Summary of Ling-Temco-Vought feasibility studies
Turboprop, fan-in-wing, and propulsive wing concepts for V/STOL commercical transport aircraft
COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT↗
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Utah FORGE: Fault Shear Reactivation Experimental Data for Fluid Injection-Rate Controls on Seismic Moment
Included are experimental data recorded from shear experiments that specifically explore the link between fluid-injection rate and seismic moment resulting from shear reactivation of laboratory faults. Raw mechanical data from three experiments are included alongside corresponding MATLAB scripts that import and plot the data, as well as use it to calculate shear and normal stress. Experiments are performed on 2.5-3 inch long granitoid cores from the Utah FORGE EGS demonstration site, containing a single inclined fracture with small-scale roughness added to the fracture surface. The raw data included here were recorded from an aluminum triaxial pressure vessel (TEMCO) configured with three independent servo-controlled pumps, with distilled water used as the working fluid. The pumps control confining pressure, upstream pore pressure, and axial pressure, with each pump connected to a LabView interface to record applied pressures, cumulative injected water volumes, and pump flow rates. The downstream outlet from the fracture is closed to allow pressurization, which is measured by an external pressure transducer. A linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) attached to the axial piston measures axial displacement, from which we calculate shear displacement along the fracture. Additionally, P-wave transducers are used to record acoustic signatures, where acoustic emission events and maximum amplitudes are compared against seismic moment and shear slip velocity. Fluid injection rates range between 0.05 mL/min, 0.25 mL/min, and 0.75 mL/min for each experiment. Along-fault pressure distributions are progressively less uniform as injection rates increase, representing a switch from steady-state to transient conditions. Triggered shear displacement is used as a proxy for seismic moment and is indexed against cumulative injection volume and rate. Each experiment is performed under constant shear stress conditions, and the sample is fully saturated with DI water. Axial and confining stresses are applied to 3 MPa through pressure-stepping in 500 kPa increments. The pore pressure is held constant at 200 kPa prior to initiating the experiment, and initial axial displacement is recorded. The axial stress is then increased to initiate shear mobilization during the loading phase (run-in) until a peak steady state is achieved. The initial shear stress is reduced to approximately 80% of the peak shear stress by decreasing the axial stress, then held constant for the duration of each experiment.
15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
Utah FORGE: Pump and Probe Test on an Intact Westerly Granite Sample
This dataset contains results from a pump and probe experiment conducted on an intact Westerly Granite sample with a diameter of 1 inch and a height of 1 3/8 inches. The experiment was performed within an aluminum triaxial pressure vessel (TEMCO) to investigate the non-linear acoustic parameters of the sample under varying axial pressures. The confining pressure was maintained at 4 MPa, while the axial pressure was incrementally increased from 1 MPa to 17 MPa before being reduced back to 1 MPa. 5 dynamic pressure oscillations of 0.5 MPa were applied over a 10 minute interval. The dataset includes pump controller data, linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) measurements, and acoustic data. The pump controller data tracks the confining and axial pressures, flow rates, and pump volumes. LVDT measurements provide detailed records of the axial displacement of the cell piston. Additionally, acoustic data captured by s-wave transducers is archived in a compressed file.
15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
Utah FORGE: Pump and Probe Test on a Mated Fracture Westerly Granite Sample
This dataset contains results from a pump and probe experiment conducted on a mated fracture Westerly Granite sample with a diameter of 1 inch and a height of 2 7/8 inches. The experiment was performed within an aluminum triaxial pressure vessel (TEMCO) to investigate the non-linear acoustic parameters of the sample under varying axial pressures. The confining pressure was maintained at 4 MPa, while the axial pressure was incrementally reduced from 17 MPa to 1 MPa in 1 MPa steps. 5 dynamic pressure oscillations of 0.5 MPa were applied over a 10 minute interval. The dataset includes pump controller data, linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) measurements, and acoustic data. The pump controller data tracks the confining and axial pressures, flow rates, and pump volumes. LVDT measurements provide detailed records of the axial displacement of the cell piston. Additionally, acoustic data captured by s-wave transducers is archived in a compressed file.
15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
Utah FORGE: Fluid Injection Induced Shearing Experiments on Fractured Granitoid at Elevated Temperatures
This repository contains experimental data from a series of fluid injection-induced shearing tests conducted on Utah FORGE granitoid. The experiments were performed using an aluminum triaxial pressure vessel (TEMCO) apparatus at Pennsylvania State University. The primary aim was to investigate the impact of temperature on fault seismicity and to explore how different pre-stress ratios influence shearing behavior. The data includes results from experiments conducted under varying conditions of temperature, pre-stress ratios, and pore pressure increments. The rock samples used in these experiments were 60-grit granitoid with a single inclined fracture oriented at 60 degrees with respect to the horizontal cross-section. The dataset also includes measurements of normal stiffness at different temperatures and images of the experimental apparatus. The included README file details each experiential setup and outlines which data files represent which experimental conditions.
