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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Architecture of the personnel protection systems for Spallation Neutron Source Second Target Station

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is implementing a major upgrade to the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) facility, encompassing the addition of the Second Target Station (STS). Preliminary design reviews have been conducted on several STS Personnel Protection Systems (PPS). The reviews focused primarily on the integration with the existing SNS PPS, the new proton transport tunnel, and the target areas. Development of the PPS is ongoing, to ensure a coherent safety system with the mission of protecting users and workers from prompt radiation hazards while providing high beam availability to operations. The STS PPS element in the Integrated Control System (ICS) is a facility-wide system composed of multiple safety subsystems, including the Ring to Second Target (RTST) beam transport tunnel, Target, Bunker and Instruments. Personnel working in all these geographic areas are protected by modular reliable PPS solutions. The safety system enforces access controls, radiation monitoring, beam destination control, and application of critical device inhibit upon detection of abnormal condition. It uses well-documented processes, Common Industrial Protocol (CIP) safety, pulsed test, and redundancy to achieve the desired Safety Integrity Level (SIL). This paper gives an architectural overview of the STS PPS and a detailed safety plan for the SNS facility, addressing safety solutions and human factors.

Michaelides, Tommy [ORNL] (ORCID:0000000190499869)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Performance Evaluation of Different Parallel Programming Models in SCALE-Shift Sequences for Criticality and Shielding Applications [Abstract]

The SCALE code system has been widely used for nuclear criticality safety, reactor physics, radiation shielding, source term generation, and inventory analyses by researchers, industry, and regulatory bodies. Although limited support for shared- and distributed-memory parallel processing was introduced via C++ threading, OpenMP, and MPI, a hybrid parallel programming model with both distributed- and shared-memory parallelism has not been fully supported in the SCALE code system.

Nuclear Criticality Safety Program (NCSP)↗
DOE OSTI2025

Anomaly Detection in Electronic Health Records Across Hospital Networks: Integrating Machine Learning With Graph Algorithms

In a large hospital system, a network of hospitals relies on electronic health records (EHRs) to make informed decisions regarding their patients in various clinical domains. Consequently, the dependability of the health information technology (HIT) systems responsible for collecting EHR data is of utmost importance for patient safety. Recently, novel methods and tools aimed at identifying anomalies in EHR data to bolster the reliability of HIT systems have been introduced. However, these existing methods and tools primarily concentrate on individual hospitals, which limits our understanding of system-wide anomalous events and their potential impact on patient safety across multiple hospitals. In this article, we introduce a new approach to detecting anomalies in EHR data within a network of hospitals. This is achieved by combining advanced machine learning techniques with graph algorithms to create a tool capable of swiftly identifying and responding to deviations. Our proposed approach employs a combination of five machine learning models, harnessing the unique strengths of each model to provide a more robust detection system. The detected anomalies are then represented as graphs, allowing us to recognize patterns across the hospital network. This aids in identifying anomalies that span multiple medical facilities, potentially indicating broader system-level risks. Extensive real-world testing of our approach demonstrated its ability to offer actionable insights compared to existing methods. Additionally, its scalable design ensures seamless integration into existing HIT infrastructures.

Niu, Haoran [Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL),↗
DOE OSTI2025

Prototype Development for MBSE-Driven Digital Environment at Fermilab

Complex projects like Fermilab s accelerators and detectors involve thousands of interdependent components and requirements, making traditional documentation hard to keep consistent and often causing rework. Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) tackles this by representing the system as a digital, queryable model. While widely used in aerospace and safety-critical industries, MBSE adoption has been limited elsewhere due to steep learning curves and high costs. This project investigates how a web-first, low-code MBSE stack can reduce those barriers and offer an accessible, unified source of truth for engineers and physicists.

