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DOE OSTI2024

Write-up on the analytical formalism for DTL Synchrotron and Betatron frequencies estimates

Appendix A contains tables of the DTL tanks geometry, generated using PARMILA code with input parameters of initial and final energy, accelerating gradient, synchronouse phase, and using DTLfish code (part of the SUPERFISH/POISSON package of codes). Details of the design and generation od the DTL geometry will be presented in a separate report. After generation of the DTL geometry and initial beam dynamics simulations, the analytic estimates of the synchrotron and betatron oscillations, as well as presence of the parametric resonance of first order were done. In present report the analytic background of those estimates, as well as the results of these are presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Proof-of-Principle Studies on Betatron-Oscillation Phase Tracking of a Single Electron (BOPTSE) in IOTA Run 3

We present a description and preliminary results of the proof-of-principle studies on betatron-oscillation phase tracking of a single electron in the Fermilab IOTA storage ring during Run 3 (2021). We describe the general principles of the experiment, the optical diagnostics setup, the configuration of the ring, a chronology of the studies, the structure of the measured data, and results of the preliminary analysis of the collected data. It was observed that the coherence time of betatron oscillations exceeds 60,000 turns. The betatron tune of the single electron was accurately measured and compared with that of electron bunches. In addition, chromaticity was extracted from the combined analysis of synchrotron oscillations and betatron phase tracking.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Averaged invariants in storage rings with synchrotron motion

In an ideal accelerator, the single-particle dynamics can be decoupled into transverse motion—the betatron oscillations— and longitudinal motion—the synchrotron oscillations. Chromatic and dispersive effects introduce a coupling between these dynamics, the so-called synchro-betatron coupling. We present an analysis of the fully coupled dynamics over a single synchrotron oscillation that leads to an averaged invariant with synchro-betatron coupling in a generic lattice. Here, we apply this analysis to two problems: first, a toy lattice where the computations are analytically tractable, then a design for a rapid cycling synchrotron built using the integrable optics described by Danilov and Nagaitsev, showing that although there is fairly complex behavior over the course of a synchrotron oscillation, the Danilov-Nagaitsev invariants are nevertheless periodic with the synchrotron motion.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

LAMP DTL Scoping Studies (Technical Report)

The present studies are based on the preliminary design efforts, and on the Scoping Studies of the “Strawman” design of LAMP front-end upgrade, referred in the text below to as “Feb.2024 Iteration”, presented in. The main accomplishment of present studies was substantial increase of the fidelity of the beam dynamics simulations in the proposed drift tube linac (DTL). The main accent was on development of the methodology for calculation of the longitudinal (synchrotron) and transverse (betatron) oscillations frequencies (phase advance per focusing period) values and providing the accelerating structure focusing lattice that has safe parameters of such oscillations to avoid unwanted emittance growth and possible beam halo formation. The resulting values of the oscillations phase advances are presented in Table 1, and in Figure 5 in the main body of the report. Special efforts were made to achieve the RF power consumption within limits of the existing RF power system and make sure that DTL fits in the existing tunnel. The LAMP scope does not suggest any additional building and/or tunnel construction. Table 1 summarizes some of these results, as well as Table 3 in the main body of the report.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Experimental 4D Tracking of a Single Electron in IOTA

We present the results of the first experiments on 4-dimensional phase-space tracking of a single electron in a storage ring, using a linear multi-anode photomultiplier tube for simultaneously measuring transverse coordinates and arrival times of synchrotron-radiation pulses. During the next few months, full 6D tracking will be implemented. This technology makes it possible to characterize the motion of a single particle, i.e. simultaneously tracking of amplitudes and phases for slow synchrotron oscillations and fast betatron oscillations. Complete tracking of a single particle enables the first direct measurements of dynamical properties, including invariants, amplitude-dependent tunes, and chaotic behavior.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Experimental Phase-Space Tracking of a Single Electron in a Storage Ring

This paper presents the results of the first ever experimental tracking of the betatron and synchrotron phases for a single electron in the Fermilab’s IOTA ring. The reported technology makes it is possible to fully track a single electron in a storage ring, which requires tracking of amplitudes and phases for both, slow synchrotron and fast betatron oscillations.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Experimental Single Electron 4D Tracking in IOTA

