Farnsworth Unit CO2 Soil-Gas Flux Data
CO2 soil flux data collected from Farnsworth Unit field, Ochiltree County, Texas between 11/2013 and 06/2024.
CO2 monitoring↗
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Plant Characteristics, Porewater, Gas Flux, and Soil Biogeochemistry at Council Road Site Mile Marker 71, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, 2023
Data collected at Council, AK (64°51’35.0”N 163°41’59.1”W) during a summer campaign in 2023. Water data consists of soil porewater collected by centrifuging soil cores and also by field collection with porewater samplers (rhizons). Gas data consists of CO2, CH4 and N2O surface soil fluxes measured with a portable FTIR analyzer. Plant and root data consists of biomass, root length, diameter and mass. Soil data consists of total C and N. Air, water and soil samples span two main locations: a thermokarst wetland and an upland tussock. The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic), was a research effort to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research.The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska. Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy's Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).This dataset was generated to broadly address the following research question: how will climate change (i.e., thawing permafrost, landscape change) alter the ecosystem flux (sink versus source) of important greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4 and N2O?Description of the contents of this data package: This dataset contains 5 different individual .csv files containing plant, soil, water and gas data. No software is needed to utilize them. PFTCover: Plant functional type ground cover in 1x1 meter plots. SoilCores: Solidphase and porewater phase soil biogeochemical variablesPlantData: Above and belowground plant traits. GasFlux: Surface plant-soil gas measurementsFieldPorewater: Field collected porewater biogeochemical variables
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Greenhouse Rhizobox Experiment with Plant Characteristics, Porewater, Gas Flux, and Soil Biogeochemistry data, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, 2024
Data collected from a greenhouse rhizobox experiment (2024) using soils and plants collected at Council, AK (64°51’35.0”N 163°41’59.1”W) during a summer campaign in 2023. Water data consists of soil porewater collected by porewater samplers (rhizons). Gas data consists of CO2 and CH4 surface soil fluxes measured with an FTIR (Fourier-transformed infrared red) analyzer. Plant and root data consists of biomass, root length. This study is a part of The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic), was a research effort to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research.The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska. Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy's Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).This dataset was generated to broadly address the following research question: how will climate change (i.e., thawing permafrost, landscape change) alter the ecosystem flux (sink versus source) of important greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CH4?Description of the contents of this data package: Rhizobox2024_Data.csv: This dataset contains plant, water and gas data. No software is needed to utilize them.nga535_flmd.csv: The file contains file level metadatanga535.dd.csv: This file contains the data dictionaryMethods.pdf: This file contains the data collection methods
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Intercropping kura clover with prairie cordgrass mitigates soil greenhouse gas fluxes
Prairie cordgrass (PCG) ( Spartina pectinata Link) has a high tolerance to soil salinity and waterlogging, therefore, it can thrive on marginal lands. Optimizing the nitrogen (N) input is crucial to achieving desirable biomass production of PCG without negatively impacting the environment. Thus, this study was based on the hypothesis that the use of legumes such as kura clover ( Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.) (KC) as an intercrop with PCG can provide extra N to the crop reducing the additional N fertilizer and mitigating soil surface greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Specific objective of the study was to assess the impact of PCG managed with different N rates [0 kg N ha -1 (PCG-0N), 75 kg N ha -1 (PCG-75N), 150 kg N ha -1 (PCG-150N), and 225 kg N ha -1 (PCG-255N)], and PCG intercropped with KC (PCG-KC) on GHG fluxes and biomass yield. The experimental site was established in 2010 in South Dakota under a marginally yielding cropland. The GHG fluxes were measured from 2014 through 2018 growing seasons using the static chamber. Net global warming potential (GWP) was calculated. Data showed that cumulative CH 4 and CO 2 fluxes were similar for all the treatments over the study period. However, the PCG-KC, PCG-0N, and PCG-75N recorded lower cumulative N 2 O fluxes (384, 402, and 499 g N ha -1 , respectively) than the PCG-150N (644 g N ha -1 ) and PCG-255N (697 g N ha -1 ). The PCG-KC produced 85% and 39% higher yield than the PCG-0N in 2016 and 2017, respectively, and similar yield to the other treatments (PCG-75N, PCG-150N, and PCG-255N) in these years. Net GWP was 52% lower for the PCG-KC (112.38 kg CO 2 -eq ha -1 ) compared to the PCG-225N (227.78 kg CO 2 -eq ha -1 ), but similar to other treatments. Soil total N was 15%% and 13% higher under PCG-KC (3.7 g kg -1 ) than that under PCG-0N (3.2 g kg -1 ) and PCG-75N (3.3 g kg -1 ), respectively. This study concludes that intercropping prairie cordgrass with kura clover can enhance biomass yield and reduce fertilizer-derived N 2 O emissions and net global warming potential.
