Fragmentation Analysis of High-Energy Heavy Ion Beams for Single-Event Effects Testing at NSRL
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43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
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CMS High Granularity Calorimeter ECON-D ASIC overview and radiation testing results
The Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) Experiment’s High Granularity Calorimeter (HGCAL) upgrade replaces the CMS electromagnetic and hadronic endcap calorimeters in preparation for the high-rate and high-radiation environment of the High Luminosity LHC. To effectively use the over 6 million channels of this highly-segmented “imaging” calorimeter, CMS is pioneering very front-end data compression with the Endcap Concentrator (ECON) ASICs – the ECON-T for the trigger path and the ECON-D for the data path. These 65 nm CMOS ASICs are radiation tolerant (200 Mrad) and low-power (< 2.5 mW/channel). In June 2023, we received the first full-functionality prototype of the data path concentrator ASIC, the ECON-D-P1. This talk will present an overview of the ECON-D-P1, summarize functionality and system testing, and present results from both Total Ionizing Dose (TID) and Single Event Effect (SEE) testing campaigns completed in summer 2023, validating the ECON-D radiation tolerant performance.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Report from the Inaugural Meeting on the Opportunities at the SEEMS Facility June 11-12, 2019
The Inaugural Meeting on the Opportunities at the Single Event Effects—Muon Spectroscopy (SEEMS) facility was held June 11–12, 2019, at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Capabilities of the SEEMS facility concept were reviewed, with emphasis on particle beams for single event effects (SEE) testing of electronic devices (integrated circuits) and systems—a topic of growing interest and concern in aerospace avionics, satellites, supercomputing, autonomous cars, unmanned aerial vehicles and more. Participants from these industries and their regulators attended. A clear consensus on the growing and urgent need for SEE test capabilities like those offered by SEEMS was expressed. Subsequent to the meeting, letters of support for SEEMS were sent by The Boeing Company and Honeywell to the ORNL Laboratory Director, Thomas Zacharia.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
First test results of the HGCAL concentrator ASICs: ECON-T and ECON-D
With over 6 million channels, the High Granularity Calorimeter for the CMS HL-LHC upgrade presents a unique data transmission challenge. The ECON ASICs provide a critical stage of on-detector data compression and selection for the trigger path (ECON-T) and data acquisition path (ECON-D) of the HGCAL. The ASICs, fabricated in 65 nm CMOS, are radiation tolerant up to 200 Mrad and require low power consumption: < 2.5 mW/sensor-channel per chip. Here, we report on the first functionality and radiation tests for the ECON-D-P1 full-functionality prototype. We present a comparison of single event effect (SEE) cross sections measured for different methods of triple modular redundancy using test results from the ECON-T-P1 full-functionality prototype.
47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
Comparison of Single-Event Transients in an Epitaxial Silicon Diode Resulting from Heavy Ion-, Focused X-Ray-, and Pulsed Laser-Induced Charge Generation
Heavy ion, focused x-ray, and pulsed laser single event transient experiments are performed on a silicon epitaxial diode. Collected charge, transient rise times, and transient fall times are calculated and compared between the different sources. It is observed that these transient shape characteristics depend on the source (ion, x-ray, or laser), even when similar amounts of charge are generated. Finally, the observed differences are examined and explained in terms of basic charge collection mechanisms.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DFF Layout Variations in CMOS SOI—Analysis of Hardening by Design Options
Four D flip-flop (DFF) layouts were created from the same schematic in Sandia National Laboratories’ CMOS7 silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process. Single-event upset (SEU) modeling and testing showed an improved response with the use of shallow (not fully bottomed) N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (NMOSFETs), extending the size of the drain implant and increasing the critical charge of the transmission gates in the circuit design and layout. This research also shows the importance of correctly modeling nodal capacitance, which is a major factor determining SEU critical charge. Accurate SEU models enable the understanding of the SEU vulnerabilities and how to make the design more robust.
