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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Coloring Tetrahedral Semiconductors: Synthesis and Photoluminescence Enhancement of Ternary II-III 2 -VI 4 Colloidal Nanocrystals

Ternary tetrahedral II-III 2 -VI 4 semiconductors, where II is Zn or Cd, III In or Ga, and VI S, Se, or Te, are of interest in UV radiation detectors in medicine and space physics as well as CO 2 photoreduction under visible light. We synthesize colloidal II-III 2 -VI 4 semiconductor nanocrystals from readily available precursors and ascertain their ternary nature by structural and spectroscopic methods, including 77 Se solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The pyramidally shaped nanocrystals range between 2 and 12 nm and exhibit optical gaps of 2–3.9 eV. In the presence of excess anions on the particle surface, treatment with Lewis acidic, Z-type ligands results in better passivation and enhanced photoluminescence. Electronic structure calculations reveal the most stable, lowest energy polymorphs and coloring patterns. This work will pave the way toward more environmentally friendly, ternary semiconductors for optoelectronics and electrocatalysis.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

The inorganic chemist's guide to actinide radiation chemistry: a review

This review aims to provide an overview of the current state of radiation chemistry with respect to the actinide elements, thorium through californium. Despite the inherent radioactivity of the actinides, only a few studies explore the effects of ionizing radiation on their redox chemistry and surrounding environment. This fundamental knowledge gap, coupled with the current renaissance in actinide-based technologies such as nuclear power, space exploration, and medicine, underscores the importance of research in this interdisciplinary area. This review will focus on the interactions between reactive species formed by radiolysis with actinides and their complexes, offering an inorganic chemist's perspective on research in radiation chemistry. In addition, a thorough discussion of our current understanding of radiation-induced changes in actinide speciation in both aqueous solution and the solid-state will be provided, focusing on changes in oxidation state distribution, complexation, and secondary coordination effects within inorganic materials. Finally, this review will discuss challenges and opportunities for inorganic chemists to explore this unique intersection of fields.

Actinides↗
DOE OSTI2020

The Use of Silver Chloride Injection in Remediation of Iodine-129 by In Situ Capture as Silver Iodide at the F-Area Seepage Basin - 20225

The Savannah River Site (SRS) produced tritium, plutonium, and special nuclear materials for national defense, medicine, and the space programs. As part of operations, the F-Area Seepage Basins operated until 1988 for the disposition of deionized acidic wastewater from the F Separations Facility. The wastewater contained dilute nitric acid and low concentrations of non-radioactive metals, and radionuclides, with the major isotopes being Cs-137, Sr-90, U-235, U-238, Pu-239, Tc-99, I-129, and tritium. The seepage basins were closed in 1988 and backfilled and capped by 1991. The groundwater emanating from beneath the closed and capped seepage basins is acidic and contains elevated levels of both chemical and radiological contaminants. Releases from the groundwater plumes sourced from the F-Area Seepage Basins have impacted the water quality of Fourmile Branch, which is a small tributary to the Savannah River, a regional water source. A large pump-and-treat system was constructed in 1997 and operated until 2003 in an attempt to capture the releases to Fourmile Branch. The system in F Area and a similar system in H Area were expensive (∼$1.3 M/month) to operate and produced large quantities of radioactive waste, with concentrations of I- 129 too high to be disposed of at the SRS. In 2004, SRS replaced pump-and-treat with a funnel and gate system that along with operation of a base injection system at the gates reduces the flux of contaminants to the wetlands adjacent to Fourmile Branch. The alkaline solution injected into the aquifer neutralizes the acidic plume and immobilizes many of the cationic constituents. However, base injection is not effective in managing the release of iodine-129, an anionic contaminant. To address iodine-129 SRS and the Savannah River National Laboratory developed an in situ technology that uses ultra-fine ground silver chloride (AgCl) as an injectable capture medium for the sequestration of iodine-129. The AgCl amendment has a very small particle size and is designed to be injected into the contaminated aquifer to capture iodine-129. Dissolved iodine-129 forms a stable and highly insoluble solid (silver iodide) upon contact with AgCl. Laboratory studies, a field scale pilot test (2009), and three deployments (2011, 2015 and 2019) of AgCl have been successfully performed at the F-Area Seepage Basins. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2021