Valle, Diego Pedro (ORCID:0009000865900663)↗
DOE OSTI2024

Dataset of mechanically induced thermal runaway measurement and severity level on Li-ion batteries

The deployment of Li-ion batteries covers a wide range of energy storage applications, from mobile phones, e-bikes, electric vehicles (EV) and stationary energy storage systems. However, safety issue such as thermal runaway is always one of the most important concerns to prevent Li-ion batteries from further market penetration. A standardized single-side indentation test protocol was developed to mechanically induce an internal short-circuit. The cell voltage, compressive load, indenter stroke, and temperature at the indentation point are measured in time series. The test data of each cell, along with cell parameters such as dimensions, mass, chemistry, state of charge (SOC), capacity, are integrated together to calculate a thermal runaway severity score from 0 to100. Complete data collection process including the original measured record, test method, severity score calculation scheme is presented in this article. The thermal runaway severity analysis and the more than 100 tested Li-ion battery records provide a good data source for further comparison and ranking of thermal runaway risks.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2026

A Review of Polymeric Nanoparticle Design, Synthesis, and Biomedical Applications

Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) are solid particles that contain macromolecular polymers ranging in size from 1-1000 nm. They have a wide variety of structures that are determined by their identity as either natural biopolymers, synthetic polymers or a combination of both. In the design of PNPs, the polymeric system, size, internal structure, additional molecules, and synthetic pathway can be engineered, allowing for a multitude of properties including differing responses to physiological environments and the incorporation of a drug. The easily accessible fine tuning of PNPs allows for a multitude of applications in medicine. PNPs allow for increased pharmacokinetics, efficacy, safety, and targeting strength when utilized as carriers for drugs. Currently there are a wide range of PNPs approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in clinical settings and many more being investigated in clinical studies. There is also research that is being conducted for the usage of PNPs in controlled drug delivery systems and as carriers through the blood brain barrier to aid in treating neurological diseases.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

A Novel, Low-Cost, Portable Device for Counterfeit and Noncompliant Refrigerant Detection

The increasing prevalence of counterfeit refrigerants presents significant risks to Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration (HVACR) systems, including compromised equipment performance, safety hazards, and environmental non-compliance. This report details the development of a novel, cost-effective, and portable detection device designed to accurately identify counterfeit refrigerants. The device utilizes a controlled gas sampling and analysis system within a sealed chamber, ensuring precise measurements while maintaining safety through a purging mechanism. The system features a high-sensitivity sensor integrated with an onboard control module that analyzes gas composition in real-time, providing users with clear visual indicators for refrigerant authenticity. Laboratory validation demonstrated the device’s high accuracy (exceeding 95%) in detecting unauthorized refrigerant blends. Key advantages include affordability, ease of use, rapid response time, and compatibility with a wide range of refrigerants. This solution supports compliance with regulatory frameworks such as the AIM Act, enhances safety in HVACR operations, and mitigates the risks associated with counterfeit refrigerants. Future developments will focus on expanding refrigerant detection capabilities, integrating machine learning for enhanced accuracy, implementing cost-reduction strategies to improve accessibility and market adoption, and optimizing system packaging for enhanced field portability.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

A Novel, Low-Cost, Portable Device for Counterfeit and Noncompliant Refrigerant Detection

The increasing prevalence of counterfeit refrigerants presents significant risks to Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration (HVACR) systems, including compromised equipment performance, safety hazards, and environmental non-compliance. This report details the development of a novel, cost-effective, and portable detection device designed to accurately identify counterfeit refrigerants. The device utilizes a controlled gas sampling and analysis system within a sealed chamber, ensuring precise measurements while maintaining safety through a purging mechanism. The system features a high-sensitivity sensor integrated with an onboard control module that analyzes gas composition in real-time, providing users with clear visual indicators for refrigerant authenticity.Laboratory validation demonstrated the device’s high accuracy (exceeding 95%) in detecting unauthorized refrigerant blends. Key advantages include affordability, ease of use, rapid response time, and compatibility with a wide range of refrigerants. This solution supports compliance with regulatory frameworks such as the American Innovation and Manufacturing (AIM) Act, enhances safety in HVACR operations, and mitigates the risks associated with counterfeit refrigerants. Future developments will focus on expanding refrigerant detection capabilities, integrating machine learning for enhanced accuracy, implementing cost-reduction strategies to improve accessibility and market adoption, and optimizing system packaging for enhanced field portability.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Coordinated Frequency Regulation in Grid-Forming Storage Network via Safety-Consensus

