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Variations in the solar constant due to solar active regions

Solar activity is expected to affect the solar constant at some level. Recent observations and data analysis show the amount of variation to be expected for active regions, faculae, and sunspots on the apparent solar brightness. It is concluded that the maximum effect is about 20 times greater for sunspots than for faculae per unit area. Because facular areas are 25-30 times those for sunspots, the effect on the solar constant of faculae and sunspots is approximately equal and opposite, being typically in the neighborhood of 40-100 parts per million (ppm), but on occasion able to reach over 200 ppm. The issue of energy balance is not discussed here, for it requires further data analysis as well as information on the facular and sunspot limb darkening.

Chapman, G. A.

Eruptions that Drive Coronal Jets in a Solar Active Region

Solar coronal jets are common in both coronal holes and in active regions (e.g., Shibata et al. 1992, Shimojo et al. 1996, Cirtain et al. 2007. Savcheva et al. 2007). Recently, Sterling et al. (2015), using data from Hinode/XRT and SDO/AIA, found that coronal jets originating in polar coronal holes result from the eruption of small-scale filaments (minifilaments). The jet bright point (JBP) seen in X-rays and hotter EUV channels off to one side of the base of the jet's spire develops at the location where the minifilament erupts, consistent with the JBPs being miniature versions of typical solar flares that occur in the wake of large-scale filament eruptions. Here we consider whether active region coronal jets also result from the same minifilament-eruption mechanism, or whether they instead result from a different mechanism (e.g. Yokoyama & Shibata 1995). We present observations of an on-disk active region (NOAA AR 11513) that produced numerous jets on 2012 June 30, using data from SDO/AIA and HMI, and from GOES/SXI. We find that several of these active region jets also originate with eruptions of miniature filaments (size scale ~20'') emanating from small-scale magnetic neutral lines of the region. This demonstrates that active region coronal jets are indeed frequently driven by minifilament eruptions. Other jets from the active region were also consistent with their drivers being minifilament eruptions, but we could not confirm this because the onsets of those jets were hidden from our view. This work was supported by funding from NASA/LWS, NASA/HGI, and Hinode. A full report of this study appears in Sterling et al. (2016).

Solar

Radio spectrum of two active regions

Solar active region radio spectrum during 12 November 1966 eclipse, discussing flux, magnetic field effects, temperature and electron density

Drago, F. C.

Observations of solar active regions and solar flares by OSO-7

Contributions made to the physics of coronal active regions and flares by the extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray spectroheliograph on OSO-7 were discussed. Coronal structures above active regions were discussed from the point of view of their morphology and physical properties, including their relationship to photospheric and coronal magnetic fields. OSO-7 also recorded flares with sufficient spatial and temporal resolution to record, in some instances for the first time, the extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray emission associated with such chromospheric phenomena as filament activation and the emergence of satellite sunspots. Flare phenomena were reviewed in terms of the several stages of evolution typically associated with the event.

Neupert, W. M.

Frequent ultraviolet brightenings observed in a solar active region with solar maximum mission

Observations of the temporal behavior of ultraviolet emission from bright points within an active region of the sun are reported. Frequent and rapid brightenings in Si IV and O IV line emission are seen. The observations suggest that intermittent heating events of modest amplitude are occurring at many sites within an active region. By selecting the brightest site at any given time within an active region and then sampling its behavior in detail within a 120 s interval, it is found that about two-thirds of the samples show variations of the Si IV line intensity. The brightenings typically last about 40-60 s; intensity increases of about 20-100 percent are frequently observed. The results suggest that heating due to magnetic field reconnection within an active region is proceeding almost stochastically. Events involving only a modest release of energy occur the most frequently.

Porter, J. G.

The influence of solar active region evolution on solar wind streams, coronal hole boundaries and geomagnetic storms

Solar and interplanetary data are examined, taking into account the identification of the heliographic longitudes of the coronal source regions of high speed solar wind (SW) streams by Nolte and Roelof (1973). Nolte and Roelof have 'mapped' the velocities measured near earth back to the sun using the approximation of constant radial velocity. The 'Carrington carpet' for rotations 1597-1616 is shown in a graph. Coronal sources of high speed streams appear in the form of solid black areas. The contours of the stream sources are laid on 'evolutionary charts' of solar active region histories for the Southern and Northern Hemispheres. Questions regarding the interplay of active regions and solar wind are investigated, giving attention to developments during the years 1973, 1974, and 1975.

Gold, R. E.

Simultaneous Solar Maximum Mission and Very Large Array (VLA) observations of solar active regions

Simultaneous observations of solar active regions with the Solar Maximum Mission (SMM) Satellite and the Very Large Array (VLA) have been obtained and analyzed. Combined results enhance the scientific return for beyond that expeted from using either SMM or VLA alone. A total of two weeks of simultaneous SMM/VLA data were obtained. The multiple wavelength VLA observations were used to determine the temperature and magnetic structure at different heights within coronal loops. These data are compared with simultaneous SMM observations. Several papers on the subject are in progress. They include VLA observations of compact, transient sources in the transition region; simultaneous SMM/VLA observations of the coronal loops in one active region and the evolution of another one; and sampling of the coronal plasma using thermal cyclotron lines (magnetic field - VLA) and soft X ray spectral lines (electron density and electron temperaure-SMM).

