NON-LINEAR INSERTS FOR A RAPID CYCLING SYNCHROTRON REPLACEMENT FOR THE FERMILAB BOOSTER SYNCHROTRON
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Smirnov, Alexander↗
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A Self Consistent 2D Simulation of Coherent Synchrotron Radiation Effects on Beam Dynamics
An increasing interest in high quality and high current electron beams necessitates a thorough understanding and prediction of coherent synchrotron radiation effects. The self-interaction of charged particles in a beam undergoing synchrotron motion is a physically significant process that is all too often computationally intensive with very little analytical results to rely on for the general case. The coherent spectrum of this interaction is of utmost importance to the design of free electron lasers (FELs) and an accurate assessment is imperative for their design. This work presents a novel implementation to the numerical simulation of charged particle beams. The simulation is a self-consistent approach including the self-fields generated by the beam of which coherent synchrotron radiation effects are of primary interest. A particle-in-cell model is used where a planar beam sampled by point particles is deposited on an encompassing grid at each timestep. The electromagnetic fields are calculated on the grid using the retarded potentials according to causality. The electromagnetic forces from the fields are interpolated on each particle which in turn advance in time. The simulation is benchmarked against well-established results for coherent synchrotron radiation effects. In addition, studies are provided that show the convergence of simulation results for increasing resolution. A study into the transverse beam size effects on beam dynamics is performed as well as a proof of concept where the simulation is used by a genetic algorithm to optimize the design parameters of a beam lattice. The results of these studies in tandem verify the efficacy of the simulation for its practical use in accelerator design or the study of synchrotron radiation effects
Duffin, Dallan [Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA (U↗
Electron tail suppression and effective collisionality due to synchrotron emission and absorption in mildly relativistic plasmas
Synchrotron radiation losses are a significant cause of concern for high-temperature aneutronic fusion reactions such as proton–Boron 11. The fact that radiation losses occur primarily in the high-energy tail, where the radiation itself has a substantial impact on the electron distribution, necessitates a self-consistent approach to modeling the diffusion and drag induced by synchrotron absorption and emission. Furthermore, an accurate model must account for the fact that the radiation emission spectrum is momentum-dependent, and the plasma opacity is frequency-dependent. Here, we present a simple Fokker–Planck operator, built on a newly solved-for blackbody synchrotron diffusion operator, which captures all relevant features of the synchrotron radiation. Focusing on magnetic mirror fusion plasmas, we show that significant suppression of the electron distribution occurs for relativistic values of the perpendicular electron momentum, which therefore emit much less radiation than predicted under the assumption of a Maxwell–Jüttner distribution.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Diagnostics of Magnetohydrodynamic Modes in the Interstellar Medium through Synchrotron Polarization Statistics
One of the biggest challenges in understanding magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence is identifying the plasma mode components from observational data. Previous studies on synchrotron polarization from the interstellar medium (ISM) suggest that the dominant MHD modes can be identified via statistics of Stokes parameters, which would be crucial for studying various ISM processes such as the scattering and acceleration of cosmic rays, star formation, and dynamo. In this paper, we present a numerical study of the synchrotron polarization analysis (SPA) method through systematic investigation of the statistical properties of the Stokes parameters. We derive the theoretical basis for our method from the fundamental statistics of MHD turbulence, recognizing that the projection of the MHD modes allows us to identify the modes dominating the energy fraction from synchrotron observations. Based on the discovery, we revise the SPA method using synthetic synchrotron polarization observations obtained from 3D ideal MHD simulations with a wide range of plasma parameters and driving mechanisms, and present a modified recipe for mode identification. We propose a classification criterion based on a new SPA+ fitting procedure, which allows us to distinguish between Alfvén mode and compressible/slow mode dominated turbulence. We further propose a new method to identify fast modes by analyzing the asymmetry of the SPA+ signature and establish a new asymmetry parameter to detect the presence of fast mode turbulence. Additionally, we confirm through numerical tests that the identification of the compressible and fast modes is not affected by Faraday rotation in both the emitting plasma and the foreground.