Inverter-based storages are poised to play a prominent role in future power grid with massive renewable generation. Grid-forming inverters (GFMs) are emerging as a dominant technology with synchronous generators (SG)-like characteristics through primary control loops. Advanced secondary-layer control schemes, e.g., consensus algorithms, allow GFM-interfaced storage units to participate in frequency regulations and restore nominal frequency following grid disturbances. However, it is imperative to ensure critical frequency safety limits are not violated while the grid transitions from pre- to post-disturbance operating point. This paper presents a novel safety-enforced consensus method, having three distinct objectives: safe transient frequency evolution, minimizing frequency deviation, and coordinated power sharing. The proposed technique is illustrated using a GFM-interfaced grid-wide storage network on the IEEE 68-bus system under multiple grid transient scenarios.

consensus control↗
DOE OSTI2024

SAM Code Enhancements for Modeling of Liquid Metal-Cooled Fast Reactor Concepts

The SAM code is under development and supported by DOE-NE’s Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation program as a modern system-level modeling and simulation tool for advanced non-light water reactor safety analyses. These advanced reactor concepts incorporate novel and improved approaches to achieve safety and economic feasibility. This report summarizes two major efforts in addressing the modeling gaps in SAM for liquid-metal-cooled fast reactor (LMFR) applications, i.e. thermal mixing and stratification phenomena in large pools and corrosion-oxidation of components in flowing lead. A new one-dimensional model for thermal mixing and stratification effects in large pools and enclosures is developed and implemented. Thermal mixing and stratification occur when fluid enters a pool at a temperature different than the bulk fluid itself, a scenario often encountered during transients in pool-type systems. These phenomena are critical for the safety of reactors, impacting phenomena like natural circulation, which is essential for passive cooling. The improved model in SAM addresses limitations of state-of-the-art approaches by combining one-dimensional (1D) channels, representing the coolant jet flow, with lumped-parameter zero-dimensional (0D) pools, representing the rest of coolant in the tank. Energy exchange between the 1D jet and the 0D pools is based on heat transfer correlations calibrated against 3D simulations. It is verified that this model can handle various flow configurations, including hot jets in colder pools, cold jets in hotter pools, and the presence of features like ceilings, free surfaces, and obstacles. Additionally, validation against experimental data demonstrates the ability of the model to capture mixing and stratification effects in a wide range of conditions. The flexibility and improved accuracy of the new model make it a valuable tool for reactor safety analysis, allowing for the simulation of different geometries encountered in advanced reactors. A system-level corrosion modeling capability is developed and implemented in SAM to support Lead Fast Reactor (LFR) development. Although the initial focus of this capability will be on LFR application, this can later be expanded to include other liquid metals such as Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) and PbLi. This report summarizes the common corrosion mitigation strategies and outlines the progress on implementing and validating a corrosion-oxidation model in SAM. Verification and validation of the corrosion-oxidation portion of the model was performed using analytical solution and measured data from samples tested in the non-isothermal pumped lead loop at IPPE Obninsk. The iron transport and corrosion/precipitation portion of the model was assessed using an analytical model and measured corrosion depths from a natural convection lead loop experiment performed at CEA. It is demonstrated that the model implemented in SAM performed well in these assessments.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Novel Organosulfur-Based Electrolytes for Safe Operation of High Voltage Li-ion Batteries over a Wide Operating Temperature