42 ENGINEERING↗
In-pixel automatic threshold calibration for the CMS Endcap Timing Layer readout chip
We present the implementation and verification of an in-pixel automatic threshold calibration circuit for the CMS Endcap Timing Layer (ETL) in the High-Luminosity LHC upgrade. The discriminator threshold of the ETL readout chip (ETROC) needs to be calibrated regularly to mitigate the circuit baseline change. Traditional methods need a lot of communication through a slow control system hence are time-consuming. This paper describes an in-pixel automatic scheme with improvements in operating time and usability. In this scheme, a sample-accumulation circuit is used to measure the average discriminator output. A binary successive approximation and linear combination scan are applied to find the equivalent baseline. The actual calibration procedure has been first implemented in FPGA firmware and tested with the ETROC front-end prototype chip (ETROC0). The calibration circuit has been implemented with Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) and verified with Single Event Effects (SEEs) simulation. A complete calibration process lasts 35 ms with a 40 MHz clock. In the worst case, the dynamic and static power consumption are estimated to be 300 uW and 10.4 uW, respectively. The circuit design, implemented in a 65 CMOS technology, will be integrated into ETROC2, the next iteration of the ETROC with a 16 x16 pixel matrix.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Applying Waveform Correlation to Mining Blasts Using a Global Sparse Network
Agencies that monitor for underground nuclear tests are interested in techniques that automatically characterize mining blasts to reduce the human analyst effort required to produce high-quality event bulletins. Waveform correlation is effective in finding similar waveforms from repeating seismic events, including mining blasts. We report the results of an experiment that uses waveform templates recorded by multiple International Monitoring System stations of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty for up to 10 years prior to detect and identify mining blasts that occur during single weeks of study. We discuss approaches for template selection, threshold setting, and event detection that are specialized for mining blasts and a sparse, global network. We apply the approaches to two different weeks of study for each of two geographic regions, Wyoming and Scandinavia, to evaluate the potential for establishing a set of standards for waveform correlation processing of mining blasts that can be effective for operational monitoring systems with a sparse network. We compare candidate events detected with our processing methods to the Reviewed Event Bulletin of the International Data Centre to develop an intuition about potential reduction in analyst workload.
45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗
Applying Waveform Correlation to Mining Blasts Using a Global Sparse Network
Agencies that monitor for underground nuclear tests are interested in techniques that automatically characterize mining blasts to reduce the human analyst effort required to produce high-quality event bulletins. Waveform correlation is effective in finding similar waveforms from repeating seismic events, including mining blasts. We report the results of an experiment that uses waveform templates recorded by multiple International Monitoring System stations of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization for up to 10 years prior to the time period of interest to detect and identify mining blasts that occur during single weeks of study. We discuss approaches for template selection, threshold setting, and event detection that are specialized for mining blasts and a sparse, global network. We apply the approaches to two different weeks of study for each of two geographic regions, Wyoming and Scandinavia, to evaluate the potential for establishing a set of standards for waveform correlation processing of mining blasts that can be effective for operational monitoring systems with a sparse network. We compare candidate events detected with our processing methods to the Reviewed Event Bulletin of the International Data Centre to develop an intuition about potential reduction in analyst workload.