09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
SPRUCE: Carbon Dioxide and Methane Soil Flux Measurements at High Temporal Resolution, Beginning in 2022
This data set contains high temporal resolution measurements of greenhouse gas flux (CO2 and CH4) from the SPRUCE (Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments) experiment (Hanson et al. 2017) over the growing seasons in 2022 (30-minute resolution) and 2023 (15-minute resolution). Additional data will be appended to this dataset periodically until the close out of the SPRUCE experiment in 2025. This dataset contains two data files in comma-separate (*.csv) format. ABB GLA131-GGA CO2/CH4 gas analyzers, each paired with an Eosense eosMX multiplexer and 2 eosAC-LT automated flux chambers, were deployed from during the 2022 and 2023 growing seasons (2022-06-06 – 2023-10-26). Each SPRUCE experimental enclosure included two Eosense 50 cm diameter flux chambers with 40 cm tall stainless steel collars embedded approximately 15 cm into the peat soil, to measure soil gas flux of peatland ecosystem moss-shrub communities. . Measurements were taken for three minutes, alternating between the flux chambers, with each Eosense flux chamber sampling gas fluxes four times per hour in 2023 and twice per hour for 2022. In addition, time-series environmental data measured at the flux chamber are included: Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), soil temperature, soil volumetric water content (at 10 cm depth), air temperature, soil temperature (0-200 cm depth), and volumetric water at 20 cm depth.
Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Envir↗
COMPASS-FME Terrestrial Ecosystem Manipulation to Probe the Effects of Storm Treatments (TEMPEST) Soil Greenhouse Gas Fluxes 04/2020-06/2024
Both raw and processed data measured using a LI-COR 7810 Greenhouse Gas Analyzer in the TEMPEST experiment, part of COMPASS-FME (https://compass.pnnl.gov/FME/COMPASSFME), at Smithsonian Environmental Research Center. This ecosystem-scale experiment probes the effects of saltwater versus freshwater flooding in a coastal deciduous forest.The data consist of both concentrations and fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane measured using static chambers on the soil surface, approximately every two weeks from early 2020 to mid 2024. Some of the measurement points are controls, and some subject to root-exclusion techniques; all measurements are embedded in the TEMPEST control, freshwater, and saltwater plots (see Hopple et al. 2023). These data were generated to understand changing soil greenhouse gas (CO2 and CH4) production and consumption. File types are comma-separated value (.csv) for data, and markdown (.md) for supplementary information.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Strong temporal variability in methane fluxes from natural gas well pad soils
We measured methane and carbon dioxide fluxes at natural gas well pad soils and undisturbed soils in the Rocky Mountain and Gulf Coast regions of the United States, including producing and gas storage wells. We collected both short-term (15 min) and multi-day (between 3 and 8), continuous measurements at 47 well pads and two undisturbed locations. Methane fluxes varied by more than an order of magnitude over periods as short as 30 min (e.g., 19–593 mg m -2 h -1 in one instance), and diurnal and seasonal variability was also significant (e.g., spring-to-fall change from 509 to 14174 mg m -2 h -1 ). We hypothesize that short-term flux variability was caused by pulsed flow of methane during its migration through the subsurface. Barometric pressure and well conditions likely impacted fluxes, but we found only weak evidence for this. Bacterial methanotrophy appeared to impact methane flux magnitude and variability. We injected methane into the subsurface at one well, and we found that, while fluxes of methane and carbon dioxide, and combustible soil gas concentrations, increased in response to the injection, the response was not uniform, and fluxes exhibited high hourly-scale variability, in spite of a constant injection rate. Methane fluxes tended to be higher at well pad soils compared to background soils (often much higher), and fluxes tended to be higher at well pad locations closer to the well head.