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Characterizing sample degradation from synchrotron based X-ray measurements of ultra-thin exfoliated flakes
It is undeniable that novel 2D devices and heterostructures will have a lasting impact on the advancement of future technologies. However, the inherent instability of many exfoliated van der Waals (vdW) materials is a well-known hurdle yet to be overcome. Thus, the sustained interest in exfoliated vdW materials underscores the importance of understanding the mechanisms of sample degradation to establish proactive protective measures. Here, the impact of prolonged synchrotron-based X-ray beam exposure on exfoliated flakes of two contemporary vdW materials, NiPS 3 and α-RuCl 3 , is explored using resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) and total fluorescence yield X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). In NiPS 3 , the resulting RIXS and XAS spectra show a suppression, then vanishing, of NiS 6 multiplet excitations coupled with an upward shift of the peak energy of the XAS as a function of X-ray dose. In α-RuCl 3 , the signs of beam damage from the RIXS spectra are less evident. However, the post-experiment characterization of both materials using Raman spectroscopy exhibits signals of an amorphous and disordered system compared to pristine flakes; in addition, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of NiPS 3 shows evidence of ligand vacancies. As synchrotron radiation is fast becoming a required probe to study 2D vdW materials, these findings lay the groundwork for the development of future protective measures for synchrotron-based prolonged X-ray beam exposure, as well as for X-ray free electron laser.
2D magnetism↗
Advancing Battery Manufacturing: Synchrotron Characterization for Industry
Large-scale battery manufacturing requires understanding the fundamental principles of materials and interfaces and relies on advanced techniques for detailed interrogation. Despite advancements in the industrial scale production and their associated quality control tools, challenges such as electrode heterogeneity, internal defects, and largescale material waste (e.g., scrap) can hamper manufacturing. Synchrotron X-ray characterization techniques offer spatial, temporal, and chemical resolution that can provide diagnostic insights for metrology across various manufacturing steps. This review examines the use of synchrotron tools to advance understanding of key steps in the battery manufacturing process. Recent examples demonstrate how synchrotron methods resolve manufacturing challenges and uncover degradation pathways that are otherwise inaccessible. Future directions for advancing battery manufacturing emphasize collaboration between academia and industry through the use of synchrotron X-ray techniques.
Batteries↗
Taking three-dimensional x-ray diffraction (3DXRD) from the synchrotron to the laboratory scale
Three-dimensional x-ray diffraction (3DXRD), a rotating x-ray diffraction technique, is a powerful tool for studying the micromechanical behavior of polycrystalline materials, capable of measuring the volume, position, orientation, and strain of thousands of grains simultaneously. However, its application has been historically limited to synchrotron facilities. Here, we present the first demonstration of laboratory-scale 3DXRD (Lab-3DXRD) using a liquid-metal-jet source. Lab-3DXRD achieves accuracy comparable to synchrotron-based 3DXRD, as validated against laboratory diffraction contrast tomography (LabDCT) and synchrotron-3DXRD. Over 96% of the grains detected with Lab-3DXRD are cross-validated, particularly for coarse grains (> ~60 μm), while the results suggest that finer grains should be accessible by taking advantage of high-efficiency detectors. We further demonstrate that its sensitivity to finer grains is enhanced by incorporating pre-characterization into the analysis. This study establishes Lab-3DXRD as a practical alternative to synchrotron techniques, making 3DXRD accessible to a wider range of academic and industrial researchers.