98 NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT, SAFEGUARDS, AND PHYSICAL P↗
The Tiny Triplet Finder as a Versatile Track Segment Seeding Engine for Trigger Systems
In high energy physics experiment trigger systems, track segment seeding is a resource consuming function and the primary reason is the computing complexity of the segment finding process. As the Moore's Law is reaching its physical limit, reducing computing complexity should be carefully considered, rather than keep piling up silicon resources. The Tiny Triplet Finder is a scheme that reduces the computing complexity of the segment seeding. As a proof of concept, a 3D track segment seeding engine core based on the Tiny Triplet Finder has been implemented and tested in a low-cost FPGA device. The seeding engine is designed to preselect and group hits (stubs) from detector layers to feed subsequent track fitting stage. The seeding engine consists of a Hough transform space for r-z view and a Tiny Triplet Finder for r-phi view to implement 3D constraints. The seeding engine is organized as a pipeline so that each hit is processed in a single clock cycle. Taking advantage of the register-like storage block scheme which enables effectively resetting of a block RAM within a single clock cycle, clearing or refreshing the seeding engine takes only one clock cycles between two events. The Tiny Triplet Finder is also a generic coincidence finding scheme that can be used for many tasks. As a versatility demonstration, track segment finding performances for two distinctive detector geometries are tested in our seeding engine. In a collider barrel-layer geometry, the fake segment rates are studied for 3D (i.e., both r-phi and r-z views) and 2D (i.e., r-phi or r-z view only) configurations for high hit multiplicity events (>4000 hits/layer in the barrel region). Another detector geometry contains strip plane layers with timing information. The numbers of coincidences, both real or fake, with or without timing ("3D" or "2D") information at various hit multiplicities are studied.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Annual LDRD Report (FY2019)
The performance of Nuclear Deterrence (ND) systems could be improved by adopting advanced commercial CMOS technologies. However, the radiation hardness of these ND systems must be assured. This project quantified dose rate upset thresholds, allowing us to evaluate whether advanced commercial technologies can be used in rad hard applications. This project also evaluated the susceptibility of advanced commercial technologies to neutron displacement damage and single event effects, and developed hardness assurance methods. As a result of this work, Sandia is now collaborating more closely with DoD agencies and their contractors to understand and improve the radiation hardness of advanced commercial technologies. Sandia Capabilities (SPHINX, lon Beam Lab, FPGA test capabilities) were developed and are being utilized by other programs. Staff were trained to do radiation survivability testing and developed proposals that were funded. Internal and external collaborations and partnerships were developed, including with Georgia Tech. This project received the Best Paper award at the 2019 Hardened Electronics And Radiation Technology (HEART) Conference.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Observation of Undulator Radiation Generated by a Single Electron Circulating in a Storage Ring and Possible Applications
An experimental study into the undulator radiation, generated by a single electron was carried out at the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA) storage ring at Fermilab. The individual photons were detected by a Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) at an average rate of 1 detection per 300 revolutions in the ring. The detection events were continuously recorded by a picosecond event timer for as long as 1 minute at a time. The collected data were used to test if there is any deviation from the classically predicted Poissonian photostatistics. It was motivated by the observation * of sub-Poissonian statistics in a similar experiment. The observation * could be an instrumentation effect related to low detection efficiency and long detector dead time. In our experiment, the detector (SPAD) has a much higher efficiency (65%) and a much lower dead time. In addition, we show that the collected data (recorded detection times) can be used to study the synchrotron motion of a single electron and infer some parameters of the ring. For example, by comparing the results of simulation and measurement for the synchrotron motion we were able to estimate the magnitude of the RF phase jitter.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Register-Like Block RAM: Implementation, Testing in FPGA and Applications for High Energy Physics Trigger Systems
In high energy physics experiment trigger systems, block memories are utilized for various purposes, especially in indexed searching algorithms. It is often demanded to globally reset all memory locations between different events which is a feature not supported in regular block memories. Another common demand is to be able to update the contents in any memory location in a single clock cycle. These two demands can be fulfilled with registers but the cost of using registers for large memory is unaffordable. In this paper, a register-like block memory design scheme is described, which allows updating memory locations in single clock cycle and effectively refreshing entire memory within a single clock. The implementation and test results are presented.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
A Two-Stage Current Limiting Control Strategy for Direct-Droop-Controlled Grid-Forming Inverters
This paper presents a two-stage current limiting control strategy with fault ride-through capability for the direct-droop-controlled grid-forming (GFM) inverters. The proposed approach comprises Stage 1 and Stage 2 current limiting controls. During faults, Stage 1 current limiting control instantly clamps the inverter output current magnitude to its maximum transient limit by blocking the switching pulses to the insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) with the help of a hysteresis loop control, and Stage 2 current limiting control limits the inverter output current magnitude to its steady-state limit by regulating the amplitude and frequency of the modulating waveform utilizing the active and reactive current limiting control loops. By implementing the current limiting actions in two stages, this approach can effectively limit the over-current within a few cycles after the fault occurrence and ensure synchronism to the grid after long-term fault events. The efficacy of the proposed control approach is validated through electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation results conducted on a single GFM inverter-based test system and the IEEE 39-bus test system with multiple GFM inverters in the PSCAD platform.