03 NATURAL GAS↗
Interannual Variability in Soil Trace Gas (CO2, N2O, NO) Fluxes and Analysis of Controllers
Interannual variability in flux rates of biogenic trace gases must be quantified in order to understand the differences between short-term trends and actual long-term change in biosphere-atmosphere interactions. We simulated interannual patterns (1983-1988) of global trace gas fluxes from soils using the NASA Ames model version of CASA (Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach) in a transient simulation mode. This ecosystem model has been recalibrated for simulations driven by satellite vegetation index data from the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) over the mid-1980s. The predicted interannual pattern of soil heterotropic CO2 emissions indicates that relatively large increases in global carbon flux from soils occurred about three years following the strong El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event of 1983. Results for the years 1986 and 1987 showed an annual increment of +1 Pg (1015 g) C-CO2 emitted from soils, which tended to dampen the estimated global increase in net ecosystem production with about a two year lag period relative to plant carbon fixation. Zonal discrimination of model results implies that 80-90 percent of the yearly positive increments in soil CO2 emission during 1986-87 were attributable to soil organic matter decomposition in the low-latitudes (between 30 N and 30 S). Soils of the northern middle-latitude zone (between 30 N and 60 N) accounted for the residual of these annual increments. Total annual emissions of nitrogen trace gases (N2O and NO) from soils were estimated to vary from 2-4 percent over the time period modeled, a level of variability which is consistent with predicted interannual fluctuations in global soil CO2 fluxes. Interannual variability of precipitation in tropical and subtropical zones (30 N to 20 S appeared to drive the dynamic inverse relationship between higher annual emissions of NO versus emissions of N2O. Global mean emission rates from natural (heterotrophic) soil sources over the period modeled (1983-1988) were estimated at 57.1 Pg C-CO2yr-1, 9.8Tg (1012 g) N-NO yr-1, and 9.7 Tg N-N2O yr-1. Chemical fertilizer contributions to global soil N gas fluxes were estimated at between 1.3 to 7.3 Tg N-NO yr-1, and 1.2 to 4.0 Tg N-N2O yr-1.
Potter, C.↗
A reporting format for field measurements of soil respiration
Field observations of the soil-to-atmosphere CO2 flux–soil respiration, RS–are a prime example of ‘long tail’ data that historically have had neither centralized databases nor an agreed-upon reporting format. This has hindered scientific transparency, analytical reproducibility, and novel syntheses with respect to this globally-important component of the carbon cycle. Here we propose a new data and metadata reporting format for RS data, based on engagement with a wide range of researchers in the field as well as expert advisory panels. Our goal was a reporting format that would be relevant and useful for synthesis activities, and optimizing data discoverability and usability while not placing an undue burden on data contributors. We describe previous RS data collection efforts, lessons learned from related databases and data-oriented networks (e.g. FLUXNET) in earth and ecological sciences, and the process of community consultation. The proposed reporting format focuses on chamber-level data and metadata, specifying measurement conditions and, for a given measurement period defined by beginning and ending timestamps, a mean RS flux (or CO2 concentration) and associated ancillary measurements. Fundamentally, this format aims to enable findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable data, while providing ‘future-proofing’ capabilities to support reanalyses using as yet unknown algorithms or approaches. Finally, this proposed RS reporting format is available online, and is intended to be a dynamic document, subject to further community feedback and/or change in the future.
