Relativistic charged fluid flow. I - Entropy force tensor
Dynamical effects of entropy generation on relativistic charged fluid flow
GENERATION↗
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Lattice-vibrational properties of chromium in the harmonic approximation on the basis of the tensor model
Chromium lattice vibrational properties based on fourth-nearest-neighbor tensor force model, obtaining agreement with inelastic neutron diffraction data and elastic constants
Feldman, J. L.↗
Is nuclear matter a quantum crystal?
A possible alternative to the ordinary gas-like computation for nuclear matter is investigated under the assumption that the nucleons are arranged in a lattice. BCC, FCC and HCP structures are investigated. Only HCP shows a minimum in the energy vs. density curve with a modest binding energy of -1.5 MeV. The very low density limit is investigated and sensible results are obtained only if the tensor force decreases with the density. A study of the elastic properties indicates that the previous structures are mechanically unstable against shearing stresses.
Canuto, V.↗
Rotating tensor sensors
Differential force sensors using tensor rotation properties to separate force effects from gradient effects
FORCE↗
Millimeter and Submillimeter Spectroscopy of Chlorine Nitrate: The C1 Quadropole Tensor and the Harmonic Force Field
The rotational spectra of (sup 35)ClONO(sub 2) and (sup 37)ClONO(sub 2) in their ground and first excited torsional states (v(sub 9)=1) have been reinvestigated in selected regions between 84 and 441 GHz.
stratosheric chemistry ozone ozone depletion polar↗
Classical theory of radiating strings
The divergent part of the self force of a radiating string coupled to gravity, an antisymmetric tensor and a dilaton in four dimensions are calculated to first order in classical perturbation theory. While this divergence can be absorbed into a renormalization of the string tension, demanding that both it and the divergence in the energy momentum tensor vanish forces the string to have the couplings of compactified N = 1 D = 10 supergravity. In effect, supersymmetry cures the classical infinities.
Copeland, Edmund J.↗
Direct Probe of Dark Energy Interactions with a Solar System Laboratory: NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) - Phase 1 Final Report
In this NIAC (NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts) study, we embrace the challenge of direct detection of the galileon dark energy field in the Vainshtein model. We developed a mission concept to directly measure the galileon field using the solar system as a laboratory. The experiment scheme involves precise measurements of the trace of the total scalar force gradient tensor. A tetrahedral constellation off our spacecraft measures the "local" traces while orbiting about 1 AU (Astronomical Unit) away from the Sun and faraway from planets (Figure 1). The trace measurement is insensitive to the much stronger gravity field which satisfies the inverse square law and thus is traceless. Atomic test masses and atom interferometer measurement techniques are used as precise drag-free inertial references while laser ranging interferometers are employed to connect among atom interferometer pairs in spacecraft for the differential gradient force measurements. We conclude that such a mission is scientifically and technologically feasible. We show that a mission of 3-year measurement time would be able to provide high confidence statements (over 3 standard deviations) about the existence and strength of the cubic galileon field of the Sun. In addition, such a mission would also provide rich and diverse scientific data for testing any gravitational theory in general beyond the Newtonian gravity, hunting for ultra-light fields of dark matter, and detecting gravitational waves in the mid-frequency band between those of LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory) and LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna). For these reasons, we will term the mission concept Gravity Observation and Dark energy Detection Explorer in the Solar System (GODDESS).
