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Results for “Stress Cycle”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1987

Thermal stress cycling of GaAs solar cells

Thermal stress cycling was performed on gallium arsenide solar cells to investigate their electrical, mechanical, and structural integrity. Cells were cycled under low Earth orbit (LEO) simulated temperature conditions in vacuum. Cell evaluations consisted of power output values, spectral response, optical microscopy and ion microprobe mass analysis, and depth profiles on both front surface inter-grid areas and metallization contact grid lines. Cells were examined for degradation after 500, 5,000, 10,000 and 15,245 thermal cycles. No indication of performance degradation was found for any vendor's cell lot.

Francis, Robert W.↗
NASA NTRS2008

Evaluation of Perfluoropolyether Lubricant Lifetime in the High Stress and High Stress-Cycle Regime for Mars Applications

The successful operation of long-life, highly loaded mechanisms used for planetary exploration or autonomous structures assembly will depend upon the ability to effectively lubricate rolling-element bearings. As new tools are developed (i.e., drill, abraders, robotic manipulators, etc.) that interact with their environment in a more direct manner, lubricants will be pushed past the bounds that current scientific literature has published. This paper details results from bearing lubrication lifetime testing performed in support of Honeybee Robotics development of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Surface Removal Tool (SRT). This testing was done due to the lack of available data in research literature that is applicable to the lubrication regime the SRT bearings are being designed for. Based on the test results, the chosen bearing arrangement can be used for the SRT Grind Shaft bearings with the use of a Braycote Micronic 601EF grease-plate with a 10 vol% grease slurry fill (50/50 wt% Braycote Micronic 601EF and Brayco 815Z). This arrangement showed no signs of detrimental degradation over the course of the 3x life test. The purely grease-plated bearing ran at a consistently higher torque and showed signs of failure beginning at approximately 2.2 x 10(exp 7) revs (approximately 6.3 x 10(exp 7) stress-cycles) with a torque over-limit failure at approximately 4.5 x 10(exp 7) revs (approximately 1.3 x 10(exp 8) stress-cycles). Barring cold-start torque margin limitations, it is recommended that any long-life bearing application include some vol% grease-pack in addition to a standard grease-plate to reduce parasitic torque and increase bearing life. While these results are specific to a particular environment and loading condition, they demonstrate the extended capabilities of a commonly used flight lubricant outside of the range that is published in current research literature.

Herman, Jason↗
DOE OSTI2021

Deformation of pores in response to uniaxial and hydrostatic stress cycling in Marcellus Shale: Implications for gas recovery

One of the main challenges during gas production from shale reservoirs is low recovery rate. One contributing factor to this outcome is an insufficient understanding of pore systems, especially pore behaviour following changes in reservoir conditions or resulting from gas production practices. Because the pressure in the producing well can be controlled, understanding the effects of pressure variation on the pore size distribution and methane trapping is necessary to help design optimal conditions to improve the gas recovery rate. This work is the first systematic study of sub-millimeter pore deformation in shale caused by uniaxial and hydrostatic stress up to 100 MPa. Overmature samples from the Middle Devonian Marcellus Shale were analyzed using neutron scattering (SANS and USANS) techniques to interpret the response of nanopores to stress cycling of magnitude and duration compatible with the hydraulic fracturing treatments. Experiments reported here are performed at a series of uniaxial pressures up to 100 MPa and at hydrostatic pressures of deuterated methane 0 and 50 MPa. Since at the original depth of the shale samples’ burial of 2184 m the hydrostatic pressure is approximately 27 MPa and the lithostatic pressure is about 55 MPa, the experimental conditions reasonably well simulate the reservoir pressure regime. Our SANS and USANS results show that different pore sizes are affected by uniaxial stress in different ways. Specifically, in the pore size range from 1 nm to 800 nm, a decrease of pore density with pressure is observed, with the most depleted being mesopores of about 100 nm in diameter. The observed decrease is likely related to deformation of kerogen, followed by a loss of pore nano-volume, as well as methane trapped in the micropores. For pores larger than 5 μm, USANS data suggest that the negative trend is reversed at above 74 MPa, and the number density of large macropores may increase with increased stress even above the original value. The increased number of macropores at high pressure may create new interconnected conduits for gas migration, resulting in a better recovery rate. Another important finding of this study is an irreversible rearrangement of pore size distribution taking place after pressure cycling. Furthermore, this irreversible reorganization of pore size distribution should be taken into account during management of well production to maximize recovery rate.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Unveiling the structural transformations in glassy solid electrolyte adapted to high-stress cycles