Bond-Lamberty, Benjamin↗
ESS-DIVE reporting format for field measurements of soil respiration
This is a new data and metadata reporting format for soil respiration data, based on engagement with a wide range of researchers in the earth and ecological sciences as well as expert advisory panels. Reporting formats are intended to be ‘bottom-up’, community-developed documents and templates that can enable consistent, findable, accessible, interoperable, and reproducible (FAIR) data; our goal was a reporting format that would be relevant and useful for synthesis activities, optimizing data discoverability and usability while not placing an undue burden on data contributors. The format is split into two levels of information—metadata about chambers (used to measure soil respiration in the field), and the measured data themselves. The file data_reportingformat_template.xlsx contains information on how the data table should be structured, including field names, field descriptions, and units; the chammetadata_reportingformat_template.xlsx file contains similar information for the chamber-level metadata. Fundamentally, this format aims to enable FAIR data through an easy-to-use guide for data providers interested in formatting their data in a common way, and provide ‘future-proofing’ capabilities to support reanalyses of soil respiration data, a globally-important component of the carbon cycle.
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Land-Use Change, Soil Process and Trace Gas Fluxes in the Brazilian Amazon Basin
We measured changes in key soil processes and the fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O associated with the conversion of tropical rainforest to pasture in Rondonia, a state in the southwest Amazon that has experienced rapid deforestation, primarily for cattle ranching, since the late 1970s. These measurements provide a comprehensive quantitative picture of the nature of surface soil element stocks, C and nutrient dynamics, and trace gas fluxes between soils and the atmosphere during the entire sequence of land-use change from the initial cutting and burning of native forest, through planting and establishment of pasture grass and ending with very old continuously-pastured land. All of our work is done in cooperation with Brazilian scientists at the Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA) through an extant official bi-lateral agreement between the Marine Biological Laboratory and the University of Sao Paulo, CENA's parent institution.
Melillo, Jerry M.↗
Data from: Lowland Tropical Forests Remain a Methane Sink Under Warming and Long-Term Hurricane Disturbance Recovery
The repository folder contains spreadsheets and script for soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, soil moisture, soil temperature, air temperature, and precipitation measurements collected from the Tropical Responses to Altered Climate Experiment (TRACE) at the Sabana Research Field Station, El Yunque National Forest (USDA Forest Service; 18°19′28.74″ N, 65°43′50.09″ W) — an open-air field warming experiment located in a lowland tropical forest in Puerto Rico within the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF) — six to seven years after Hurricanes Irma and Maria (2017). All spreadsheets for soil and air microclimate data, as well as soil greenhouse gas data, are included as csv files. Air temperature data are also included as Excel spreadsheets (.xlsx). The script is built in R Studio, which is the only software required to run data analysis. This dataset is associated with the manuscript “Larocca Conte G ; Zuvela L ; Cruz-Pérez R ; Barreto-Vélez T ; Becerra-Santillan N ; Campbell S ; Chu H ; Dam T ; Grullón-Penkova I ; Kleit M ; Ortiz-Iglesias D ; Rubio-Lebrón L ; Cavaleri M ; Reed S ; Sihi D ; Wood T ; O'Connell C., 2026. Lowland Tropical Forests Remain a Methane Sink Under Warming and Long-Term Hurricane Disturbance Recovery. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. In review". The dataset was used to test the effect of warming on soil CH4 dynamics following long-term legacy effects of hurricane disturbance. The dataset includes: - An overall README file in word and pdf format describing methodology and spreadsheets’ structure. - Continuous measurements of soil temperature and moisture from January 2023 to July 2024 measured with Campbell CS655 probes (“TRACE_soil_temperature_and_moisture_2023_cleaned(in).csv” and “TRACE_soil_temperature_and_moisture_2024_cleaned. csv”). - Air temperature data measured with a HOBO MX23O1A data logger (“Hobo air temperature 2023 Sep 2024” and “Hobo air temperature 2023 Sep 2024” – “CSV FILES folders”). - Precipitation data from a nearby weather tower downloaded from González et al. (2025; “sabana_2020-2025.csv”). - Soil CH4 and CO2 effluxes measured intermittently in two summer campaigns (June – August 2023 and June – July 2024) with a LI-COR 8200-01S Portable Smart Chamber coupled with a LI-COR LI-7810 CH4/ CO2/H2O Trace Gas Analyzer (“23_24COMBO2.0.csv”). - R markdown script for data analysis (“Trace new_PLOTS.Rmd”).
