Surface elastic wave propagation studies in lunar rocks
Elastic surface wave amplitude and propagation velocity in lunar rocks, calculating Poisson ratio
Housley, R. M.↗
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Nonlinear theory of elastic surfaces.
Nonlinear theory for elastic surface deformation, assuming existence of strain-energy function governed mechanically by virtual work
SURFACE DISTORTION↗
Elastic Surface Wrinkling
Instability phenomena in elastic surfaces subject to compressive stresses are examined theoretically in new report. Theory is potentially applicable to such practical problems as aircraft panel flutter, nondestructive testing, piezoelectric transducer design, distortion of optical surfaces, and tolerance studies of very precise machine parts.
Zak, M.↗
Surface elastic wave detectors
The potential applications of acoustic surface wave technology to multiplex communication systems such as data-bus, are examined. The goals are primarily to characterize certain aspects of surface wave trapped delay lines, surface wave modulation techniques, and surface wave applications that are relevant to the evaluation of surface wave devices in multiplex systems. The results indicate that there is a potential for the application of surface wave technology in data-bus type systems.
Lawson, R. L.↗
A spline-based parameter and state estimation technique for static models of elastic surfaces
Parameter and state estimation techniques for an elliptic system arising in a developmental model for the antenna surface in the Maypole Hoop/Column antenna are discussed. A computational algorithm based on spline approximations for the state and elastic parameters is given and numerical results obtained using this algorithm are summarized.
Banks, H. T.↗
Nonlinear theory of elastic directed surfaces.
Nonlinear theory for deformation of elastic directed surface, assuming existence of strain energy function and postulating virtual work governing mechanical behavior
ELASTIC DEFORMATION↗
Scattering of helium nozzle beams from LiF/001/ and NaCl/001/ crystal surfaces. I - Elastic and inelastic transitions
Nozzle-type atomic beams and time-of-flight detection methods are employed in studies of the scattering of thermal-energy He-4 atoms from LiF (001) and NaCl (001) surfaces under conditions where diffraction is observed and where substantial inelastic scattering occurs. Intensity and speed-distribution measurements are obtained for the portion of the scattering within the plane of incidence. For these measurements, incident-beam orientation with respect to target (polar angle and azimuth), incident-beam de Broglie wavelength (0.38-0.60 A), and crystal temperature (300-1000 K) are varied. For LiF, the measured intensity distributions exhibit sharp peaks comprised essentially of elastically scattered atoms and corresponding to up to third-order diffraction, inelastic scattering in the form of local dispersion about each of the elastic peaks, and a component of nominally diffuse scattering distributed below and between the peaks. For NaCl, the same general types of scattering are observed, with elastic scattering less prevalent, intensity peaks not as sharp, and dispersions of inelastic scattering harder to resolve.
Bledsoe, J. R.↗
Folding Elastic Thermal Surface - FETS
The FETS is a light and compact thermal surface (sun shade, IR thermal shield, cover, and/or deployable radiator) that is mounted on a set of offset tape-spring hinges. The thermal surface is constrained during launch and activated in space by a thermomechanical latch such as a wax actuator. An application-specific embodiment of this technology developed for the MATMOS (Mars Atmospheric Trace Molecule Occultation Spectrometer) project serves as a deployable cover and thermal shield for its passive cooler. The FETS fits compactly against the instrument within the constrained launch envelope, and then unfolds into a larger area once in space. In this application, the FETS protects the passive cooler from thermal damage and contamination during ground operations, launch, and during orbit insertion. Once unfolded or deployed, the FETS serves as a heat shield, intercepting parasitic heat loads by blocking the passive cooler s view of the warm spacecraft. The technology significantly enhances the capabilities of instruments requiring either active or passive cooling of optical detectors. This can be particularly important for instruments where performance is limited by the available radiator area. Examples would be IR optical instruments on CubeSATs or those launched as hosted payloads because radiator area is limited and views are often undesirable. As a deployable radiator, the panels making up the FETS are linked thermally by thermal straps and heat pipes; the structural support and deployment energy is provided using tape-spring hinges. The FETS is a novel combination of existing technologies. Prior art for deployable heat shields uses rotating hinges that typically must be lubricated to avoid cold welding or static friction. By using tape-spring hinges, the FETS avoids the need for lubricants by avoiding friction altogether. This also eliminates the potential for contamination of nearby cooled optics by outgassing lubricants. Furthermore, the tape-spring design of the FETS is also self-locking so the panels stay in a rigid and extended configuration after deployment. This unexpected benefit makes the tape-spring hinge design of the FETS a light, simple, reliable, compact, non-outgassing hinge, spring, and latch. While tape-spring hinges are not novel, they have never been used to deploy passive unfolding thermal surfaces (radiator panels, covers, sun shades, or IR thermal shields). Furthermore, because this technology is compact, it has minimal impact on the launch envelope and mass specifications. FETS enhances the performance of hosted payload instruments where the science data is limited by dark noise. Incorporating FETS into a thermal control system increases radiator area, which lowers the optical detector temperature. This results in higher SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) and improved science data.