characterization and analytical techniques↗
3D hybrid fluid-particle jet simulations and the importance of synchrotron radiative losses
Context. Relativistic jets in active galactic nuclei are known for their exceptional energy output, and imaging the synthetic synchrotron emission of numerical jet simulations is essential for a comparison with observed jet polarization emission. Aims. Through the use of 3D hybrid fluid-particle jet simulations (with the PLUTO code), we overcome some of the commonly made assumptions in relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (RMHD) simulations by using non-thermal particle attributes to account for the resulting synchrotron radiation. Polarized radiative transfer and ray-tracing (via the RADMC-3D code) highlight the differences in total intensity maps when (i) the jet is simulated purely with the RMHD approach, (ii) a jet tracer is considered in the RMHD approach, and (iii) a hybrid fluid-particle approach is used. The resulting emission maps were compared to the example of the radio galaxy Centaurus A. Methods. We applied the Lagrangian particle module implemented in the latest version of the PLUTO code. This new module contains a state-of-the-art algorithm for modeling diffusive shock acceleration and for accounting for radiative losses in RMHD jet simulations. The module implements the physical postulates missing in RMHD jet simulations by accounting for a cooled ambient medium and strengthening the central jet emission. Results. We find a distinction between the innermost structure of the jet and the back-flowing material by mimicking the radio emission of the Seyfert II radio galaxy Centaurus A when considering an edge-brightened jet with an underlying purely toroidal magnetic field. We demonstrate the necessity of synchrotron cooling as well as the improvements gained when directly accounting for non-thermal synchrotron radiation via non-thermal particles.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
Synchrotron self-Compton in a radiative-adiabatic fireball scenario: modelling the multiwavelength observations in some Fermi /LAT bursts
Energetic GeV photons expected from the closest and the most energetic Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) provide a unique opportunity to study the very-high-energy emission as well as the possible correlations with lower energy bands in realistic GRB afterglow models. In the standard GRB afterglow model, the relativistic homogeneous shock is usually considered to be fully adiabatic, however, it could be partially radiative. Based on the external forward-shock scenario in both stellar wind and constant-density medium, we present a radiative-adiabatic analytical model of the synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) and synchrotron processes considering an electron energy distribution with a power-law index of $1\lt p\lt 2$ and $2\le p$. We show that the SSC scenario plays a relevant role in the radiative parameter $\epsilon$, leading to a prolonged evolution during the slow cooling regime. In a particular case, we derive the Fermi/LAT light curves together with the photons with energies $\ge 100$ MeV in a sample of nine bursts from the second Fermi/LAT GRB catalogue that exhibited temporal and spectral indices with $\gtrsim 1.5$ and $\approx 2$, respectively. These events can hardly be described with closure relations of the standard synchrotron afterglow model, and also exhibit energetic photons above the synchrotron limit. We have modelled the multiwavelength observations of our sample to constrain the microphysical parameters, the circumburst density, the bulk Lorentz factor, and the mechanism responsible for explaining the energetic GeV photons.
acceleration of particles↗
Searching for synchrotron emission from the geminga TeV halo using the planck satellite
Pulsars convert a significant fraction of their total spin-down power into very high-energy electrons, leading to the formation of TeV halos. While these halos are well characterized at TeV energies, it remains unclear whether pulsars also accelerate electrons efficiently at lower energies and how these particles propagate through their surrounding environments. We aim to test whether synchrotron emission from $\sim 50$–$300 \, \textrm{GeV}$ electrons around the Geminga pulsar can be detected in the frequency range observed by the Planck satellite. This would help constrain low-energy particle acceleration and diffusion in the vicinity of pulsars. We model the expected synchrotron emission from Geminga’s TeV halo based on various diffusion and injection spectrum scenarios and compare these predictions to publicly available multi-frequency Planck data. We find no conclusive evidence of spatially extended synchrotron emission associated with Geminga in any of Planck’s frequency bands. Our calculations show that even under favorable diffusion and injection conditions, the predicted synchrotron flux lies well below Planck’s measured background levels.