This paper presents the results of the first experiments on 4D tracking of a single electron using a linear multi-anode photomultiplier tube. The reported technology makes it is possible to fully track a single electron in a storage ring, which requires tracking of amplitudes and phases for both, slow synchrotron and fast betatron oscillations. Complete tracking of a point-like object enabled the first direct measurements of single-particle dynamical properties, including dynamical invariants, amplitude-dependent oscillation frequencies, and chaotic behavior.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Transverse oscillating bubble enhanced laser-driven betatron X-ray radiation generation

Abstract Ultrafast high-brightness X-ray pulses have proven invaluable for a broad range of research. Such pulses are typically generated via synchrotron emission from relativistic electron bunches using large-scale facilities. Recently, significantly more compact X-ray sources based on laser-wakefield accelerated (LWFA) electron beams have been demonstrated. In particular, laser-driven sources, where the radiation is generated by transverse oscillations of electrons within the plasma accelerator structure (so-called betatron oscillations) can generate highly-brilliant ultrashort X-ray pulses using a comparably simple setup. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a method to markedly enhance the parameters of LWFA-driven betatron X-ray emission in a proof-of-principle experiment. We show a significant increase in the number of generated photons by specifically manipulating the amplitude of the betatron oscillations by using our novel Transverse Oscillating Bubble Enhanced Betatron Radiation scheme. We realize this through an orchestrated evolution of the temporal laser pulse shape and the accelerating plasma structure. This leads to controlled off-axis injection of electrons that perform large-amplitude collective transverse betatron oscillations, resulting in increased radiation emission. Our concept holds the promise for a method to optimize the X-ray parameters for specific applications, such as time-resolved investigations with spatial and temporal atomic resolution or advanced high-resolution imaging modalities, and the generation of X-ray beams with even higher peak and average brightness.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Microsecond-latency feedback at a particle accelerator by online reinforcement learning on hardware

The commissioning and operation of future large-scale scientific experiments will challenge current tuning and control methods. Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms are a promising solution due to their ability to dynamically adapt to changing environments and consider delayed consequences. In many real-world applications, RL policies must produce actions in real time, often within microseconds to milliseconds, imposing significant constraints on system latency and computational overhead that conventional machine learning libraries are not designed to handle. To control phenomena in real time at these timescales, RL needs to be deployed on-the-edge, namely on dedicated hardware located near the system it controls, without relying on a host CPU or cloud-based inference. In this work we present the design and deployment of an experience accumulator system in a particle accelerator. In this system, deep-RL algorithms run using hardware acceleration and act within a few microseconds, enabling the use of RL for control of phenomena like beam instabilities. The training uses the collected data offline to reduce the number of operations carried out on the acceleration hardware. The proposed architecture was tested in real experimental conditions at the Karlsruhe research accelerator, a synchrotron light source, where the system was used to control artificially induced horizontal betatron oscillations in real-time, with a control loop period of just 2.7 μs. The results showed a performance comparable to the commercial feedback system available at the accelerator, demonstrating the viability and potential of this approach. Due to the self-learning and reconfiguration capability of this implementation, a seamless application to other control problems is possible. Applications range from particle accelerators to large-scale research and industrial facilities.

FPGA↗
DOE OSTI2024

Momentum Compaction, Phase-Slip Factor and Gamma Transition in a Synchrotron

A synchrotron is the workhorse in charged particle acceleration and is applied for charged particles acceleration and ion acceleration to the highest energies [1, p. 77]. During the acceleration of a charged particle, each particle experiences a longitudinal force opposite in sign to it’s “displacement from the central particle” like in a harmonic oscillator. This motion is similar also to the transverse motion of the particle in the accelerator (betatron oscillations) and this is the reason that the particle stays inside the bucket during the acceleration. In this technical note, we discuss the concepts like, transition energy, momentum compaction and phase slip factor associated with a synchrotron accelerator, and we use a simple example to present the physical meaning of the “transition energy”. We present a simple model of a circular accelerator having straight sections and bends only to provide an explanation and the physical meaning of transition energy.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Commissioning results of the BNL Alternating Gradient Synchrotron booster AC dipole

