Search NASA⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search NASA

Results for “Space instrument”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Ultra-black coatings for space instruments: a comparison of traditional Ebonol C processes and a method for future repeatability

Ultra-black coatings have served various roles in space instrumentation and hardware. The Ebonol C coating has been used for various missions requiring low reflectivity on aluminum substrates that are electrically conducting. This coating is produced through the formation of a cupric oxide structure on an intermediate layer of copper applied to the aluminum. For many years, this commercial formulation has been used ubiquitously for space instruments. The coating relies upon details of the copper base layer that have been trade secret at various finishing companies, and the availability of the Ebonol C formulated chemistry from the chemical supplier. In recent years, this product has been discontinued at various times, leaving vendors to either rely on expired stock or to formulate their own equivalents. Here, we detail the processing methods, chemistries, and resultant coating structures that produce reflectance performance equivalent to baseline historical reflectance data. This process detail will ensure equivalent performance for such coatings for future missions and link the performance to past and currently deployed instruments.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Angular scattering of protons through ultrathin graphene foils: Application for time-of-flight instrumentation

Space plasma instruments often rely on ultrathin carbon foils for incident ion detection, time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry, and ionization of energetic neutral atoms. Angular scattering and energy loss of ions or neutral atoms in the foil can degrade instrument performance, including sensitivity and mass resolution; thus, there is an ongoing effort to manufacture thinner foils. Using new 3-layer graphene foils manufactured at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, we demonstrate that these are the thinnest foils reported to date and discuss future testing required for application in space instrumentation. We characterize the angular scattering distribution for 3–30 keV protons through the foils, which is used as a proxy for the foil thickness. We show that these foils are ~2.5–4.5 times thinner than the state-of-the-art carbon foils and ~1.6 times thinner than other graphene foils described in the literature. We find that the inverse relationship between angular scattering and energy no longer holds, reaffirming that this may indicate a new domain of beam–foil interactions for ultrathin (few-layer) graphene foils.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Effect of Collimation on Diffraction Signal-to-Background Ratios at a Neutron Diffractometer

High diffraction signal-to-background ratios (SBRs), the ratios of diffraction peak integrated intensity over its background intensity, are desired for a neutron diffractometer to acquire good statistics for diffraction pattern measurements and subsequent data analysis. For a given detector, while the diffraction peak signals primarily depend on the characteristics of neutron beam and sample coherent scattering, the background largely originates from the sample incoherent scattering and the scattering from the instrument space. In this work, we investigated the effect of collimation on neutron diffraction SBRs of Si powder measurements using one high-angle area detector bank coupled with six different collimation configurations in a large and complex instrument space at the engineering materials diffractometer VULCAN, SNS, ORNL. The results revealed that the diffraction SBRs can be significantly improved by a proper coarse collimator that leaves no gap between the detector and the collimator, and the improvement of SBRs by a fine radial collimator was remarkable with a proper coarse collimator in place but not distinguishable without one. It was also found that the diffraction SBRs were not effectively improved by adding neutron absorbing element boron to the fine radial collimator body, which indicates that either the absorption of secondary scattered neutrons by the added boron is insignificant or the collimator base material (resin and ABS) alone attenuates background scattering sufficiently. These findings could serve as a useful reference for diffractometer developers and/or operators to optimize their collimation to achieve higher diffraction SBRs.

Yu, Dunji↗
DOE OSTI2024

An Open-Source Framework for Rapid Validation of Scientific ASICs

Spacely is an open-source framework for the post-silicon validation of analog, digital, and mixed-signal ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Circuits) which maximizes the reuse of hardware and software, reducing the time taken to achieve meaningful test results. Spacely specifically addresses the needs of small, flexible ASIC design teams commonly found in academia or research institutions which benefit most from sharing the overhead of test stand creation between many unique ASIC designs. Spacely is a set of software, firmware, and design practices. It targets two primary hardware platforms (NI-PXI and Caribou) as well as offering extensible support for bench instruments. Spacely provides a high-level Python interface to all test hardware for accessibility, while also giving more sophisticated teams the opportunity to integrate custom test firmware. The design principles of Spacely are presented, along with a demonstrative example of using Spacely to test a pixel detector readout ASIC.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2025