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
COSORE: A community database for continuous soil respiration and other soil‐atmosphere greenhouse gas flux data
Not Available
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
Raw Data published in PeerJ, 2021 for Crested Butte decomposition field study 2017-2019.
This data package contains text files that describe geochemical measurements collected from 2017-2019 during isolated conifer needle decomposition field studies in Crested Butte, Colorado. The geochemical measurements were collected across three elevations (2,800–3,500 m) ranging from montane to subalpine ecoregions. The data sets within include total carbon and nitrogen content and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results for the initial needles collected in 2016 and after decomposition in 2019. Data collection results from August 2020 are also included from when the experimental plots were removed to understand final concentrations of soil extractable carbon and nitrogen content as well as mass balances from litter bag deployments. Soil porewater results are also provided from 2017-2019 for DOC, TN, UV254, and specific UV absorbance (SUVA) analyses at 15 cm soil depth. Gas flux raw data provides CO2, CH4, N2O, and NH3 measurements above needle decomposition over the three study years. Finally, soil samples for microbial DNA extractions were collected from the upper soil depth. This raw data is available in the NCBI SRA database under SRA accession numbers PRJNA605259 and PRJNA715914. These data sets were generated to investigate the isolated decomposition of spruce and lodgepole conifer needles. The goal of this work was to determine the roles of elevation, soil type, seasonal changes in soil moisture, and snowmelt timing on litter decomposition processes. Results from this work are detailed in the reference paper "Effect of elevation, season and accelerated snowmelt on biogeochemical processes during isolated conifer needle litter decomposition. DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11926."
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Regional Impacts of Woodland Expansion on Nitrogen Oxide Emissions from Texas Savannahs: Combining Field, Modeling and Remote Sensing Approaches
Woody encroachment has contributed to documented changes world-wide and locally in the southwestern U.S. Specifically, in North Texas rangelands encroaching mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa) a known N-fixing species has caused changes in aboveground biomass. While measurements of aboveground plant production are relatively common, measures of soil N availability are scarce and vary widely. N trace gas emissions (nitric and nitrous oxide) flom soils reflect patterns in current N cycling rates and availability as they are stimulated by inputs of organic and inorganic N. Quantification of N oxide emissions from savanna soils may depend upon the spatial distribution of woody plant canopies, and specifically upon the changes in N availability and cycling and subsequent N trace gas production as influenced by the shift from herbaceous to woody vegetation type. The main goal of this research was to determine whether remotely sensible parameters of vegetation structure and soil type could be used to quantify biogeochemical changes in N at local, landscape and regional scales. To accomplish this goal, field-based measurements of N trace gases were carried out between 2000-2001, encompassing the acquisition of imaging spectrometer data from the NASA Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) on September 29, 2001. Both biotic (vegetation type and soil organic N) and abiotic (soil type, soil pH, temperature, soil moisture, and soil inorganic N) controls were analyzed for their contributions to observed spatial and temporal variation in soil N gas fluxes. These plot level studies were used to develop relationships between spatially extensive, field-based measurements of N oxide fluxes and remotely sensible aboveground vegetation and soil properties, and to evaluate the short-term controls over N oxide emissions through intensive field wetting experiments. The relationship between N oxide emissions, remotely-sensed parameters (vegetation cover, and soil type), and physical controls (soil moisture, and temperature) permitted the regional scale quantification of soil N oxides emissions. Landscape scale analysis linking N oxide emissions with cover change revealed an alleviation from N limitation following mesquite invasion. This study demonstrated the advantage of using N trace gases as a measure of ecosystem N availability combined with remote sensing to characterize the spatial heterogeneity in ecosystem parameters at a scale commensurate with field-based measurements of these properties. Woody vegetation encroachment provided an opportunity to capitalize on detection of the remotely-sensible parameter of woody cover as it relates to belowground biogeochemical processes that determine N trace gas production. The first spatially-explicit estimates of NO flux were calculated based on Prosopis fractional cover derived from high resolution remote sensing estimates of fractional woody cover (< 4 m) for a 120 sq km region of North Texas. An assessment of both N stocks and fluxes from the study revealed an alleviation of N limitation at this site experiencing recent woody encroachment. Many arid and semi-arid regions of the world are experiencing woody invasions, often of N-fixing species. The issue of woody encroachment is in the center of an ecological and political debate. Improving the links between biogeochemical processes and remote sensing of ecosystem properties will improve our understanding of biogeochemical processes at the regional scale, thus providing a means to address issues of land-use and land-cover change.