Dark Energy↗
Solar Sail Torque Model Characterization for the Near Earth Asteroid Scout Mission
Near Earth Asteroid Scout (NEA Scout) was a mission to test solar sail propulsion for orbital transfer from cislunar space to flyby and image an asteroid. Had it succeeded, one of the mission goals was to characterize the solar torque on the sail to ensure successful attitude control for the orbit transfer and imaging the asteroid. The simulation used to develop the flight attitude control software uses the generalized model for solar sails, a tensor equation of the forces and torques on sails of arbitrary shape. Rios-Reyes and Scheeres developed a general process to update the torque tensor coefficients using estimates of sail torque over a range of directions to the sun. Their process was adapted and implemented for the specific case of NEA Scout using spacecraft telemetry collected during sail characterization maneuvers in combination with simulation models and parameters. The NEA Scout maneuvers were limited to the operating range of the mission and constraints of the control hardware and allowed safe testing of each attitude before proceeding to the next. The NEA Scout reaction wheel speeds are used to measure accumulated momentum, while the Active Mass Translator (AMT) position is used to subtract out the torque from the center of mass crossed with the sail force and isolate the torque from only the sail shape. The process was tested by running attitude control simulations of the characterization maneuvers, generating simulated telemetry, estimating the solar torques, then using a least squares estimating the solar torque coefficients using least-squares and then performing a least-squares fit to the solar torque tensor coefficients. These estimated coefficients were tested by evaluating the solar torques under the same conditions as the simulated telemetry and comparing to the true simulated torques. Solar force model updates can be performed separately by observing the effect of the sail on the trajectory, and the torque model can be refined using those solar force updates. This process met the needs of the NEA Scout mission and can be adapted to characterize the solar torque for other missions with different sails.
solar sail↗
Solar Sail Torque Model Characterization for the Near Earth Asteroid Scout Mission
Near Earth Asteroid Scout (NEA Scout) was a mission to test solar sail propulsion for orbital transfer from cislunar space to flyby and image an asteroid. One of the goals of the mission was to characterize the solar torque on the sail to ensure successful attitude control for the orbit transfer and imaging the asteroid. The simulation used to develop the flight attitude control software uses the generalized model for solar sails, a tensor equation of the forces and torques on sails of arbitrary shape. Rios-Reyes and Scheeres developed a general process to update the torque tensor coefficients using estimates of sail torque over a range of directions to the sun. Their process was adapted and implemented for the specific case of NEA Scout using spacecraft telemetry collected during sail characterization maneuvers in combination with simulation models and parameters. The NEA Scout maneuvers were limited to the operating range of the mission and constraints of the control hardware and allowed safe testing of each attitude before proceeding to the next. The NEA Scout reaction wheel speeds are used to measure accumulated momentum, while the Active Mass Translator (AMT) position is used to subtract out the torque from the center of mass crossed with the sail force and isolate the torque from only the sail shape. The process was tested by running attitude control simulations of the characterization maneuvers, generating simulated telemetry, estimating the solar torques, then using a least squares estimating the solar torque coefficients using least-squares and then performing a least-squares fit to the solar torque tensor coefficients. These estimated coefficients were tested by evaluating the solar torques under the same conditions as the simulated telemetry and comparing to the true simulated torques. Solar force model updates can be performed separately by observing the effect of the sail on the trajectory, and the torque model can be refined using those solar force updates. This process met the needs of the NEA Scout mission and can be adapted to characterize the solar torque for other missions with different sails.
solar sail↗
A priori testing of subgrid-scale models for the velocity-pressure and vorticity-velocity formulations
Subgrid-scale models for Large Eddy Simulation (LES) in both the velocity-pressure and the vorticity-velocity formulations were evaluated and compared in a priori tests using spectral Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) databases of isotropic turbulence: 128(exp 3) DNS of forced turbulence (Re(sub(lambda))=95.8) filtered, using the sharp cutoff filter, to both 32(exp 3) and 16(exp 3) synthetic LES fields; 512(exp 3) DNS of decaying turbulence (Re(sub(Lambda))=63.5) filtered to both 64(exp 3) and 32(exp 3) LES fields. Gaussian and top-hat filters were also used with the 128(exp 3) database. Different LES models were evaluated for each formulation: eddy-viscosity models, hyper eddy-viscosity models, mixed models, and scale-similarity models. Correlations between exact versus modeled subgrid-scale quantities were measured at three levels: tensor (traceless), vector (solenoidal 'force'), and scalar (dissipation) levels, and for both cases of uniform and variable coefficient(s). Different choices for the 1/T scaling appearing in the eddy-viscosity were also evaluated. It was found that the models for the vorticity-velocity formulation produce higher correlations with the filtered DNS data than their counterpart in the velocity-pressure formulation. It was also found that the hyper eddy-viscosity model performs better than the eddy viscosity model, in both formulations.
