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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2011

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 93

Nuclear structure data pertaining to all nuclei with mass number A=93 (Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag) have been compiled and evaluated and incorporated into the ENSDF data file. This publication for A=93 supersedes the previous publication by C.M. Baglin, Nuclear Data Sheets80, 1 (1997) (literature cutoff date November 1996) and subsequent revisions by C.M. Baglin of the ENSDF files for 93Br and {sup 93}Kr (literature cutoff 26 February 2001) and for {sup 93}Rh (literature cutoff 27 February 2001); it includes all data available prior to 15 December 2010. Significant changes since prior evaluations include the following: 2010Hw03 identified several high-spin states in {sup 93}Kr in {sup 252}Cf SF decay; in addition to the many low-spin levels already known in {sup 93}Rb from {beta}{sup -} decay, several higher-spin states have now been identified in a {sup 252}Cf SF decay study (2009Hw03); this SF decay has also been used to identify additional states in {sup 93}Sr (2003Hw01) and the {sup 238}U({sup 82}Se,X{gamma}) reaction (2007Bu35) has provided new information on {sup 93}Y. (HI,xn{gamma}) reaction studies have expanded our knowledge of the structure of {sup 93}Zr (2002Fo03, 2005Pa48), {sup 93}Nb (2007Wa45), {sup 93}Mo (2005Fu01), {sup 93}Tc (2003Ha22) and {sup 93}Pd (2004So04,2004Ru02). Considerable information on {sup 93}Nb was provided by a (p,2n{gamma}) study (2010Or01, 2006Or09, 2007Or01). The level schemes of {sup 93}Ru, {sup 93}Rh and {sup 93}Pd have undergone the most extensive revision thanks to studies of {sup 93}Rh {epsilon} decay (2004De40), {sup 94}Ag {epsilon}p decay (2004Mu30) and {sup 94}Ag p decay (2005Mu15, 2005Mu30), respectively. The half-life of the Zr member of this chain is of particular interest because of {sup 93}Zr's large contribution to long-term activity of nuclear reactor waste and also due to its potential as a supernova chronometer. During 2010, two new well-documented measurements of T{sub 1/2}({sup 93}Zr) were published (2010Ya01 and 2010Ca01); one agrees well with an earlier, undocumented measurement but, unfortunately, the other is many standard deviations lower for reasons which are not immediately apparent.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Neutron capture cross section measurements at the beam line 04 of J-PARC/MLF

An Accurate Neutron-Nucleus Reaction measurement Instrument (ANNRI) at the beam line 04 of MLF (Material and Life Sciences Experimental Facilities) of J-PARC (Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex) was installed to measure neutron capture cross sections related to the research and development of innovative nuclear systems, the study on nuclear astrophysics, etc. ANNRI has two gamma-ray spectrometers: one is a Ge detector array placed at 22 m from the coupled type moderator of the spallation neutron source of J-PARC/MLF and the other is a pair of NaI(Tl) detectors at 28 m. Until the 11th of March, 2011, when we had big earthquakes, we measured capture cross sections of Zr-93, Tc-99, Pd-107, I-129, Cm-244, Cm-246, etc. After checking and repairing ANNRI, we restarted measurements, and ANNRI has been open to worldwide users at present.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Role of fast reactor and its cycle to reduce nuclear waste burden

The role of the metal fuel fast reactor with recycling of actinides and the five long-lived fission products based on the concept of the Self-Consistent Nuclear Energy System has been examined by evaluating the reduction of nuclear wastes during the transition period to this reactor system. The evaluation was done in comparison to an LWR once-through case and a conventional actinide recycling oxide fast reactor. As a result, it is quantitatively clarified that a metal fuel fast reactor with actinide and the five long-lived fission products (I{sup 129}, Tc{sup 99}, Zr{sup 93}, Cs{sup 135} and Sn{sup 126}) recycling could play a significant role in reducing the nuclear waste burden including the current LWR wastes. This can be achieved by using a fast neutron spectrum reactor enhanced with metal fuel that brings high capability as a 'waste burner'. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2016