Radium Dial Workers: Back to the Future

This report reviews the history of the radium dial workers in the United States, summarizes the scientific progress made since the last evaluation in the early 1990s, and discusses current progress in updating the epidemiologic cohort and applying new dosimetric models for radiation risk assessment. The discoveries of radiation and radioactivity led quickly to medical and commercial applications at the turn of the 20th century, including the development of radioluminescent paint, made by combining radium with phosphorescent material and adhesive. Workers involved with the painting of dials and instruments included painters, handlers, ancillary workers, and chemists who fabricated the paint. Dial painters were primarily women and, prior to the mid to late 1920s, would use their lips to give the brush a fine point, resulting in high intakes of radium. The tragic experience of the dial painters had a significant impact on industrial safety standards, including protection measures taken during the Manhattan Project. The dial workers study has formed the basis for radiation protection standards for intakes of radionuclides by workers and the public. The mortality experience of 3,276 radium dial painters and handlers employed between 1913-1949 is being determined through 2019. The last epidemiologic follow-up was 30 years ago when most of these workers were still alive. Nearly 65% were born before 1920, 37.5% were teenagers when first hired, and nearly 50% were hired before 1930 when the habit of placing brushes in mouths essentially stopped. Comprehensive dose reconstruction techniques are being applied to estimate organ doses for each worker related to the intake of 226Ra, 228Ra, and associated photon exposures. Time dependent dose-response analyses will estimate lifetime risks for specific causes of death. The study of radium dial workers is part of the Million Person Study of low-dose health effects that is designed to evaluate radiation risks among healthy American workers and veterans. Despite being one of the most important and influential radiation effects studies ever conducted, shifting programmatic responsibilities and declining funding led to the termination of the radium program of studies in the early 1990s. Renewed interest and opportunity have arisen. With scientific progress made in dosimetric methodology and models, the ability to perform a study over the entire life span, and the potential applicability to other scenarios such as medicine, environmental contamination and space exploration, the radium dial workers have once again come to the forefront.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Non-Equilibrium Actinide Radiation Chemistry and the Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Actinides are inherently unstable elements that frequently coexist with other radioisotopes, generating intense ionizing radiation fields that drive the formation of non equilibrium oxidation states. These transient species exert a profound mechanistic influence on the radiation response of actinide containing systems due to their unique redox chemistry. Despite their importance, they remain poorly understood, yet such insight is essential for advancing actinide science and accurately predicting radiation driven behavior. Actinide separations—critical for nuclear energy technologies, strategic deterrence, space exploration, and nuclear medicine—depend on precise control of actinide oxidation states to recover targeted elements from complex matrices such as used nuclear fuel. However, during these processes, actinides, their coordination complexes, and the separation media are all exposed to intense, multicomponent (alpha, beta, gamma, etc.) radiation fields that can alter process efficiency, selectivity, and chemical stability. Understanding, controlling, and mitigating radiation induced reactions is therefore key to innovating and optimizing next generation separation technologies. This seminar will provide an overview of the nuclear fuel cycle and non equilibrium actinide radiation chemistry in the context of recovering actinides from used nuclear fuel, with a particular emphasis on direct dissolution–based reprocessing strategies. We will explore time resolved electron pulse radiolysis and alpha and gamma dose accumulation studies, integrated with multiscale computational modeling, to elucidate the molecular level roles of radiation driven, non equilibrium actinide species in process performance and in the radiolytic stability of organic ligands used for actinide recovery. These insights offer new pathways for designing advanced separation methods and next generation solvent systems, with broad implications for the future of the nuclear fuel cycle.

37 - INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL C↗
DOE OSTI2026

Non-Equilibrium Actinide Radiation Chemistry and the Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Invited John and Naomi Fackler Lectureship in Chemistry and English seminar at Valparaiso University, IN, USA. Actinides are inherently unstable elements that frequently coexist with other radioisotopes, generating intense ionizing radiation fields that drive the formation of non-equilibrium oxidation states. These transient species exert a profound mechanistic influence on the radiation response of actinide-containing systems due to their unique redox chemistry. Despite their importance, they remain poorly understood, yet such insight is essential for advancing actinide science and accurately predicting radiation-driven behavior. Actinide separations—critical for nuclear energy technologies, strategic deterrence, space exploration, and nuclear medicine—depend on precise control of actinide oxidation states to recover targeted elements from complex matrices such as used nuclear fuel. However, during these processes, actinides, their coordination complexes, and the separation media are all exposed to intense, multicomponent (alpha, beta, gamma, etc.) radiation fields that can alter process efficiency, selectivity, and chemical stability. Understanding, controlling, and mitigating radiation-induced reactions is therefore key to innovating and optimizing next-generation separation technologies. This seminar will provide an overview of the nuclear fuel cycle and non-equilibrium actinide radiation chemistry in the context of recovering actinides from used nuclear fuel, with a particular emphasis on direct-dissolution–based reprocessing strategies. We will explore time-resolved electron pulse radiolysis and gamma dose accumulation studies to elucidate the molecular-level roles of radiation-driven, non-equilibrium actinide species in process performance and in the radiolytic stability of organic ligands used for actinide recovery. These insights offer new pathways for designing advanced separation methods and next-generation solvent systems, with broad implications for the future of the nuclear fuel cycle.