Brittleness of glass–ceramic and ceramic ion conductors is considered as a main roadblock for their implementation as electrolytes in solid-state batteries where the fractures often occur due to the pressure exerted by metallic lithium. In this regard, nano- and micro-scale ductility of the solid electrolyte allows reducing such pressure without formation of cracks. Among different types of solid state ion conductors, phosphate invert glasses seem to be promising in achieving such ductility. We report the mechanical behavior of lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON) invert glass probed by static and cyclic nanoindentation. Repeated application of high intensity stress results in densification and shear deformation of material allowing LiPON to accommodate the ~ 22% nominal strain imposed by the nanoindenter without cracking. Ability to do this under repeated loading indicates robustness of LiPON when used in lithium metal batteries under cyclic charge and discharge. Using Raman spectroscopy with unsupervised K-means clustering we reveal pressure-induced formation of P 2 O 7 units which migrate to the periphery of the residual hardness impressions with cycling resulting in surface morphology of LiPON superficially similar to that of deformed bulk metallic glass.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1974

The effect of pre-stress cycles on fatigue crack growth - An analysis of crack growth mechanism

Cyclic prestress increases subsequent fatigue crack growth rate in 2024-T351 aluminum alloy. This increase in growth rate, caused by the prestress, and the increased rate, caused by temper embrittlement as observed by Ritchie and Knott (1973), cannot be explained by the crack tip blunting model alone. Each fatigue crack increment consists of two components, a brittle and a ductile component. They are controlled by the ductility of the material and its cyclic yield strength, respectively.

Kang, T. S.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Thermal stress cycling of GaAs solar cells

A thermal cycling experiment was performed on GaAs solar cells to establish the electrical and structural integrity of these cells under the temperature conditions of a simulated low-Earth orbit of 3-year duration. Thirty single junction GaAs cells were obtained and tests were performed to establish the beginning-of-life characteristics of these cells. The tests consisted of cell I-V power output curves, from which were obtained short-circuit current, open circuit voltage, fill factor, and cell efficiency, and optical micrographs, spectral response, and ion microprobe mass analysis (IMMA) depth profiles on both the front surfaces and the front metallic contacts of the cells. Following 5,000 thermal cycles, the performance of the cells was reexamined in addition to any factors which might contribute to performance degradation. It is established that, after 5,000 thermal cycles, the cells retain their power output with no loss of structural integrity or change in physical appearance.

Janousek, B. K.↗
NASA NTRS2004

Damage Assessment of Stress-Thermal Cycled high temperature

We report on the characterization of bismaleimide and polyimide carbon fiber composite, microcrack development under stress thermal cycling loading. Such cycles range from cryogenic temperatures associated with cryogenic fuel (LN, LOX) containment to high temperatures of 300 degrees Celsius associated with future hypervelocity aeropropulsion systems. Microcrack development thresholds as a function of temperature range of the thermal cycle; the number of cycles; the applied stress level imposed on the composite are reported. We have conducted stress-thermal cycles on thin bismaleimide-woven carbon fiber foils for three temperature range cycles: 1. Ambient temperature - -196 degrees celsius. 2. Ambient temperature - 150 degrees Celsius; 200 degrees Celsius; 250 degrees Celsius. 3. -196 degrees Celsius - 250 degrees Celsius. The Principle findings are that the full cycles from -196 degrees Celsius to to 250 degrees Celsius cause the most significant microcrack of development. These observations indicate that the high temperature portion of the cycle under load causes fiber-matrix interface failure and subsequent exposure to higher stresses at the cryogenic, low temperature region results in composite matrix microcracking as a result of the additional stresses associate with the fiber-matrix thermal expansion mismatch. Our initial studies for 12 ply PMR-II-50 polyimide/M60JB carbon fabric [0f,90f,90f,0f,0f,90f]ls composites will be presented. The stress-thermal cycle test procedure for these will be described. Moisture absorption characteristics between cycles will be used to monitor interconnected microcrack development. The applied stress level will be 75% of the composite cryogenic (-196 degrees Celsius) ultimate strength.