Role of (n,2n) reactions in transmutation of long-lived fission products

The conditions under which (n,γ) and (n,2n) reactions can help or hinder each other in neutron transmutation of long-lived fission products (LLFPs) are considered. Isotopic and elemental transmutation for the main long-lived fission products, {sup 79}Se, {sup 93}Zr, {sup 99}Tc, {sup 107}Pd, {sup 126}Sn, {sup 129}I, and {sup 135}Cs, are considered. The effect of (n,2n) reactions on the equilibrium amount of nuclei of the transmuted isotope and the neutron consumption required for the isotope processing is estimated. The aim of the study is to estimate the influence of (n,2n) reactions on efficiency of neutron LLFP transmutation. The code TIME26 and the libraries of evaluated nuclear data ABBN-93, JEF-PC, and JANIS system are applied. The following results are obtained: (1) The effect of (n,2n) reactions on the minimum number of neutrons required for transmutation and the equilibrium amount of LLFP nuclei is estimated. (2) It is demonstrated that, for three LLFP isotopes ({sup 126}Sn, {sup 129}I, and {sup 135}Cs), (n,γ) and (n,2n) reactions are partners facilitating neutron transmutation. The strongest effect of (n,2n) reaction is found for {sup 126}Sn transmutation (reduction of the neutron consumption by 49% and the equilibrium amount of nuclei by 19%).

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

ELECTRON-CAPTURE SUPERNOVAE AS SOURCES OF {sup 60}Fe

We investigate the nucleosynthesis of the radionuclide {sup 60}Fe in electron-capture supernovae (ECSNe). The nucleosynthetic results are based on a self-consistent, two-dimensional simulation of an ECSN as well as models in which the densities are systematically increased by some factors (low-entropy models). {sup 60}Fe is found to be appreciably made in neutron-rich ejecta during the nuclear quasi-equilibrium phase with greater amounts being produced in the lower-entropy models. Our results, combining them with the yields of core-collapse supernovae in the literature, suggest that ECSNe account for at least 4%-30% of live {sup 60}Fe in the Milky Way. ECSNe co-produce neutron-rich isotopes, {sup 48}Ca, {sup 50}Ti, {sup 54}Cr, some light trans-iron elements, and possibly weak r-process elements including some radionuclides such as {sup 93}Zr, {sup 99}Tc, and {sup 107}Pd, whose association with {sup 60}Fe might have been imprinted in primitive meteorites or in the deep ocean crust on the Earth.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Improved diagnosis of the number of stenosed coronary artery vessels by segmentation with scatter and photo-peak window data for attenuation correction in myocardial perfusion SPECT

Background: Attenuation correction using segmentation of scatter and photo-peak window data (SSPAC) enables an evaluation of the attenuation map in a patient-specific manner without additional radiation exposure. We compared the accuracy of SSPAC and non-corrected myocardial perfusion scintigraphy methods for diagnosing the number of stenosed coronary artery vessels. Methods and Results: We retrospectively reviewed the data from 183 consecutive patients who underwent {sup 99m}Tc-tetrofosmin stress/rest SPECT examination and a coronary angiography within 3 months. The MPS images were reconstructed with and without SSPAC attenuation correction. We examined the accuracy of the quantitative interpretation using summed differential score in the detection of coronary artery disease (CAD). The attenuation maps were successfully determined in 179 of 183 patients (98%). In terms of the vessel-based diagnostic ability, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive values of the SSPAC and non-correction methods for diagnosing CAD in individual coronary territories were 77%*, 89%, 74%*, and 90%* vs 51%, 87%, 62%, and 82%, respectively (*P < .05). In 35 patients with multi-vessel CAD, those values were 78%*, 81%, 93%, and 55%* vs 49%, 81%, 89%, and 34%, respectively (*P < .05; AUC: 0.82 vs 0.62, P < .05). Conclusion: SSPAC-corrected SPECT myocardial perfusion images exhibit improved accuracy in the detection of the number of stenosed coronary artery vessels, even in patients with multi-vessel CAD.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2011

The evaluation of half-lives and other decay data used in nuclear astrophysics and cosmochronology