This project addresses the failure of conventional electrolytes and enables high-voltage operation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) by developing a novel organosulfur-based electrolyte system. To achieve this goal, we first designed and synthesized new organosulfur solvents that functionalized with strong electron-withdrawing groups such as fluoroalkyl and cyano substituents. Through regio-specific molecular engineering, supported by theoretical calculations, we lowered the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels of these molecules to increase their anodic stability for high-voltage operation. We then optimized the formulation of the organosulfur-based electrolyte with additives, co-solvents and salts tailored to the newly synthesized solvent molecules. In parallel, we utilized advanced spectroscopic techniques—including in situ FTIR, EIS, and DEMS—to thoroughly elucidate the mechanisms of interaction between the electrolyte and electrode materials. Finally, we evaluated 2 Ah pouch cells under both normal and extreme conditions. Pouch cells with the newly developed electrolyte system demonstrated >90% capacity retention after 500 cycles under 4.5 V operating voltage, >80% capacity retention after 1000 cycles in coin cell level. In addition, the cells exhibited high safety and reliable operation capability over a wide temperature range from −30 °C to +45 °C.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2024

GaN-based W-band receiver chip development for fusion plasma diagnostics

Millimeter-wave diagnostics have proven effective on various magnetic fusion devices worldwide, yet the formidable challenges posed by the harsh environments of future burning plasma devices, characterized by extreme temperatures, pressures, and radiation levels, remain a significant hurdle. To address these challenges, the utilization of wide bandgap Gallium Nitride (GaN)-based millimeter-wave diagnostics is a most promising solution for fusion reactor safety monitoring and control. A noteworthy W-band GaN-based system-on-chip receiver has been the demonstrated by employing HRL T3 40 nm GaN technology. This receiver chip, compactly designed with dimensions of 3 × 5 mm 2 , incorporates essential components such as the 75–110 GHz RF Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA), mixer, Intermediate Frequency (IF) amplifier, and Local Oscillator (LO) chain. This receiver chip will be packaged as a millimeter-wave receiver module and applied on the DIII-D National Fusion Facility, for fusion plasma edge shape monitoring for operational safety and dangerous disruption prediction. The laboratory measurement results have demonstrated suitable performance. Furthermore, this advancement is pivotal for accurate analysis of plasma behavior in the extreme conditions of burning plasma devices, driving progress in fusion research and technology.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Analysis of AP1000 Small-Break Loss-of-Coolant Accident Using Reactor Transient Simulator

The Westinghouse Electric Company’s Advanced Passive Reactor (AP1000) is characterized by the incorporation of passive safety systems (PSSs) designed to ensure core cooling during transient events. The assessment of PSSs requires evaluation of their performance through a combination of experiments and simulations employing various thermal-hydraulic codes. In addition, detailed evaluation of PSSs for a specific reactor system transient analysis such as loss-of-coolant-accident analysis supports understanding representative integral effects test facility development and the further evolution model development and assessment process. Developing a reactor system code is a complex and time-consuming process that requires significant engineering expertise and effort. It can take several months to even years to complete in the early stages of reactor system design and analysis. However, this process can be expedited through the use of transient simulator models for similar reactor systems, which can be used for lesson learning and training purposes. This study uses the Personal Computer Transient Analyzer (PCTRAN) code. The main advantage of PCTRAN is its ease of use and ability to run faster than real time. This study presents the results obtained for a small-break loss-of-coolant accident (SBLOCA) for two breaks using the full version (licensed) of PCTRAN. The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the overall system behavior during the postulated SBLOCA event as well as assess the capability of the PCTRAN code to reproduce the system response during transient events. The obtained results were compared with the Westinghouse NOTRUMP system code. The PCTRAN code proved to be reliable in predicting the qualitative behavior of the system in both transient cases. As for the system response, it was found that it is contingent on the activation time of the PSSs. The differences in reactor coolant system pressure between the two codes were attributed to the critical flow model and simplification of mass and energy balance. Despite PCTRAN’s limitations, it can still provide a reasonable prediction of various reactor parameters such as pressure, mass flow rate, and void fraction during a SBLOCA scenario. It is worth noting that PCTRAN currently employs a bulk approach similar to that of the Modular Accident Analysis Program (MAAP) and MELCOR codes. However, the upcoming version of PCTRAN will include an artificial intelligence–based detection and accident prevention system, as well as different models for different reactor components. Consequently, PCTRAN has the potential to be upgraded to match the system thermal-hydraulic codes of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and become more widely used in cybersecurity to safeguard nuclear power plants from cyberattacks.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Recent advances in combustion science related to hydrogen safety