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
On the Possibility of Installing the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron of the Electron Ion Collider in the AGS Tunnel
This report describes electron injector concepts for the Electron Ion Collider (EIC) using the tunnel of the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) of Brookhaven National Laboratory which is to be compared to the RCS in the RHIC tunnel or a new ring in a new tunnel. Possible designs of the electron booster synchrotron, the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) with good spin transparency with electron energies of up to 10 GeV and 18 GeV and placing the injector linac in the adjacent Building 912 for are worked out. The main reason for studying such options is the expectation that it will reduce the Electron Ion Collider injector cost because no civil construction is required, the machine is very compact, and existing infrastructure can be used. The design of an RCS with a top energy of 10 GeV with good spin transparency is quite conventional. However, for collider operation with 18 GeV electrons, this option would require accelerating the 10 GeV beam in the Electron Storage Ring (ESR) to 18 GeV and relying on the Sokolov Ternov self-polarization at 18 GeV in the ESR. Solutions for an RCS with Electron energies of up to 18 GeV with or without spin transparency are found to be possible but push the envelope of conventional magnet technology.
43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
Federated learning for 2D synchrotron x-ray diffractometry: a cross-institutional approach for phase quantification of Ti–6Al–4V alloy
High-energy Two dimensional (2D) synchrotron x-ray diffractometry provides important insights into the atomistic structure and phase evolution of materials, yet traditional analysis methods remain complex, knowledge-intensive, and computationally demanding. Deep-learning models offer a powerful alternative for automating their analysis. Institutions that hold these datasets may be unwilling to share their data due to privacy and security policies, as well as the challenges associated with large-scale data transfer. As a result, models trained on local datasets often perform well only on their own data but exhibit bias and poor generalization across different instruments or facilities. To overcome these limitations, we explore federated learning (FL) for 2D synchrotron diffractograms, enabling collaborative model training without exchanging raw data. In this study, 2D synchrotron diffractograms of Ti–6Al–4V alloy collected from two independent facilities are used to train convolutional neural networks for predicting the β-phase volume fraction. Experimental results show that federated global models significantly outperform locally trained models in terms of generalization and achieve accuracy comparable to centralized trained models. These findings demonstrate the potential of FL to enable secure, cross-institutional collaboration and enhance the scalability of deep-learning-based materials characterization.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Physics-informed machine learning analysis for nanoscale grain mapping by synchrotron Laue microdiffraction
Understanding the grain morphology, orientation distribution and crystal structure of nanocrystals is essential for optimizing the mechanical and physical properties of functional materials. Synchrotron X-ray Laue microdiffraction is a powerful technique for characterizing crystal structures and orientation mapping using focused X-rays. However, when the grain sizes are smaller than the beam size, mixed peaks in the Laue pattern from neighboring grains limit the resolution of grain morphology mapping. We propose a physics-informed machine learning (PIML) approach that combines a convolutional neural network feature extractor with a physics-informed filtering algorithm to overcome the spatial resolution limits of X-rays, achieving nanoscale resolution for grain mapping. Our PIML method successfully resolves the grain size, orientation distribution and morphology of Au nanocrystals through synchrotron microdiffraction scans, showing good agreement with electron backscatter diffraction results. This PIML-assisted synchrotron microdiffraction analysis can be generalized to other diffraction-based probes, enabling the characterization of nanosized structures with micrometre-sized probes.
X-ray crystallography↗
Synchrotron-based diffraction-enhanced imaging and diffraction-enhanced imaging combined with CT X-ray imaging systems to image seeds at 30 keV
Utilized the upgraded Synchrotron-based non-destructive Diffraction-enhanced imaging and Diffraction-enhanced imaging coupled with CT X-ray imaging systems to image the chickpea seeds, to enhance the contrast in plant root architecture, visibility of fine structures of root architecture growth and some aspects of physiology at acceptable level. DEI-CT images were acquired with 30 keV synchrotron X-rays. A series of DEI-CT slices were assembled together, to form a 3D data set. DEI-CT images explored more structural information and morphology. Noticed detailed anatomical, physiological observations, and contrast mechanisms. Furthermore, with these systems, some of the complex plant traits, root morphology, growth of laterals and subsequent laterals can be visualized directly.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
In-situ synchrotron X-ray study on microstructure and stress evolutions of electroplated copper upon self-annealing
Background: The self-annealing behavior of electroplated copper (Cu) at room temperature is gaining attention in the microelectronics industry due to its significant impact on reliability issues such as substrate warpage and electrical resistivity. Methods: In this study, in-situ analysis of the microstructure transition and stress relaxation of the electroplated copper upon self-annealing was conducted via synchrotron white X-ray nanodiffraction (beamline 21A, Taiwan Photon Source) and grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (beamline 17B1, Taiwan Light Source). Significant Findings: Remarkable relaxations of deviatoric stress and absolute strain component along the [002] direction were closely related to the Cu grain growth and crystallographic reorientation at the early stage of selfannealing, and a complete stress/strain relaxation can be achieved with the cessation of microstructure transition. In conclusion, the in-situ synchrotron X-ray studies provided an insight into Cu self-annealing mechanism, offering valuable information for improving Cu interconnect reliability.