Mohiuddin, Sheik Mohammad↗
Measurement of $d^2 \sigma/d|\vec{q}|d E_{avail}$ and 2p2h contribution using charged current $\nu_\mu$ interactions in the NOvA Near Detector
This Thesis presents the analysis methods and measurement of the $d^2 \sigma/d|\vec{q}|d E_{avail}$-CC inclusive cross section that describes neutrino scattering in a predominantly hydrocarbon medium. Studies that are prerequisite for the analysis including, variable determinations, event selections, efficiency, purity determinations, and systematic uncertainty estimations, are summarized. Tests of the analysis are also detailed, and shown to reproduce the input distributions. The double-differential cross-section measurement provides the foundation for determination of the inclusive rate for the excess induced by 2p2h processes together with nuclear medium effects that are not described by the Fermi gas model. The methodology for the extraction of this rate, defined as the excess observed relative to the rate estimated for known single-nucleon interactions, is described in detail. The following new measurements are reported in this Thesis: (1) The $\nu_\mu-$CC inclusive double-differential cross section as a function of three-momentum transfer and available hadronic energy, for an average $E_\nu$ of 1.8 GeV, is obtained. The double-differential cross section value that obtains when the bin widths are taken to be the dimensions of the entire analysis domain, e.g. $0.2 \le |\vec{q}| \le 2.0 GeV/c$ and $0.0 \le E_{avail} \le 2.0$ GeV, is inclusive cross section is $(6.05 \pm 0.75)\times10^{-39}$ cm$^2$/GeV/GeV/$c$/nucleon. An event excess attributed to 2p2h-MEC processes is observed; most of the rate occurs in a contiguous phase space region $0.3 \le |\vec{q}| \le 1.0$ GeV$/c$ $0.0 \le E_{avail} \le 0.35$ GeV. This rate represents $12.0\pm 6.5\%$ of the observed CC inclusive cross section; its cross section ratio relative to CCQE scattering is estimated to be $44.3 \pm 23.9\%$.
Olson, Travis Grant↗
Analysis and Integration of the Hydraulic Fracturing Test Site-2 (HFTS-2) Comprehensive Dataset
Hydraulic Fracturing Test Site-2 (HFTS-2) is a field-based research experiment performed in the Permian (Delaware) Basin. The unique aspect of this program was the acquisition of a unique, comprehensive, diagnostic dataset. Additionally, shorter parent wells drilled three years before the child wells offered clear distinction between the stages influenced by parent-child effects and the stages without any effects. The goal of this study was to analyze and integrate this comprehensive diagnostic dataset to understand the areal and vertical extent of hydraulic fractures (HF). The paper also provides insights on the effects of parent wells’ depletion on child well HF geometry based on various monitoring methods and subsurface models. Areal and vertical coverage for all HFTS-2 wells during stimulation and depletion was estimated based on analysis and interpretation of diagnostics and advanced modeling results. HFTS-2 diagnostics included microseismic (MS), pre- and post-stimulation logs and cores, bottomhole gauges, and fiber optic (FO) data. The diagnostics results (MS, FO, image logs) were integrated and used to calibrate subsurface models. Additional field tests were designed and implemented for depletion monitoring. The tailored program for monitoring depletion included vertical and slant well pressures, interference testing, and a vertical strain depletion trial. Areal Coverage: Conventional MS (and FO MS) were used to compute HF dimensions, which were compared with diagnostics (FO strain, gauge, image logs) observations and calibrated subsurface models. A post-production interference test did not show offset well communication. Vertical Coverage: Vertical coverage during stimulation was monitored using a vertical monitoring well. The stronger mechanical strain signals showed good correlation with MS event intensities, geomechanical properties, and gauge inferences. Vertical depletion was estimated based on vertical/slant well gauges and strain depletion tests. Parent-Child Effects: Diagnostics and calibrated subsurface models show asymmetry in child well fracture geometries for stages that overlap parent wells. Child well image logs serve as a good indicator for parent Downloaded from http://onepetro.org/URTECONF/proceedings-pdf/21URTC/2-21URTC/D021S031R004/2477423/urtec-2021-5241-ms.pdf/1 by Carol Worster on 28 February 2022 URTeC 5241 well HF tracking. Child well MS events had an eastward bias, in line with pre-stimulation image logs, and was confirmed by parent well frac hits. Novel/Additive Information: The dataset presents a unique, over-constrained problem space to compare independent techniques to arrive at HF metrics (i.e., stimulation height and/or half-length), unlike a single source dataset, in which calibration is done using available data to guide predictions. Here, the asymmetry in HF geometry seen in the stages influenced by parent-child effects offers unique insights into well spacing and landing, which are key capital decisions the unconventional resources industry is seeking to optimize.