Hydrogen is a key pillar in the global Net Zero strategy. Rapid scaling up of hydrogen production, transport, distribution and utilization is expected. This entails that hydrogen, which is traditionally an industrial gas, will come into proximity of populated urban areas and in some situations handled by the untrained public. To realize all their benefits, hydrogen and its technologies must be safely developed and deployed. The specific properties of hydrogen involving wide flammability range, low ignition energy and fast flame speed implies that any accidental release of hydrogen can be easily ignited. Comparing with conventional fuels, combustion systems fueled by hydrogen are also more prone to flame instability and abnormal combustion. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review about combustion research related to hydrogen safety. It starts with a brief introduction which includes some overview about risk analysis, codes and standards. The core content covers ignition, fire, explosions and deflagration to detonation transition (DDT). Considering that DDT leads to detonation, and that detonation may also be induced directly under special circumstances, the subject of detonation is also included for completeness. The review covers laboratory, medium and large-scale experiments, as well as theoretical analysis and numerical simulation results. While highlights are provided at the end of each section, the paper closes with some concluding remarks highlighting the achievements and key knowledge gaps.

08 HYDROGEN↗
DOE OSTI2026

Enhanced pool boiling heat transfer with metal foam tubes in inline tube bundle configuration

Flooded evaporators, commonly known as shell-and-tube heat exchangers, are widely used in large-scale industrial refrigeration and air-conditioning systems due to their high pool boiling heat transfer efficiency. However, their bulky configuration requires a large refrigerant inventory, which poses safety challenges—particularly when employing next-generation A2L refrigerants that are mildly flammable. Here, to address this issue, the development of compact heat exchangers with enhanced heat transfer performance is essential. In this study, a novel metal foam tube design is proposed to augment pool boiling heat transfer. Experiments were conducted at a saturation temperature of 20 °C and across a heat flux range of 7–60 kW m −2 . The tests were conducted for both smooth and metal foam tubes with an inline tube bundle configuration and for a pitch–to–diameter (P/D) ratios of 1.3 and 1.5. Pool boiling performance was evaluated for next-generation hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) refrigerants, R1234yf and R1234ze(E), with R134a serving as the baseline fluid. The results indicate that the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of R1234yf is comparable to R134a, while R1234ze(E) shows slightly lower performance. Importantly, the metal foam tubes achieved up to a 217% enhancement in HTC compared to smooth tubes.

Metal foam tubes↗
DOE OSTI2026

Zinc batteries for grid-scale energy storage: Challenges, opportunities, and future directions

The global electricity sector is undergoing rapid transformation, increasing demand for reliable stationary energy storage and intensifying the need for safe, cost-effective, and scalable technologies for grid-scale applications. While lithium-ion batteries currently dominate the market, concerns over cost, safety, and resource availability motivate the exploration of alternative chemistries. Zinc-based batteries have emerged as a promising option due to the abundance, low cost, and wide geographic distribution of zinc, combined with the inherent safety of aqueous electrolytes. This perspective examines the potential of zinc batteries for stationary energy storage, with particular focus on rechargeable zinc-air systems. We discuss the evolution of zinc battery technologies and compare zinc-air, zinc-bromine, nickel-zinc, and aqueous zinc-ion chemistries, highlighting their advantages for grid applications. Key challenges limiting rechargeable zinc battery performance are analyzed, including dendrite formation and corrosion at the zinc anode, electrolyte degradation from carbonation and evaporation, and sluggish oxygen electrocatalysis at the air cathode. Emerging strategies to address these limitations are reviewed, including advanced electrode architectures, electrolyte engineering, catalyst development, and system-level design improvements. Lastly, we outline future research directions and opportunities for developing durable, efficient, and economically viable zinc-based energy storage systems for grid-scale applications.