An Open-Source Framework for Rapid Validation of Scientific ASICs

Spacely is an open-source framework for the post-silicon validation of analog, digital, and mixed-signal ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Circuits) which maximizes the reuse of hardware and software, reducing the time taken to achieve meaningful test results. Spacely specifically addresses the needs of small, flexible ASIC design teams commonly found in academia or research institutions which benefit most from sharing the overhead of test stand creation between many unique ASIC designs. Spacely is a set of software, firmware, and design practices. It targets two primary hardware platforms (NI-PXI and Caribou) as well as offering extensible support for bench instruments. Spacely provides a high-level Python interface to all test hardware for accessibility, while also giving more sophisticated teams the opportunity to integrate custom test firmware. The design principles of Spacely are presented in brief. Current documentation is available at https://github.com/SpacelyProject/spacely-docs.

Quinn, Adam [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2024

Advanced Energy Scale Correction Techniques for the X-ray Transition Edge Sensors of the Athena mission

The X-ray Integral Field Unit (X-IFU) onboard the future European X-ray telescope Athena will be the first space instrument carrying an array of more than a thousand transition edge sensors. One of the key challenges of the X-IFU is the measurement of narrow X-ray atomic lines to determine velocity shifts at an unprecedented level of accuracy. For this reason, the energy scale of the instrument needs to be known with extreme accuracy, of 0.4 eV (1σ) up to 7 keV. The energy scale will be measured on the ground through a dedicated calibration campaign using fiducial X-ray sources. Though calibrated, the energy scale is extremely sensitive to the environmental conditions around the TES array, and drifts in the readout chain electronics. Uncorrected, the energy scale can naturally drift up to hundreds of eVs. Changes of the TES gain will be monitored via onboard X-ray calibration sources, and the energy scale will be corrected either per pixel, or within a small groups of pixels. Although simulations show that a 0.4 eV level can be achieved, the very high accuracy required by the X-IFU calls for experimental validation. A dedicated measurement campaign has been performed by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center to characterize the energy scale of a prototype kilo-pixel array of X-IFU-representative TESs. The analysis of the data demonstrated the ability to correct for various drifts using two fiducial lines to track the temporal gain variation. In this paper, we propose to extend this study on the same data set by investigating multi-parameter correction techniques based on both the pulse-height of the fiducial line and the prepulse baseline level, using the knowledge of the TES energy scale at reference temperature/magnetic field set points acquired on the ground. Investigations on the co-adding of pixels to perform a joint correction over pools of pixels is also explored.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Advanced Manufactured Strain Sensors for Extreme Environments

Experimentation at irradiation test facilities are essential for reducing the innovation time of developmental fuels, fuel cladding, and structural materials employed in next-generation nuclear reactors. However, due to the harsh conditions generated in such reactors and limited instrumentation space, the evaluation of a material’s mechanical properties is often limited to characterization after the materials have been removed from reactor conditions, or post-irradiation examination. These experiments are costly, time-consuming, and fail to capture the critical time-evolving phenomena that occur during the irradiation experiments. Advanced manufactured digital image correlation patterns and strain sensor devices serve as two promising technologies that can be deployed in the confined and challenging orientations of these irradiation experiments while also providing key insight on salient materials phenomena (i.e., mechanical properties). To guide the development of the printed strain sensors prior to their deployment in critical experiments, the adhesion strength between the substrate and printed film interface is measured via tensile testing and a non-contact laser-induced spallation technique. The establishment of these process control steps helped guide the successful fabrication and testing of direct-write strain sensing devices discussed in this work. The fabrication process controls are necessary for enabling the sustained operation of these strain sensing device through experimentation and minimize the potential for premature failure.

36 - MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Advanced Manufactured Strain Sensors for Extreme Environments

Experimentation at irradiation test facilities are essential for reducing the innovation time of developmental fuels, fuel cladding, and structural materials employed in next-generation nuclear reactors. However, due to the harsh conditions generated in such reactors and limited instrumentation space, the evaluation of a material’s mechanical properties is often limited to characterization after the materials have been removed from reactor conditions, or post-irradiation examination. These experiments are costly, time-consuming, and fail to capture the critical time-evolving phenomena that occur during the irradiation experiments. Advanced manufactured digital image correlation patterns and strain sensor devices serve as two promising technologies that can be deployed in the confined and challenging orientations of these irradiation experiments while also providing key insight on salient materials phenomena (i.e., mechanical properties).To guide the development of the printed strain sensors prior to their deployment in critical experiments, the adhesion strength between the substrate and printed film interface is measured via tensile testing and a non-contact laser-induced spallation technique. The establishment of these process control steps helped guide the successful fabrication and testing of direct-write strain sensing devices discussed in this work. The fabrication process controls are necessary for enabling the sustained operation of these strain sensing device through experimentation and minimize the potential for premature failure.

