforts to integrate conventional ferroelectrics into ultrathin memories have been frustrated by film-thickness limitations, which impede polarization reversal under low applied voltage. Wurtzite materials, including magnesium-substituted zinc oxide (Zn,Mg)O, have been shown to exhibit scalable ferroelectricity as thin films. In this work, the origins of ferroelectricity in (Zn,Mg)O are explained, showing that large strain fluctuations emerge locally in (Zn,Mg)O and can reduce local barriers to ferroelectric switching by more than 40%. Concurrent experimental and computational evidence of these effects are provided by demonstrating polarization switching in ZnO/(Zn,Mg)O/ZnO heterostructures featuring built-in interfacial strain gradients. These results open up an avenue to develop scalable ferroelectrics by controlling strain fluctuations atomistically.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Global brain activity and its coupling with cerebrospinal fluid flow is related to tau pathology

Abstract INTRODUCTION Factors responsible for the deposition of pathological tau in the brain are incompletely understood. This study links macroscale tau deposition in the human brain to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow dynamics using resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI). METHODS Low‐frequency (< 0.1 Hz) resting‐state global brain activity is coupled with CSF flow and potentially reflects CSF dynamics‐related clearance. We examined the correlation between rsfMRI measures of CSF inflow and global activity (gBOLD–CSF coupling) as a predictor, interacting with amyloid beta (Aβ), of tau and cortical thickness (dependent variables) across Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) participants from cognitively unimpaired through mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). RESULTS Tau deposition in Aβ+ participants, accompanied by cortical thinning and cognitive decline, is associated with decreased gBOLD–CSF coupling. Tau mediates the relationship between coupling and thickness. DISCUSSION Findings suggest that resting‐state global brain activity and CSF movements comodulate Alzheimer's tau deposition, presumably related to CSF clearance. Highlights A non‐invasive functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) assessment of a CSF clearance‐related process is carried out. Global brain activity is coupled with CSF inflow in human fMRI during resting state. Global fMRI–CSF coupling is correlated with tau in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This coupling measure is also associated with cortical thickness, mediated by tau.

Neurosciences & Neurology↗
DOE OSTI2024

Positron emission tomography harmonization in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative: A scalable and rigorous approach to multisite amyloid and tau quantification

Abstract INTRODUCTION A key goal of the Alzheimer's Disease NeuroImaging Initiative (ADNI) positron emission tomography (PET) Core is to harmonize quantification of β‐amyloid (Aβ) and tau PET image data across multiple scanners and tracers. METHODS We developed an analysis pipeline (Berkeley PET Imaging Pipeline, B‐PIP) for ADNI Aβ and tau PET images and applied it to PET data from other multisite studies. Steps include image pre‐processing, refacing, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/PET co‐registration, visual quality control (QC), quantification of tracer uptake, and standardization of Aβ and tau standardized uptake value ratios (SUVrs) across tracers. RESULTS Measurements from 10,105 cross‐sectional and longitudinal Aβ and tau PET scans acquired in several studies between 2010 and 2024 can be processed, harmonized, and directly merged across tracers and cohorts. DISCUSSION The B‐PIP developed in ADNI is a scalable image harmonization approach used in several observational studies and clinical trials that facilitates rigorous Aβ and tau PET quantification and data sharing. Highlights Quantitative results from ADNI Aβ and tau PET data are generated using a rigorous, scalable image processing pipeline This pipeline has been applied to PET data from several other large, multisite studies and trials Quantitative outcomes are harmonizable across studies and are shared with the scientific community

Neurosciences & Neurology↗
DOE OSTI2024

The POINTER Imaging baseline cohort: Associations between multimodal neuroimaging biomarkers, cardiovascular health, and cognition

Abstract INTRODUCTION The U.S. Study to Protect Brain Health Through Lifestyle Intervention to Reduce Risk (U.S. POINTER) is evaluating lifestyle interventions in older adults at risk for cognitive decline and dementia. Here we characterize the baseline data set of the POINTER Imaging ancillary study. METHODS Participants underwent health and cognitive assessments and neuroimaging with multimodal positron emission tomography (PET) (beta‐amyloid [Aβ] and tau) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Framingham risk score (FRS) was used to quantify cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. RESULTS A total of 1052 participants (31% from underrepresented ethnoracial groups) were enrolled. Compared to Aβ−, Aβ+ (29%) participants were older, had higher apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carriage rate and white matter hyperintensity volume, and greater temporal tau. FRS was related to MRI measures, but not AD biomarkers. FRS and tau had independent effects on cognition. DISCUSSION In this heterogenous, at‐risk cohort, CVD risk was related to more abnormal brain structure and poorer cognition, representing a putative non‐AD (Alzheimer's disease) pathway to brain injury and cognitive decline. Highlights The U.S. Study to Protect Brain Health Through Lifestyle Intervention to Reduce Risk (U.S. POINTER) cohort is enriched for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and poor lifestyle POINTER Imaging collected multimodal neuroimaging data in this unique, at‐risk cohort Amyloid burden was related to age, apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carriage, and measures of disease progression Associations between amyloid and tau, and tau and cognition, were relatively weak CVD risk and tau pathology were independently related to memory

Neurosciences & Neurology↗