Aqueous electrolytes↗
DOE OSTI2024

Synthesis of Correct Digital Controller Models from Specifications by Model Transformation (21-0320)

The design of high consequence controllers (in weapons systems, autonomy, etc.) that do what they are supposed to do is a significant challenge. Testing simply does not come close to meeting the requirements for assurance. Today circuit designers at Sandia (and elsewhere) typically capture the core behavior of their components using state models in tools such as STATEFLOW. They then check that their models meet certain requirements (e.g. “The system bus must not deadlock” or “both traffic lights at an intersection must not be green at the same time”) using tools called model checkers. If the model checker returns “yes” then the property is guaranteed to be satisfied by the model. However, there are several drawbacks to this industry practice: (1) there is a lot of detail to get right, this is particularly challenging when there are multiple components requiring complex coordination (2) any errors returned by the model checker have to be traced back through the design and fixed, necessitating rework, (3) there are severe scalability problems with this approach, particularly when dealing with concurrency. All this places high demands on the designers who now face not only an accelerated schedule but also controllers of increasing complexity. This report describes a new and fundamentally different approach to the construction of safety-critical digital controllers. Instead of directly constructing a complete model and then trying to verify it, the designer can start with an initial abstract (think “sketch”) model plus the requirements, from which a correct concrete model is automatically synthesized. There is no need for post-hoc verification of required functional properties. Having tool to carry this out will significantly impact the nation’s ability to ensure the safety of high-consequence digital systems. The approach has been implemented in a prototype tool, along with a suite of examples, including ones that reflect actual problems faced by designers. Our approach operates on a variant of Statecharts developed at Sandia called Qspecs. Statecharts are a widely used formalism for developing concurrent reactive systems, supporting scalability through allowing state models containing composite states, which are the serial or parallel composition of substates which can themselves contain statecharts. Statecharts enable an incremental style of development, in which states are progressively refined to incorporate greater detail in an incremental model of software development. Our approach formulates a set of constraints from the structure of the models and the requirements and propagates these constraints to a fixpoint. The solution to the constraints is an inductive invariant along with guards on the transitions. We also show how our approach extends to implementation refinement, decomposition, composition, and elaboration. We currently handle safety requirements written in LTL (Linear Temporal Logic)

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2025

Evaluating the Impact of Tritium Permeation Membrane Performance and Direct Internal Recycling on Fusion Fuel Cycle Efficiency Using TMAP8

An efficient fuel cycle is vital to sustainable and cost-effective energy generation in fusion systems. Since tritium is not widely available, fusion systems must breed their own tritium for sustainable fusion deuterium-tritium reactions. An inefficient fuel cycle increases the tritium inventory needed for operations, which increases costs, constraints on tritium management systems, and safety concerns. A fuel cycle model is a powerful tool for understanding tritium inventories and flow rates across all systems in the fuel cycle. By simplifying the technical details into time-dependent tritium flow rates and inventories, the model can simulate the entire fuel cycle with high computational efficiency, even for technologies that are still under development. It can therefore quantify the impact of new tritium management technologies on fuel cycle efficiency. To evaluate the impact of key components on reducing tritium inventory, we are using and expanding an existing fuel cycle models based on latest advancements in fuel cycle research. The new model integrates Tritium Permeation Membrane (TPM) and Direct Internal Recycling (DIR) to enhance tritium transport from blanket breeders and plasma exhaust. These fuel cycle models are implemented in TMAP8 (Tritium Migration Analysis Program, version 8), a MOOSE-based open-source application designed to provide cutting-edge capabilities for tritium transport and fuel cycle modeling. The study aims to demonstrate the extensibility of existing fuel cycle modeling capability in TMAP8 and to offer a proof-of-principle design for future fusion plant systems. The presentation will cover the performance of fuel cycle modeling capabilities available in TMAP8, highlight advancements in fuel cycle research, and present a sensitivity analysis of these models. The results underline potential approaches and technology solutions to lower tritium inventory requirements, highlighting their role in shaping the future of fusion energy.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