Asner, Gregory P.↗
How does management affect soil C sequestration and greenhouse gas fluxes in boreal and temperate forests? – A review
Not Available
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
An open-source, automated, gas sampling peripheral for laboratory incubation experiments using cavity ring-down spectroscopy
Not Available
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
Southwest Regional Partnership on Carbon Sequestration: Phase III (Final Scientific/Technical Report)
The Southwest Regional Partnership on Carbon Sequestration (SWP) is one of 7 regional partnerships formed in 2003 under the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (RCSPs) initiative. The overall purpose of the initiative was to help determine and implement the technology, infrastructure, and regulations most appropriate to promote carbon storage in different regions of the country. Covering Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Utah, and parts of Texas, Wyoming, and Kansas, the SWP evaluated regional carbon storage and utilization potential and focused on technologies and sites that could complement the region’s strong position in energy production. The project progressed through three phases: • Phase I (2003–2005): Characterized regional geologic formations and CO 2 sources, assessed sequestration potential, and identified pilot test sites. • Phase II (2005–2013): Conducted small-scale field tests to validate sequestration methods, including geologic and terrestrial projects. • Phase III (2008–2022): Demonstrated large-scale CO 2 injection at a commercial oil field to test monitoring, verification, and long-term storage strategies. This report covers Phase III. The final project site, the Farnsworth Unit (FWU) in Texas, provided real-world testing of reservoir characterization, monitoring, and risk evaluation tools and processes that could be used in any commercial scale carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) project. Extensive data collection and analysis helped refine best practices for reservoir characterization, injection monitoring, and storage verification. The SWP contributed to national databases, DOE best practice manuals, and regional geological assessments to support future sequestration efforts. Key lessons learned include the importance of robust data management, strategic site selection, regulatory navigation, and effective industry collaboration. The project’s findings will inform ongoing and future carbon storage initiatives. Task 1 (Regional Characterization) • The SWP continued to participate in national outreach efforts and NATCARB. • The SWP evaluated multiple potential sites before selecting the FWU as the primary field test location. Task 2 (Public Outreach and Education) • The SWP contributed to national databases, DOE best practice manuals, and regional geological assessments to support future sequestration efforts. Task 3 (Permitting and Regulatory Compliance) • The SWP ensured compliance with federal and state regulations, including National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requirements. • The SWP obtained all necessary permits for drilling, injection, and monitoring activities. Task 4 (Site Characterization and Planning) • The SWP developed work plans for four key activities: characterization, simulation, monitoring and verification, and risk evaluation. • The SWP collected and synthesized legacy data from multiple sources to build initial static geological models and dynamic reservoir models demonstrating project feasibility. • The SWP conducted an initial risk evaluation and developed mitigation plans. Task 5 (Field Operations and Data Collection) • The SWP drilled, logged, and cored three characterization wells to gather critical subsurface data. • The SWP conducted multiple geophysical surveys, including 3D seismic, crosswell seismic, and vertical seismic profiling, to improve reservoir characterization. Task 6 (Monitoring and Verification) • The SWP performed extensive geological characterization using data from characterization wells and seismic surveys. • The SWP established a surface monitoring network to track CO 2 flux in soil gas, groundwater chemistry, and near-surface atmospheric CO 2 levels. • The SWP built and refined reservoir models to study the effects of relative permeability on simulation behavior and improve calibration with experimental data. Task 7 (Risk Assessment and Model Refinement) • The SWP conducted multiple studies to evaluate reservoir integrity, predict CO 2 plume behavior and improve predictive modeling capabilities. • The SWP refined geological models and used them to enhance the accuracy of simulation models. • The SWP continued quantitative risk assessment of top-ranked risks and strengthened the link between qualitative and quantitative risk methodologies.
02 PETROLEUM↗