Urquiza, Eugenio↗
A possibility of avoiding surface roughness due to insects
Discussion of a method for eliminating turbulence caused by the formation of insect roughness upon the leading edges and fuselage, particularly in aircraft using BLC. The proposed technique foresees the use of elastic surfaces on which insect roughness cannot form. The operational characteristics of highly elastic rubber surface fastened to the wing leading edges and fuselage edges are examined. Some preliminary test results are presented. The technique is seen to be advantageous primarily for short-haul operations.
Wortmann, F. X.↗
Surface phenomena in elasticity
Problems of elasticity associated with the behavior of free surfaces of elastic bodies are reviewed with particular reference to the propagation of characteristic waves and the criteria of wrinkling of free surfaces. All transformations are given for the case when a free surface of an elastic body is streamlined by the flow of inviscid fluid. The wrinkling phenomenon is illustrated by example.
Zak, M.↗
On the stability of shallow cylindrical shells supported on the inner surface by an elastic foundation
Characteristic buckling features of elongated cylindrical shell supported on inner surface by elastic foundation
SHALLOW SHELL EQUATION↗
Vibration and local edge buckling of thermally stressed, wedge airfoil cantilever wings.
The local edge buckling phenomena that can occur along the heated thin edge of a wedge shape airfoil is calculated. Qualitative comparison (qualitative only because the experimental temperature distribution was not measured) is made to the experimentally observed phenomena. The consequences of the assumption of identical vibration and buckling modes is shown by a comparison of results with and without the assumption of mode identity. Computer plots of the elastic surface as local buckling develops with increasing temperature are shown. The calculated, fully developed local edge buckling is compared to a photograph of a fully developed buckling as observed in the laboratory.
Bailey, C. D.↗
Computer simulation of earthquakes
In a computer simulation study of earthquakes a seismically active strike slip fault is represented by coupled mechanical blocks which are driven by a moving plate and which slide on a friction surface. Elastic forces and time independent friction are used to generate main shock events, while viscoelastic forces and time dependent friction add aftershock features. The study reveals that the size, length, and time and place of event occurrence are strongly influenced by the magnitude and degree of homogeneity in the elastic, viscous, and friction parameters of the fault region. For example, periodically reoccurring similar events are observed in simulations with near-homogeneous parameters along the fault, whereas seismic gaps are a common feature of simulations employing large variations in the fault parameters. The study also reveals correlations between strain energy release and fault length and average displacement and between main shock and aftershock displacements.
Cohen, S. C.↗
Application of shock wave data to earth and planetary science
It is pointed out that shock wave data for: (1) low temperature condensable gases H2 and He, (2) H2O, CH4, NH3, CO, CO2, and N2 ices, and (3) silicates, metals, oxides and sulfides have many applications in geophysics and planetary science. The present paper is concerned with such applications. The composition of planetary interiors is discussed, taking into account the division of the major constituent of the planets in three groups on the basis of 'cosmic abundance' arguments, the H-He mixtures in the case of Jupiter and Saturn, shock wave data for hydrogen, and constraints on the internal structure of Uranus and Neptune. Attention is also given to the earth's mantle, shock wave data for mantle materials, the earth's core, impacts on planetary surfaces, elastic wave velocities as a function of pressure along the Hugoniot of iron, and reactions which yield the CO2 bearing atmospheres for Venus, earth, and Mars.