15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
Utah FORGE Friction-Permeability-Seismicity Laboratory Experiments with Non-Linear Acoustics
Laboratory experimental data on saw-cut interface of Westerly Granite and Utah Forge granitoid rocks. Experiments include velocity-stepping and fluid pressure stepping experiments. Mechanical data from 3 ISCO pumps connected to a Temco pressure vessel measure axial, confining and fault: fluid pressure (kPa), fluid flow rate (mL/min) and volume remaining in pump (mL). Non-linear acoustic data acquired via Verasonics systems connected to PZTs inside the pressure vessel give the timeshift, amplitude and RMS amplitude of the passing P-wave.
15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
Utah FORGE: Fault Reactivation Through Fluid Injection Induced Seismicity Laboratory Experiments
Included are results from shear reactivation experiments on laboratory faults pre-loaded close to failure and reactivated by the injection of fluid into the fault. The sample comprises a single-inclined-fracture (SIF) transecting a cylindrical sample of Westerly granite. All experiments are conducted at ambient temperature and follow a similar protocol: (i) application of confining stresses (3MPa) on the fault fully saturated with DI water, (ii) shear-mobilization through the increase of axial loading at a constant displacement rate until a post-peak steady-state condition is reached, (iii) reduction of axial loading and related shear stress to a prescribed fraction of the peak steady-state frictional strength (typically 60% to 90%, representing intermediate to high magnitudes) and (iv), fault reactivation triggered by a stepwise increase of pore pressure on the fault in 0.1 MPa increments held constant for 1-5 minutes. Mechanical data from three ISCO pumps connected to a Temco pressure vessel measure axial, confining, and fault-related parameters, including fluid pressure (kPa), fluid flow rate (mL/min), and axial displacement (mm). See included code for initial data analysis and visualization for select experiments. Resource names represent experiment numbers found in the "Read Me" file, which describes each experimental setup and parameters.
15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗
Conference on V/STOL and STOL aircraft
This compilation contains results of recent NASA research on problems associated with V/STOL and STOL aircraft. The first three sections include papers presented at the NASA Conference on V/STOL and STOL Aircraft held at the Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, on April 4 and 5, 1966. The fourth section presents three additional papers on research testing techniques that are particularly pertinent to the subject matter, but were not presented orally at the conference. Contributors include staff members from the Ames and Langley Research Centers of NASA and industrial representatives from Lockheed Aircraft Corporation; Ling-Temco-Vought, Incorporated; and The Boeing Company.
STOL AIRCRAFT↗
Comparison of wind-tunnel and flight results on a four-propeller tilt-wing configuration
Over the years aerodynamicists have learned to rely heavily on wind-tunnel-model results in predicting the aerodynamic characteristics of conventional aircraft configurations. With the development of V/STOL configurations which have high slipstream deflection angles. such as the four-propeller tilt-wing XC-142A V/STOL aircraft, the reliability of small-scale wind-tunnel-model results in predicting full-scale airplane characteristics needs to be reexamined. Extensive tests have been made by NASA on several sizes of wind-tunnel models of the XC-142A V/STOL configuration and by Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., on the airplane. These results show that models predict the slow-speed level-flight characteristics very well but that small models underpredict the descent capability of the airplane. Larger scale wind-tunnel models of approximately half size show better agreement with the airplane descent characteristics. It was found from smoke flow studies that small models can also predict the region in which self-generated disturbances will be encountered by tilt-wing configurations in ground proximity.
WIND TUNNEL MODEL↗
Trust Control of VTOL Aircraft Part Deux
Thrust control of Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) aircraft has always been a debatable issue. In most cases, it comes down to the fundamental question of throttle versus collective. Some aircraft used throttle(s), with a fore and aft longitudinal motion, some had collectives, some have used Thrust Levers where the protocol is still "Up is Up and Down is Down," and some have incorporated both throttles and collectives when designers did not want to deal with the Human Factors issues. There have even been combinations of throttles that incorporated an arc that have been met with varying degrees of success. A previous review was made of nineteen designs without attempting to judge the merits of the controller. Included in this paper are twelve designs entered in competition for the 1961 Tri-Service VTOL transport. Entries were from a Bell/Lockheed tiltduct, a North American tiltwing, a Vanguard liftfan, and even a Sikorsky tiltwing. Additional designs were submitted from Boeing Wichita (direct lift), Ling-Temco-Vought with its XC-142 tiltwing, Boeing Vertol's tiltwing, Mcdonnell's compound and tiltwing, and the Douglas turboduct and turboprop designs. A private party submitted a re-design of the Breguet 941 as a VTOL transport. It is important to document these 53 year-old designs to preserve a part of this country's aviation heritage.
Thrust control↗