Ju, Jae-Hyung↗
NASA NTRS2003

Damage Assessment of Stress-Thermal Cycled High Temperature

We report on the characterization of bismaleimide and polyimide carbon fiber composite, microcrack development under stress thermal cycling loading. Such cycle range from cryogenic temperatures associated with cryogenic fuel (LN, LOX) containment to high temperatures of 300 degrees associated with future hypervelocity aeropropulsion systems. Microcrack development thresholds as a function of temperature range of the thermal cycle, the number of cycles, and the applied stress level imposed on the composite are reported. We have conducted stress-thermal cycles on thin bismaleimide-woven carbon fiber foils for three temperature range cycles. The principle findings are that the full cycles from -196 degree celsius up to 250 degree celsius cause the most significant microcrack development. These observations indicate that the high temperature portion of the cycle under load causes fiber-matrix interface failure and subsequent exposure to higher stresses at the cryogenic, low temperature region results in composite matrix microcracking as a result of the additional stresses associated with the fiber-matrix thermal expansion mismatch. Our initial studies for 12 ply PMR-II-50 polyimide/M6OJB carbon fabric [0f, 90f, 90f, 0f, 0f, 90f] composites will be presented. The stress-thermal cycle test procedure for these will be described. Moisture absorption characteristics between cycles will be used to monitor interconnected microcrack development. The applied stress level will be 75 percent of the composite cryogenic -196 degree celsius ultimate strength.

Ju, Jach-Yung↗
NASA NTRS1999

Nickel-Hydrogen Cell Testing Experience, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center

The objectives of the project were to test the Nickel-Hydrogen Cell to: (1) verify the Aerospace Cell Flight Worthiness, (2) Elucidate the Aerospace Cell Thermal Behavior, (3) Develop the Aerospace Battery Assembly Design(s) and In-orbit Battery Management plan(s) and (4) Understand the Aerospace Cell Failure Mechanism. The tests included the LEO and GEO Life cycle tests, Calorimetric Analysis, Destructive Physical analysis, and special tests. Charts show the Mission Profile Cycling Data, Stress Cycling Data. The test data complies with the mission requirements, validating the flight worthiness of batteries. The nominal stress and mission profile cycling performance test shows the charge voltage as high as 1.60V and recharge ratio greater than 1.05. It is apparent that the electrochemical signatures alone do not provide conclusive proof for Nickel precharge. The researchers recommend a gas and positive plate analyses for further confirmation.

Rao, Gopalakrishna M.↗
NASA NTRS1942

The direct-stress fatigue strength of 17S-T aluminum alloy throughout the range from 1/2 to 500,000,000 cycles of stress

Fatigue-test were conducted on six specimens made from 3/4-inch-diameter 17S-T rolled-and-drawn rod for the purpose of obtaining additional data on the fatigue life of the material at stresses up to the static strength. The specimens were tested in direct tension using a stress range from zero to a maximum in tension. A static testing machine was used to apply repeated loads in the case of the first three specimens; the other three specimens were tested in a direct tension-compression fatigue machine. The direct-stress fatigue curve obtained for the material indicates that, in the range of stresses above about two-thirds the tensile strength, the fatigue strength is higher than might be expected by simply extrapolating the ordinary curve of stress plotted against the number of cycles determined at lower stresses.