Cu Self-annealing↗
Structural biology at the National Synchrotron Light Source II
The structural biology program at the National Synchrotron Light Source II presents a coordinated set of instruments, software and research opportunities for the interested user. We describe in some detail the research capabilities enabled by the Center for BioMolecular Structure. The evolution of the resources is described in detail, considering three major themes: automation, micro-focusing and computation prediction.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Radiation modeling and experimental validation of sub-cyclotron frequency microwave synchrotron radiation as a diagnostic tool for runaway electrons in present and future tokamaks
The microwave synchrotron radiation in the sub-cyclotron frequency region has been systematically validated as a diagnostic method for runaway electrons (>1 MeV) with radiation modeling and experiments on the DIII-D tokamak. Experimental observations reveal that sub-cyclotron frequency microwave radiation emerges only after runaway electrons are excited during plasma disruptions. Electron gyro-magnetic radiation modeling confirms that only runaway electrons with energies exceeding 1 MeV can emit radiation in the observed sub-cyclotron frequency band on DIII-D. The synchrotron Razin and Beaming effects are modeled in both the sub-cyclotron and standard Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE) frequency region. Due to the pronounced beaming effect, the modeling supports that a standard ECE system is insensitive to synchrotron radiation from beamed runaway electrons (p ∥ >> p ⟂ ), but very sensitive to ECE radiation from isotropic suprathermal electrons (100 keV or less). DIII-D experiments further show that combining ECE and sub-cyclotron receivers reveals new insights into transient runaway dynamics during the plateau phase. Certain transient crash events appear only in the sub-cyclotron band or lead to opposite changes on the sub-cyclotron and standard ECE signals, supporting models where transient MHD events can exert a different effect on electrons of different energy levels. This novel diagnostic technique offers a powerful tool for studying and detecting runaway electron dynamics in both present-day and high-field future tokamaks. The diagnostic approach has been extrapolated to the SPARC tokamak, where sub-cyclotron radiation is predicted to respond sensitively and solely to runaway electrons during SPARC’s L-mode startup phase.
Yu, Guanying [Hefei Comprehensive National Science↗
Astrophysical constraints from synchrotron emission on very massive decaying dark matter
If the cosmological dark matter (DM) couples to Standard Model (SM) fields, it can decay promptly to SM states in a highly energetic hard process, which subsequently showers and hadronizes to give stable particles including e ± , γ , p ± , and ν ν ¯ at lower energy. If the DM particle is very heavy, the high-energy e ± , due to the Klein-Nishina cross section suppression, preferentially lose energy via synchrotron emission which, in turn, can be of unusually high energies. Here, we present previously unexplored bounds on heavy decaying DM up to the Planck scale, by studying the synchrotron emission from the e ± produced in the ambient Galactic magnetic field. In particular, we explore the sensitivity of the resulting constraints on the DM decay width to (i) different SM decay channels, to (ii) the Galactic magnetic field configurations, and to (iii) various different DM density profiles proposed in the literature. We find that constraints from the synchrotron component complement and improve on constraints from very high-energy cosmic-ray and gamma-ray observatories targeting the prompt emission when the DM is sufficiently massive, most significantly for masses in excess of 10 12 GeV . Published by the American Physical Society 2024
Astronomy & Astrophysics↗