The current status of some decay data used in nuclear astrophysics and cosmochronology is presented. The half-life of {sup 79}Se has been evaluated as 3.6(3) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 5} yr. The total energy of non-neutrino radiation released in act of {sup 37}Ar decay has been obtained being 2.709 (16) keV per disintegration. The recommended half-life values of the long-lived radionuclides (T{sub 1/2} Greater-Than-Or-Equivalent-To 10{sup 6} yr) of {sup 26}Al, {sup 40}K, {sup 53}Mn, {sup 60}Fe, {sup 87}Rb, {sup 93}Zr, {sup 98}Tc, {sup 107}Pd, {sup 129}I, {sup 135}Cs, {sup 146}Sm, {sup 176}Lu, {sup 182}Hf, {sup 187}Re, {sup 205}Pb, {sup 232}Th, {sup 235}U, {sup 238}U, {sup 244}Pu, and {sup 247}Cm are given based on the evaluations published until 2010.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Pertechnetate/perrhenate–capped Zr/Hf–Dihydroxide Dimers: Elucidating Zr–TcO 4 Co–Mobility in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Spent nuclear fuel contains heavy element fission products that must be separated for effective reprocessing for a safe and sustainable nuclear fuel cycle. 93 Zr and 99 Tc are high-yield fission products that co-transport in liquid-liquid extraction processes. Here we seek atomic-level information of this co-extraction process, as well as fundamental knowledge about Zr IV (and Hf IV ) aqueous speciation in the presence of topology-directing ligands such as pertechnetate (TcO 4 – ) and non-radioactive surrogate perrhenate (ReO 4 – ). In this context, we show that the flat tetrameric oxyhydroxyl-cluster [M IV 4 (OH) 8 (H 2 O) 16 ] 8+ (and related polymers) is dissociated by perrhenate/pertechnetate to yield isostructural dimers, M 2 (OH) 2 (XO 4 – ) 6 (H 2 O) 6 • 3H 2 O (M=Zr/Hf IV ; X=Re/Tc VII ), elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. We used these model compounds to understand the pervasive 93 Zr- 99 Tc coextraction with further speciation studies in water, nitric acid, and tetrabutylphosphate (TBP) -kerosene; where the latter two media are relevant to nuclear fuel reprocessing. SAXS (small angle X-ray scattering), compositional evaluation, and where experimentally feasible, ESI-MS (electrospray ionization mass spectrometry) showed that perrhenate/pertechnetate influence Zr/Hf IV -speciation in water. Here, in Zr-XO 4 solvent extraction studies to simulate fuel reprocessing, we provide evidence that TcO 4 – enhances extraction of Zr IV , and compositional analysis of the extracted metal-complexes (Zr-ReO 4 study) is consistent with the crystallized Zr IV 2 (OH) 2 (Re VII O 4 – ) 6 (H 2 O) 6 •dimer.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
DOE OSTI2017

Fast myocardial perfusion imaging with {sup 99m}Tc in challenging patients using conventional SPECT cameras

Background: We attempted to validate the performance of a fast myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) protocol in diagnostically challenging patients. Methods: 78 patients with ΒΜΙ > 24.9, LVH or three vessels disease underwent two sequential gated-MPI studies. The first at 15 (Early Imaging, EI) and the second at 45 (Late Imaging, LI) minutes post {sup 99m}Tc-injection, at both stress and rest. Counts over heart (H), liver (Liv) and subdiaphragmatic space (Sub) and image quality, and myocardial perfusion and function parameters were compared between the two protocols. Coronary angiography was performed within 2 months from MPI, and ROC analysis was used to compare the diagnostic accuracy for the detection of ≥50% diameter luminal stenosis. Results: Quality was optimal-good in 93% of EI and 98% of LI studies (P = .12), H/Liv and stress H/Sub ratios were similar, but rest H/Sub ratio was lower in EI (P = .009). SSS [10 (0 to 46) vs 9 (0 to 36), P = .006] and SDS [3 (0 to 35) vs 2 (0 to 34), P = .02] were higher in EI protocol. LVEF, motion and thickening scores did not differ between the two protocols. A highly significant (P < .001) linear relationship with clinically negligible mean differences in Bland-Altman analysis was observed for all perfusion and function-related data. Sensitivity (EI 81%, LI 80%) and specificity (65% for both) did not differ (P = .23) between the two protocols. Conclusion: The fast protocol is technically feasible and diagnostically accurate compared to the established protocol in diagnostically challenging patients.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