37 - INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL AND ANALYTICAL C↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Pr3PbC by Materials Project

Pr3PbC is (Cubic) Perovskite structured and crystallizes in the cubic Pm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of one medicinal charcoal molecule and one Pr3Pb framework. In the Pr3Pb framework, Pr is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent Pb atoms. Both Pr–Pb bond lengths are 2.97 Å. Pb is bonded to six equivalent Pr atoms to form corner-sharing PbPr6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Pr3SnC by Materials Project

Pr3SnC is (Cubic) Perovskite structured and crystallizes in the cubic Pm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of one medicinal charcoal molecule and one Pr3Sn framework. In the Pr3Sn framework, Pr is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent Sn atoms. Both Pr–Sn bond lengths are 2.93 Å. Sn is bonded to six equivalent Pr atoms to form corner-sharing SnPr6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on H18PbC6S4N2O9 by Materials Project

CH3PbC5N2H15S4O9 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two medicinal charcoal molecules and one PbC5N2H15S4O9 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. In the PbC5N2H15S4O9 sheet, Pb2+ is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to two N3- and six O2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.66 Å) and one longer (2.81 Å) Pb–N bond lengths. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.58–2.88 Å. There are five inequivalent C2+ sites. In the first C2+ site, C2+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three H1+ and one S2- atom. There is one shorter (1.09 Å) and two longer (1.10 Å) C–H bond length. The C–S bond length is 1.77 Å. In the second C2+ site, C2+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three H1+ and one S2- atom. All C–H bond lengths are 1.10 Å. The C–S bond length is 1.78 Å. In the third C2+ site, C2+ is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three H1+ and one S2- atom. All C–H bond lengths are 1.10 Å. The C–S bond length is 1.78 Å. In the fourth C2+ site, C2+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to two H1+ and one O2- atom. Both C–H bond lengths are 1.10 Å. The C–O bond length is 1.45 Å. In the fifth C2+ site, C2+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three H1+ and one S2- atom. There is two shorter (1.09 Å) and one longer (1.10 Å) C–H bond length. The C–S bond length is 1.78 Å. There are two inequivalent N3- sites. In the first N3- site, N3- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Pb2+ and two S2- atoms. Both N–S bond lengths are 1.62 Å. In the second N3- site, N3- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Pb2+ and two S2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.61 Å) and one longer (1.63 Å) N–S bond length. There are fifteen inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2+ atom. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2+ atom. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2+ atom. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2+ atom. In the sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2+ atom. In the seventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2+ atom. In the eighth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2+ atom. In the ninth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2+ atom. In the tenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2+ atom. In the eleventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2+ atom. In the twelfth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2+ atom. In the thirteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2+ atom. In the fourteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2+ atom. In the fifteenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2+ atom. There are four inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded to one C2+, one N3-, and two O2- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing SCNO2 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.46 Å) and one longer (1.47 Å) S–O bond length. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded to one C2+, one N3-, and two O2- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing SCNO2 tetrahedra. Both S–O bond lengths are 1.47 Å. In the third S2- site, S2- is bonded to one C2+, one N3-, and two O2- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing SCNO2 tetrahedra. Both S–O bond lengths are 1.46 Å. In the fourth S2- site, S2- is bonded to one C2+, one N3-, and two O2- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing SCNO2 tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.45 Å) and one longer (1.47 Å) S–O bond length. There are nine inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Pb2+ and one S2- atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one Pb2+, one C2+, and one H1+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one S2- atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one S2- atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one S2- atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Pb2+ and one S2- atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Pb2+ and one S2- atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Pb2+ and one S2- atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Pb2+ and one S2- atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on NaLiCO3 by Materials Project

LiNaCO3 crystallizes in the hexagonal P-6m2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of two medicinal charcoal molecules; one NaCO3 ribbon oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction; and one Na2Li3O6 framework. In the NaCO3 ribbon, Na1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six equivalent O2- atoms. All Na–O bond lengths are 2.65 Å. C4+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three equivalent O2- atoms. All C–O bond lengths are 1.30 Å. O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to two equivalent Na1+ and one C4+ atom. In the Na2Li3O6 framework, there are two inequivalent Na1+ sites. In the first Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three equivalent O2- atoms. All Na–O bond lengths are 2.48 Å. In the second Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded in a hexagonal planar geometry to six O2- atoms. There are three shorter (2.12 Å) and three longer (2.13 Å) Na–O bond lengths. Li1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent O2- atoms. Both Li–O bond lengths are 2.31 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to two Na1+ and two equivalent Li1+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Na1+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ce3InC by Materials Project