Ahrens, T. J.↗
Results from InSight Robotic Arm Activities
The InSight lander carried an Instrument Deployment System (IDS) that included an Instrument Deployment Arm (IDA), scoop, five finger “claw” grapple, forearm-mounted Instrument Deployment Camera (IDC) requiring arm motion to image a target, and landermounted Instrument Context Camera (ICC), designed to image the workspace, and to place the instruments onto the surface. As originally proposed, the IDS included a previously built arm and flight spare black and white cameras and had no science objectives or requirements, or expectation to be used after instrument deployment (90 sols). During project development the detectors were upgraded to color, and it was recognized that the arm could be used to carry out a wide variety of activities that would enable both geology and physical properties investigations. During surface operations for two martian years, the IDA was used during major campaigns to image the surface around the lander, to deploy the instruments, to assist the mole in penetrating beneath the surface, to bury a portion of the seismometer tether, to clean dust from the solar arrays to increase power, and to conduct a surface geology investigation including soil mechanics and physical properties experiments. No other surface mission has engaged in such a sustained and varied campaign of arm and scoop activities directed at such a diverse suite of objectives. Images close to the surface and continuous meteorology measurements provided important constraints on the threshold friction wind speed needed to initiate aeolian saltation and surface creep. The IDA was used extensively for almost 22 months to assist the mole in penetrating into the subsurface. Soil was scraped into piles and dumped onto the seismometer tether six times in an attempt to bury the tether and ∼ 30% was entrained in the wind and dispersed downwind 1-2 m, darkening the surface. Seven solar array cleaning experiments were conducted by dumping scoops of soil from 35 cm above the lander deck during periods of high wind that dispersed the sand onto the panels that kicked dust off of the panels into suspension in the atmosphere, thereby increasing the power by ∼15% during this period. Final IDA activities included an indentation experiment that used the IDA scoop to push on the ground to measure the plastic deformation of the soil that complemented soil mechanics measurements from scoop interactions with the surface, and two experiments in which SEIS measured the tilt from the arm pressing on the ground to derive near surface elastic properties.
Mars↗
The part-through surface crack in an elastic plate
Tensile stretching and bending of elastic plate containing surface crack
Levy, N.↗
Observation of adsorbate-induced surface states by elastic electron tunneling spectroscopy
Electronic structure induced by adsorbates at the interface of Al/AlOx/Au tunnel junctions has been observed by elastic electron tunneling spectroscopy. Strong structures appearing in the tunneling spectra above approximately 1 eV after exposure to I, Hg, Bi, and organohalides, have been interpreted in terms of adsorbate-induced surface states. The spectroscopic capabilities of elastic electron tunneling spectroscopy may be useful in the area of chemical detection. In the broader sense, the observation of adsorbate-induced unoccupied electronic states below the vacuum energy, makes elastic electron tunneling spectroscopy a potentially useful technique for the study of surfaces.
Leduc, H. G.↗
Elastic plastic fracture mechanics methodology for surface cracks
The Elastic Plastic Fracture Mechanics (EPFM) Methodology has evolved significantly in the last several years. Nevertheless, some of these concepts need to be extended further before the whole methodology can be safely applied to structural parts. Specifically, there is a need to include the effect of constraint in the characterization of material resistance to crack growth and also to extend these methods to the case of 3D defects. As a consequence, this project was started as a 36 month research program with the general objective of developing an EPFM methodology to assess the structural reliability of pressure vessels and other parts of interest to NASA containing defects. This report covers a computer modelling algorithm used to simulate the growth of a semi-elliptical surface crack; the presentation of a finite element investigation that compared the theoretical (HRR) stress field to that produced by elastic and elastic-plastic models; and experimental efforts to characterize three dimensional aspects of fracture present in 'two dimensional', or planar configuration specimens.
Ernst, Hugo A.↗