Hartmann, E C↗
NASA NTRS1989

Modeling growth of fatigue cracks which originate at rivet holes

When a structural component is subjected to repeated stress cycles, it can fail at stresses which are well below the tensile strength of the material. The processes leading to this failure are termed fatigue. Instances of fatigue failure in aircraft have become an increasing concern. The crack leading to failure often originate at rivet holes and then grow in response to stress cycles which occur during the operation of the aircraft. A necessary step to preventing failures in todays fleet of aging aircraft is to increase the frequency and quality of inspections; steps were already taken in this direction. There is also a need for modeling of fatigue crack growth in the aircraft structures so that improvements in design can be established and predictions of the life of the components can be made. The purpose is to provide a method to accurately predict the growth of fatigue cracks and to use this method to make predictions about the life of aircraft structural components. The method relies on the formulation and numerical solution of a singular integral equation(s) for an arbitrarily shaped crack(s) which propagate in response to the applied loading. Of special interest to the aging aircraft studies are cracks which originate at circular holes (i.e., rivet holes), but other crack geometries can be treated equally as well.

Mear, Mark E.↗
NASA NTRS1967

Crack propagation at stresses below the fatigue limit.

Crack propagation for stainless steel and Ti alloy at stresses below fatigue limit, noting of alternating stress cycles crack propagation for stainless steel and Ti alloy at stresses below fatigue limit, noting role of alternating stress cycles

STAINLESS STEEL↗
NASA NTRS1987

Prediction of service life of aircraft structural components using the half-cycle method

The service life of aircraft structural components undergoing random stress cycling was analyzed by the application of fracture mechanics. The initial crack sizes at the critical stress points for the fatigue-crack growth analysis were established through proof load tests. The fatigue-crack growth rates for random stress cycles were calculated using the half-cycle method. A new equation was developed for calculating the number of remaining flights for the structural components. The number of remaining flights predicted by the new equation is much lower than that predicted by the conventional equation.

Ko, William L.↗
NASA NTRS1942

Effects of Range of Stress and of Special Notches on Fatigue Properties of Aluminum Alloys Suitable for Airplane Propellers

Laboratory tests were made to obtain information on the load-resisting properties of X76S-T aluminum alloy when subjected to static, impact, and repeated loads. Results are presented from static-load test of unnotched specimens in tension and in torsion and of notched specimens in tension. Charpy impact values obtained from bend tests on notched specimens and tension impact values for both notched and unnotched specimens tested at several different temperatures are included. The endurance limits obtained from repeated bending fatigue tests made on three different types of testing machine are given for unnotched polished specimens, and the endurance limits of notched specimens subjected to six different ranges of bending stress are also reported. The results indicated that: (a) polished rectangular specimens had an endurance limit about 30 percent less than that obtained for round specimens; (b) a comparison of endurance limits obtained from tests on three different types of machine indicated that there was no apparent effect of speed of testing on the endurance limit for the range of speeds used (1,750 to 13,000 rpm). (c) the fatigue strength (endurance limit) of the X76S-T alloy was greatly decreased by the presence of a notch in the specimens; (d) no complete fractures of the entire specimens occurred in notched fatigue specimens when subjected to stress cycles for which the mean stress at the notch during the cycle was a compressive stress; for this test condition a microscopic cracking occurred near the root of the notch and was used as a criterion of failure of the specimen. (e) as the mean stress at the notch was decreased from a tensile (+) stress to a compressive (-) stress, it was found that the alternating stress that could be superimposed on the mean stress in the cycle without causing failure of the specimens was increased.

ALUMINUM ALLOYS-ALCOA X76ST-FATIGUE↗
NASA NTRS1989

Application of fracture mechanics and half-cycle theory to the prediction of fatigue life of aerospace structural components

The service life of aircraft structural components undergoing random stress cycling was analyzed by the application of fracture mechanics. The initial crack sizes at the critical stress points for the fatigue crack growth analysis were established through proof load tests. The fatigue crack growth rates for random stress cycles were calculated using the half-cycle method. A new equation was developed for calculating the number of remaining flights for the structural components. The number of remaining flights predicted by the new equation is much lower than that predicted by the conventional equation. This report describes the application of fracture mechanics and the half-cycle method to calculate the number of remaining flights for aircraft structural components.