Ce3InC is (Cubic) Perovskite structured and crystallizes in the cubic Pm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of one medicinal charcoal molecule and one Ce3In framework. In the Ce3In framework, Ce is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent In atoms. Both Ce–In bond lengths are 2.92 Å. In is bonded to six equivalent Ce atoms to form corner-sharing InCe6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on ScH15C3(SO4)3 by Materials Project

Sc2C3H21(SO4)6(CH3)3 crystallizes in the trigonal R-3 space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of eighteen medicinal charcoal molecules and one Sc2C3H21(SO4)6 framework. In the Sc2C3H21(SO4)6 framework, there are three inequivalent Sc3+ sites. In the first Sc3+ site, Sc3+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six equivalent O2- atoms. All Sc–O bond lengths are 2.12 Å. In the second Sc3+ site, Sc3+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six equivalent O2- atoms. All Sc–O bond lengths are 2.12 Å. In the third Sc3+ site, Sc3+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six O2- atoms. There are three shorter (2.07 Å) and three longer (2.11 Å) Sc–O bond lengths. C4+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three H1+ and one S2- atom. There is one shorter (1.09 Å) and two longer (1.10 Å) C–H bond length. The C–S bond length is 1.76 Å. There are seven inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.00 Å) and one longer (1.72 Å) H–O bond length. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.01 Å) and one longer (1.63 Å) H–O bond length. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 1.00 Å. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.01 Å) and one longer (1.65 Å) H–O bond length. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C4+ atom. In the sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C4+ atom. In the seventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C4+ atom. There are two inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.47 Å) and one longer (1.49 Å) S–O bond length. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to one C4+ and three O2- atoms. There are a spread of S–O bond distances ranging from 1.46–1.50 Å. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Sc3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Sc3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Sc3+ and one S2- atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one H1+ and one S2- atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one H1+ and one S2- atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Sc3+ and one S2- atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one H1+ and one S2- atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one S2- atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on HfMg30CO32 by Materials Project

Mg30HfO32C crystallizes in the tetragonal P4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of one medicinal charcoal molecule and one Mg30HfO32 framework. In the Mg30HfO32 framework, there are eight inequivalent Mg sites. In the first Mg site, Mg is bonded to six O atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing MgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.23 Å. In the second Mg site, Mg is bonded to six O atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent HfO6 octahedra, corners with four MgO6 octahedra, and edges with twelve MgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. There are four shorter (2.13 Å) and two longer (2.16 Å) Mg–O bond lengths. In the third Mg site, Mg is bonded to six O atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing MgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. There are four shorter (2.11 Å) and two longer (2.20 Å) Mg–O bond lengths. In the fourth Mg site, Mg is bonded to six O atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing MgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. There are four shorter (2.14 Å) and two longer (2.16 Å) Mg–O bond lengths. In the fifth Mg site, Mg is bonded to six O atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with six MgO6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one HfO6 octahedra, and edges with ten MgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–17°. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.30 Å. In the sixth Mg site, Mg is bonded to six O atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing MgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–4°. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.13–2.20 Å. In the seventh Mg site, Mg is bonded to six O atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing MgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 2–12°. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.12–2.19 Å. In the eighth Mg site, Mg is bonded to six O atoms to form MgO6 octahedra that share corners with six MgO6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one HfO6 octahedra, and edges with eleven MgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 2–4°. There are a spread of Mg–O bond distances ranging from 2.09–2.18 Å. Hf is bonded to six O atoms to form HfO6 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent MgO6 octahedra and edges with twelve MgO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. There are two shorter (1.98 Å) and four longer (2.11 Å) Hf–O bond lengths. There are ten inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O is bonded to five Mg atoms to form OMg5 square pyramids that share corners with four OHfMg5 octahedra, corners with five OMg5 square pyramids, and edges with eight OMg6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 5–7°. In the second O site, O is bonded to five Mg and one Hf atom to form OHfMg5 octahedra that share corners with four OHfMg5 octahedra, corners with two equivalent OMg5 square pyramids, edges with ten OHfMg5 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent OHfMg4 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–3°. In the third O site, O is bonded to six Mg atoms to form OMg6 octahedra that share corners with four OMg6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent OMg5 square pyramids, edges with ten OMg6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent OMg5 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–1°. In the fourth O site, O is bonded to six Mg atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OMg6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–3°. Both O–Mg bond lengths are 2.20 Å. In the fifth O site, O is bonded to six Mg atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OMg6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–3°. There are two shorter (2.09 Å) and two longer (2.20 Å) O–Mg bond lengths. In the sixth O site, O is bonded to six Mg atoms to form OMg6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent OMg6 octahedra, edges with nine OHfMg5 octahedra, and edges with three OMg5 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 1–7°. In the seventh O site, O is bonded to four equivalent Mg and one Hf atom to form OHfMg4 square pyramids that share corners with four equivalent OMg6 octahedra, corners with five OHfMg4 square pyramids, and edges with eight OMg6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 13°. In the eighth O site, O is bonded to six Mg atoms to form OMg6 octahedra that share corners with four OMg6 octahedra, corners with two equivalent OHfMg4 square pyramids, edges with ten OHfMg5 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent OMg5 square pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–3°. In the ninth O site, O is bonded to six Mg atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OMg6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–3°. In the tenth O site, O is bonded to six Mg atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OMg6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 0–3°. The O–Mg bond length is 2.13 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on C15S4 by Materials Project