36 - MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Bayesian Model for HOPE Mass Spectrometers on Van Allen Probes

Space instruments rely heavily on modeling to predict and understand the instrument response, enabling a determination of the capabilities and resolution. The Bayesian approach provides a framework to incorporate prior knowledge and propagate uncertainty to predict the instrument response. We present an empirical Bayes model for the end-to-end performance of the Helium, Oxygen, Proton, and Electron mass spectrometers aboard the Van Allen Probes mission. In this model, we use a combination of external modeling, laboratory calibration, and expert opinion to construct the time-of-flight spectra and demonstrate good agreement with on-orbit data. The empirical Bayes model is applied to explore doubly charged ions and carbon, nitrogen, oxygen discrimination during the Van Allen Probes mission.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2026

Light-tight Skipper-CCDs for X-Ray Detection in Space

Skipper Charge-Coupled Devices (skipper-CCDs) are pixelated silicon detectors with deep sub-electron resolution. Their radiation hardness and capability to reconstruct energy deposits with unprecedented precision make them a promising technology for space-based X-ray astronomy. In this scenario, optical and near-infrared photons may saturate the sensor, distorting the reconstructed signal. We present a light-tight shield for skipper-CCDs to suppress optical backgrounds while preserving X-ray detection efficiency. We deposited thin aluminum layers on the CCD surface using an e-beam evaporator and evaluated their blinding performance across wavelengths from 650 to 1000 nm using a monochromator, as well as the X-ray transmission using an 55 Fe source. We find that 50 and 100 nm layers provide >99.6% light suppression, with no efficiency loss for 5.9 and 6.4 keV X-rays. In addition, we used Geant4 simulations to extend these results to a broader energy range and quantify the efficiency loss for different aluminum thicknesses. Results show that thin aluminum coatings are an effective, low-cost solution for optical suppression in skipper-CCDs intended for X-ray detection and space instrumentation.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Monte Carlo Simulation with CAD Interface for Calculation of 3D Maps of Residual Dose (CRADA)

Objective: To develop an easy-to-use software application to predict and mitigate radiation effects in research environment, space instruments, nuclear plants and medical facilities and help nonproliferation and national security efforts. Tech-X will develop standalone software libraries and command-line tools for ( 1) translating CAD into tessellated surfaces and tetrahedral meshes in GDML (for Geant4 and MARS 15), ROOT (for MARS 15) and HDF5 (for compact representation and for the visualization) formats, (2) healing CAD geometries to make them suitable for Monte Carlo simulations; (3) creating uniform and variable Cartesian and cylindrical meshes for detailed scoring; and ( 4) efficient Monte Carlo navigation in CAD geometries. JLAB will finish automation of simulations of residual dose in CAD geometries and integrate Tech-X software into Geant4 and MARS15. Finally, Tech-X will develop a Graphical User Interface to set up and heal CAD geometries, create input files, run and visualize simulations for residual dose. This application will run on local desktops, local and remote clusters and supercomputers and will be made available through public clouds, such as Amazon Web Services.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2024

Ground observations of a space laser for the assessment of its in-orbit performance

The wind mission Aeolus of the European Space Agency was a groundbreaking achievement for Earth observation. Between 2018 and 2023, the space-borne lidar instrument ALADIN onboard the Aeolus satellite measured atmospheric wind profiles with global coverage, which contributed to improving the accuracy of numerical weather prediction. The precision of the wind observations, however, declined over the course of the mission due to a progressive loss of the atmospheric backscatter signal. The analysis of the root cause was supported by the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina whose fluorescence detector registered the ultraviolet laser pulses emitted from the instrument in space, thereby offering an estimation of the laser energy at the exit of the instrument for several days in 2019, 2020, and 2021. The reconstruction of the laser beam not only allowed for an independent assessment of the Aeolus performance, but also helped to improve the accuracy in the determination of the laser beam’s ground track on single pulse level. The results presented in this paper set a precedent for the monitoring of space lasers by ground-based telescopes and open new possibilities for the calibration of cosmic-ray observatories.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