Ko, William L.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Aircraft stress sequence development: A complex engineering process made simple

Development of stress sequences for critical aircraft structure requires flight measured usage data, known aircraft loads, and established relationships between aircraft flight loads and structural stresses. Resulting cycle-by-cycle stress sequences can be directly usable for crack growth analysis and coupon spectra tests. Often, an expert in loads and spectra development manipulates the usage data into a typical sequence of representative flight conditions for which loads and stresses are calculated. For a fighter/trainer type aircraft, this effort is repeated many times for each of the fatigue critical locations (FCL) resulting in expenditure of numerous engineering hours. The Aircraft Stress Sequence Computer Program (ACSTRSEQ), developed by Southwest Research Institute under contract to San Antonio Air Logistics Center, presents a unique approach for making complex technical computations in a simple, easy to use method. The program is written in Microsoft Visual Basic for the Microsoft Windows environment.

Schrader, K. H.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Soil Microbes Trade-Off Biogeochemical Cycling for Stress Tolerance Traits in Response to Year-Round Climate Change

Winter air temperatures are rising faster than summer air temperatures in high-latitude forests, increasing the frequency of soil freeze/thaw events in winter. To determine how climate warming and soil freeze/thaw cycles affect soil microbial communities and the ecosystem processes they drive, we leveraged the Climate Change across Seasons Experiment (CCASE) at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in the northeastern United States, where replicate field plots receive one of three climate treatments: warming (+5°C above ambient in the growing season), warming in the growing season + winter freeze/thaw cycles (+5°C above ambient +4 freeze/thaw cycles during winter), and no treatment. Soil samples were taken from plots at six time points throughout the growing season and subjected to amplicon (rDNA) and metagenome sequencing. We found that soil fungal and bacterial community composition were affected by changes in soil temperature, where the taxonomic composition of microbial communities shifted more with the combination of growing-season warming and increased frequency of soil freeze/thaw cycles in winter than with warming alone. Warming increased the relative abundance of brown rot fungi and plant pathogens but decreased that of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, all of which recovered under combined growing-season warming and soil freeze/thaw cycles in winter. The abundance of animal parasites increased significantly under combined warming and freeze/thaw cycles. We also found that warming and soil freeze/thaw cycles suppressed bacterial taxa with the genetic potential for carbon (i.e., cellulose) decomposition and soil nitrogen cycling, such as N fixation and the final steps of denitrification. These new soil communities had higher genetic capacity for stress tolerance and lower genetic capacity to grow or reproduce, relative to the communities exposed to warming in the growing season alone. Our observations suggest that initial suppression of biogeochemical cycling with year-round climate change may be linked to the emergence of taxa that trade-off growth for stress tolerance traits.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Fast Quasi-Static Time-Series Simulation for Accurate PV Inverter Semiconductor Fatigue Analysis with a Long-Term Solar Profile

Power system simulations with long-term data typically have large time steps varying from one second to a few minutes. However, for PV inverter semiconductors, the minimum thermal stress cycle occurs over the fundamental grid frequency (50 or 60 Hz). This requires the time step of the fatigue simulation to be around 100 µs. This small time step requires long computation times to process yearly power production profiles. This paper proposes a fast fatigue simulation for inverter semiconductors using the quasi-static time series (QSTS) simulation concept. The proposed simulation calculates the steady state of the semiconductor junction temperature by using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The small thermal cycling during a switching period and even over the fundamental waveform is disregarded to further accelerate the simulation speed. The resulting time step of the fatigue simulation is 15 minutes, which is consistent with the solar dataset. The error of the proposed simulation is 0.16% compared to the fatigue simulation results using the complete thermal stress profile. A PV inverter that responds to a Transactive Energy System (TES) is simulated to demonstrate the use of the proposed fatigue simulation. The proposed simulation has the potential to co-simulate with system level simulation tools that also adopt the QSTS concept.

Liu, Yunting↗