(C)15(S)4 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two hundred and forty medicinal charcoal molecules and eight octasulfur molecules.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on SnH21C7S4N(O3F)2 by Materials Project

(CH3)3SnC4H12(SO)2(FSO2)2N crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two ac1nqyjp molecules, six medicinal charcoal molecules, and two SnC4H12(SO)2 clusters. In each SnC4H12(SO)2 cluster, Sn2+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There are one shorter (2.31 Å) and one longer (2.35 Å) Sn–O bond lengths. There are four inequivalent C+0.29+ sites. In the first C+0.29+ site, C+0.29+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three H1+ and one S2- atom. All C–H bond lengths are 1.10 Å. The C–S bond length is 1.79 Å. In the second C+0.29+ site, C+0.29+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three H1+ and one S2- atom. All C–H bond lengths are 1.10 Å. The C–S bond length is 1.79 Å. In the third C+0.29+ site, C+0.29+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three H1+ and one S2- atom. All C–H bond lengths are 1.10 Å. The C–S bond length is 1.80 Å. In the fourth C+0.29+ site, C+0.29+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three H1+ and one S2- atom. All C–H bond lengths are 1.10 Å. The C–S bond length is 1.80 Å. There are twelve inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.29+ atom. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.29+ atom. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.29+ atom. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.29+ atom. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.29+ atom. In the sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.29+ atom. In the seventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.29+ atom. In the eighth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.29+ atom. In the ninth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.29+ atom. In the tenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.29+ atom. In the eleventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.29+ atom. In the twelfth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.29+ atom. There are two inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two C+0.29+ and one O2- atom. The S–O bond length is 1.54 Å. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two C+0.29+ and one O2- atom. The S–O bond length is 1.54 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Sn2+ and one S2- atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Sn2+ and one S2- atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on AlH20C2S2NO14 by Materials Project

(CH3)2AlH12(SO7)2NH2 crystallizes in the monoclinic Pc space group. The structure is three-dimensional and consists of two ammonia molecules, four medicinal charcoal molecules, and one AlH12(SO7)2 framework. In the AlH12(SO7)2 framework, Al3+ is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Al–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.92 Å. There are twelve inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.00 Å) and one longer (1.64 Å) H–O bond length. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.00 Å) and one longer (1.76 Å) H–O bond length. In the third H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.00 Å) and one longer (1.62 Å) H–O bond length. In the fourth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.01 Å) and one longer (1.68 Å) H–O bond length. In the fifth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.01 Å) and one longer (1.65 Å) H–O bond length. In the sixth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.01 Å) and one longer (1.62 Å) H–O bond length. In the seventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.00 Å) and one longer (1.68 Å) H–O bond length. In the eighth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.01 Å) and one longer (1.59 Å) H–O bond length. In the ninth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.02 Å) and one longer (1.59 Å) H–O bond length. In the tenth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.00 Å) and one longer (1.66 Å) H–O bond length. In the eleventh H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.01 Å) and one longer (1.59 Å) H–O bond length. In the twelfth H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.00 Å) and one longer (1.66 Å) H–O bond length. There are two inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of S–O bond distances ranging from 1.48–1.51 Å. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.48 Å) and three longer (1.50 Å) S–O bond length. There are fourteen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Al3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Al3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Al3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Al3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Al3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Al3+ and two H1+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two H1+ and one S2- atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one H1+ and one S2- atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two H1+ and one S2- atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one H1+ and one S2- atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two H1+ and one S2- atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two H1+ and one S2- atom. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one H1+ and one S2- atom. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one H1+ and one S2- atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