Here, an AC dipole has been installed in the AGS booster as part of polarized beam developments for the future Electron Ion Collider (EIC). This will allow preserving helion beam polarization through two intrinsic resonances during acceleration to an energy corresponding to |$Gγ$| = 10.5. AC dipoles can preserve polarization by forcing the beam to undergo large amplitude vertical betatron oscillations. These coherent oscillations cause all particles to sample the strong horizontal fields of quadrupoles, and result in a full spin flip. In preparation for the AC dipole being used for polarized helions, it was first commissioned with polarized protons. The proton extraction energy was raised to allow protons to cross $Gγ$ = 0 + $v_y$ = 4.8087. As an artifact of the experiment using polarized protons, the booster settings for bunch extraction interfered with the coherent oscillations and limited the maximum coherent amplitude. This interference will be well separated in the case of polarized helions. Polarized protons crossed the $Gγ$ = 0 + $v_y$ intrinsic resonance with a full spin flip through use of the AC dipole. Simulations of the resonance crossing using Zgoubi accurately predict the polarization relative to the coherent amplitude.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2022

A skew quadrupole for the AGS to minimize the polarization losses of the polarized beams

The partial helices installed in the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) 9 [1] eliminate both, the imperfection and the vertical intrinsic spin resonances thus yielding a 70% polarized proton beam with rigidity 79.4 [Tm] with 2x10 11 protons/bunch at the end of the AGS acceleration cycle. The initial beam polarization at the exit of the 200 MeV Linac is measured to be 80%. The 10% loss of the polarization at the end of the AGS acceleration cycle is due to the horizontal spin resonances which are caused by the betatron oscillations of the beam in the presence of the partial helices. To reduce the effect of these horizontal spin resonances on the beam polarization, the “jump Quads method” is applied in the AGS [2] which eliminates, almost all, the horizontal spin resonances and increases the final polarization of the proton beam to the value of 70%. A study [3] shows that these horizontal spin resonances can be totally eliminated by introducing into the AGS ring, skew quadrupoles which linearly couple the beam motions to excite new horizontal spin resonances which minimize the horizontal-spin-resonances caused by the partial-helices.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Resonant Emittance Mixing of Flat Beams in Plasma Accelerators

Linear colliders rely on high-quality flat beams to achieve the desired event rate while avoiding potentially deleterious beamstrahlung effects. Here, we show that flat beams in plasma accelerators can be subject to quality degradation due to emittance mixing. This effect occurs when the beam particles' betatron oscillations in a nonlinearly coupled wakefield become resonant in the horizontal and vertical planes. Emittance mixing can lead to a substantial decrease of the luminosity, the main quantity determining the event rate. In some cases, the use of laser drivers or flat particle beam drivers may decrease the fraction of resonant particles and, hence, mitigate emittance deterioration.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Principles and applications of x-ray light sources driven by laser wakefield acceleration

One of the most prominent applications of modern particle accelerators is the generation of radiation. In a synchrotron or an x-ray free electron laser (XFEL), high energy electrons oscillating in periodic magnetic structures emit bright x rays. In spite of their scientific appeal that will remain evident for many decades, one limitation of synchrotrons and XFELs is their typical mile-long size and their cost, which often limits access to the broader scientific community. Here, this tutorial reviews the principles and prospects of using plasmas produced by intense lasers as particle accelerators and x-ray light sources, as well as some of the applications they enable. A plasma is an ionized medium that can sustain electrical fields many orders of magnitude higher than that in conventional radio frequency accelerator structures and can be used to accelerate electrons. When short, intense laser pulses are focused into a gas, it produces electron plasma waves in which electrons can be trapped and accelerated to GeV energies. This process, laser-wakefield acceleration (LWFA), is analogous to a surfer being propelled by an ocean wave. Many radiation sources, from THz to gamma-rays, can be produced by these relativistic electrons. This tutorial reviews several LWFA-driven sources in the keV-MeV photon energy range: betatron radiation, inverse Compton scattering, bremsstrahlung radiation, and undulator/XFEL radiation. X rays from laser plasma accelerators have many emerging applications. They can be used in innovative and flexible x-ray imaging and x-ray absorption spectroscopy configurations, for use in biology, industry, and high-energy density science.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