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
In Situ Machine Learning for Intelligent Data Capture on Exascale Platforms. Final Report
In many dynamic systems, interesting events occur locally in time and space. Examples of such systems include ignition events in combustion simulations, material fractures in mechanics simulations, and extreme weather events in climate simulations. Due to memory constraints and data I/O costs, current simulation workflows save data at regularly spaced time-steps, at a fixed rate determined before the start of the simulation. Often this mode of operation results in missed events of interest, necessitating a simulation restart from before an event occurred with more frequent data saves. This data saving workflow is grossly inefficient and is already a bottleneck in the computing process. We propose to develop machine learning algorithms that can detect when interesting dynamical events are occurring, triggering data saves. These machine learning algorithms will perform in situ anomaly detection to flag regions with different dynamical properties than those previously recorded. The adaptive data saves would be local in time and space to match the event of interest, thereby enabling a much more efficient workflow that will reduce data I/O costs and data storage memory requirements. The algorithms will be tested on two applications: auto-ignition simulations and climate simulations. A critical component of this project will be developing machine learning algorithms that can be deployed efficiently in situ on HPC platforms with out-of-the-box functionality. The development of in situ machine learning methods to detect anomalous events would enable a more efficient and effective workflow, in which all the relevant data are saved in a single simulation run, without re-starts or scientist intervention.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Rapid Spaceborne Mapping of Wildfire Retardant Drops for Active Wildfire Management
Aerial application of fire retardant is a critical tool for managing wildland fire spread. Retardant applications are carefully planned to maximize fire line effectiveness, improve firefighter safety, protect high-value resources and assets, and limit environmental impact. However, topography, wind, visibility, and aircraft orientation can lead to differences between planned drop locations and the actual placement of the retardant. Information on the precise placement and areal extent of the dropped retardant can provide wildland fire managers with key information to (1) adaptively manage event resources, (2) assess the effectiveness of retardant slowing or stopping fire spread, (3) document location in relation to ecologically sensitive areas; and perform or validate cost-accounting for drop services. This study uses Sentinel-2 satellite data and commonly used machine learning classifiers to test an automated approach for detecting and mapping retardant application. We show that a multiclass model (retardant, burned, unburned, and cloud artifact classes) outperforms a single-class retardant model and that image differencing (post-application minus pre-application) outperforms single-image models. Compared to the random forest and support vector machine, the gradient boosting model performed the best with an overall accuracy of 0.88 and an F1 Score of 0.76 for fire retardant, though results were comparable for all three models. Our approach maps the full areal extent of the dropped retardant within minutes of image availability, rather than linear representations currently mapped by aerial GPS surveys. The development of this capability allows for the rapid assessment of retardant effectiveness and documentation of placement in relation to sensitive environments.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