Lang, K. R.

Solar active regions at millimeter wavelengths

Solar active regions at millimeter wavelengths, discussing brightness temperature, background radiation, electron density, optical thickness, polarization and chromospheric magnetic fields

Kundu, M. R.

Coronal abundances in solar active regions measured by the Solar Maximum Mission flat crystal spectrometer

High resolution soft X-ray spectra acquired by the Flat Crystal Spectrometer (FCS) on solar Maximum Mission provide an excellent data base to study the relative abundances of O, Ne, Mg, and Fe in solar active regions. The FCS data show significant variability for all combinations of these elements. The largest variation occurs for Fe:Ne, which shows region to region changes of up to a factor of 7, and frequent factor of 2 variations in day to day samples of a given region. The atomic data and the ionization balance calculations used to interpret the line ratios affect the actual abundance values obtained, but have little effect on the magnitude of the total range of variation inferred. Resonance scattering of Fe XVII could cause a systematic offset in the abundances determined, but cannot be responsbile for the bulk of the observed variability. While abundance variability complicates the derivation of plasma parameters from spectroscopic measurements, it should offer exciting new clues to the processes which form and heat the corona.

Saba, Julia L. R.

Photometric observations of the energetics of small solar active regions

The energetics of small solar active regions was investigated using for the analysis the photometric solar images taken from July 29 to September 6, 1984 with the San Fernando Observatory's 28-cm vacuum telescope, vacuum spectroheliograph, and dual 512 element Reticon linear diode arrays. Ten small newly formed regions were observed, whose entire sunspot evolution apparently occurred within the observed disk crossing. Seven of these showed a net energy excess of a few times 10 to the 33th ergs during this time. These results are discussed in connection with the 0.1 percent decline in solar irradiance observed by the SMM/ACRIM and Nimbus 7/ERB radiometers between 1980 and 1986.

Lawrence, J. K.

Bayesian Infernce for Indentifying Solar Active Regions

The solar chromosphere consists of three classes-- plage, network, background -- which contribute differently to ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth. Solar physicists are interested in relating plage area and intensity to UV irradiance, as well as understanding the spatial and temporal evolution of plage shapes.

solar active solar chromosphere plage network back

Development of solar active regions

The birth, growth, and decay of solar active regions are described. The appearance of active regions in different atmospheric layers is examined, and the coronal extension of active regions is considered. The use of Skylab soft X-ray and extreme UV observations for studying the complex loop structure of active regions in the solar corona and the sensitive reactions of the upper atmospheric layers to newly emerging flux is explained. It was found that well developed active regions are much bigger in the corona than in the underlying sunspot groups and plages, and that many of the active regions are connected with others through systems of magnetic field lines, occasionally visible in soft X-rays. These interconnections, which may survive several solar rotations, indicate bigger complexes on the sun than one individual active region.

Svestka, Z.

Simulations of magnetic-flux transport in solar active regions

The evolution of several observed solar active regions is simulated by solving a transport equation for magnetic flux at the photosphere. The rates of rotation, meridional flow, and diffusion of the flux are determined self-consistently in the calculations. The findings are in good quantitative agreement with previous measures of the rotation rate and diffusion constant associated with photospheric magnetic fields. Although the meridional velocities are consistent in direction and magnitude with recently reported poleward flows, relatively large uncertainties in the velocity determinations make this result inconclusive.

Devore, C. R.

VLA observations of fine structures in a solar active region at 6 centimeter wavelength

A complex solar active region at 6 cm has been observed with the VLA. Radio images of the region have been constructed and compared with simultaneous optical data from the region. It is found that all radio sources are associated with either sunspots or regions of the corona where strong transverse magnetic fields are likely, that the transverse field sources are brighter than the sunspot sources, and that some of the sunspot sources have a polarized ring structure. The observations are interpreted in terms of thermal gyroresonance emission, with the radiation from the transverse field sources being at the third harmonic of the gyrofrequency and predominantly at the second harmonic from the sunspot sources.

Mcconnell, D.

Doppler wavelength shifts of ultraviolet spectral lines in solar active regions

Doppler shifts are measured for solar UV emission lines formed in the lower transition region of active regions. Doppler shifts in different regions at the same solar location, variations of Doppler shift with position of an active region on the disk, and variations of Doppler shift with time at the same solar location in the same active region were studied. Observations were made with the NRL slit spectrograph on Skylab. Excluding flare and flare-related phenomena, only redshifts are found whose magnitudes correspond to downflow velocities between about 4 and 17 km/s. Shifts are largest for lines formed between about 50,000 and 100,000 K, and are distinctly less for lines formed above 100,000 K. The shifts persist out to the limb, but not above it. There is no obvious change in redshift for lines measured at the same solar location over time intervals of about 20 minutes.

Feldman, U.