Winckelmans, G. S.↗
Geometrization of the Dirac theory of the electron
Using the concept of parallel displacement of a half vector, the Dirac equations are generally written in invariant form. The energy tensor is formed and both the macroscopic and quantum mechanic equations of motion are set up. The former have the usual form: divergence of the energy tensor equals the Lorentz force and the latter are essentially identical with those of the geodesic line.
Fock, V.↗
Comments on the present state of second-order closure models for incompressible flows
Second-order closure models account for history and nonlocal effects of the mean velocity gradients on the Reynolds stress tensor. Turbulent flows involving body forces or curvature, Reynolds stress relaxational effects, and counter-gradient transport are usually better described. The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include: (1) the Reynolds stress transport equation; (2) issues in second-order closure modeling; and (3) near wall models.
Speziale, Charles G.↗
Dibromine Monoxide, Br2O: The Rotational Spectrum and Molecular Properties
The rotational spectra of (79)Br2O, (79)BrO(81)Br, and Br2O in their ground vibrational states as well as (79)BrO(81)Br in its v (sub 2) = 1 state have been studied in selected regions between 90 and 523 GHz. Transitions involving a large range of quantum numbers, 6 less than or equal to J less than or equal to 123 and 0 less than or equal to K (sub a) less than or equal to 12, have been observed permitting precise rotational and a large set of centrifugal distortion constants to be determined. All isotopic species as well as the excited state data were fit simultaneously. Ground-state effective and average structural parameters as well as an estimate of the equilibrium structure have been derived. The quartic distortion constants were used for a calculation of the harmonic force field. The complete quadrupole tensor has been determined. Its diagonalization reveals a largely covalent BrO bond with little pi-bonding. The derived properties of Br2O are compared with those of related compounds such as Cl2O, HOBR, and HOCl.
Mueller, Holger S. P.↗
Rotating masses and their effect on inertial frames.
Rotating masses effect on inertial frames, analyzing stress energy tensor and Schwarzschild geometry
INERTIAL FORCE↗
Some properties of transient phenomena in the extra-tropical region and their importance in the seasonal mean flow
When studying data for one season, it is convenient to divide transient eddies into those of the synoptic time scale and those of lower frequency. Where the dividing line is placed is not crucial, but a 10-day period is used in a study of the 1979-1980 Northern Hemisphere winter. The synoptic time scale eddies exhibit maximum kinetic energy in stormtracks slightly downstream from and poleward of the Atlantic and Pacific jet maximum. An alternative approach is via the anisotropic part of the horizontal velocity correlation tensor, the axis of which gives the local orientation of the eddies and the magnitude a measure of the extension of the eddies. When the man velocity field is almost that of the plane waves, the horizontal group velocity relative to the mean field is also related to this tensor. The synoptic time scale eddies force the mean flow in the sense of reducing the baroclinic component in the upstream of the region of the stormtrack. The lower frequency eddies have a very different signature.
Hoskins, B. J.↗
Large-Eddy Simulations with Explicit Equations for Subgrid-Scale Quantities
Various alternative formulations of the LES equations have been explored in which additional evolution equations for variables such as the acceleration, the subgrid-scale stress tensor, or the subgrid-scale force are explicitly carried. Statistics of the velocity field obtained from the equation for the acceleration are shown to depend strongly on the initial conditions. This feature, which is independent of LES modeling issues, seems to prove that the velocity-acceleration formulation of the Navier-Stokes is not useful for numerical simulation. Equations for the subgrid-scale quantities appear to be much more stable. However, models required by this formulation of the LES problem still require additional study.
Carati, Daniele↗
Introduction to Vector Field Visualization
Vector field visualization techniques are essential to help us understand the complex dynamics of flow fields. These can be found in a wide range of applications such as study of flows around an aircraft, the blood flow in our heart chambers, ocean circulation models, and severe weather predictions. The vector fields from these various applications can be visually depicted using a number of techniques such as particle traces and advecting textures. In this tutorial, we present several fundamental algorithms in flow visualization including particle integration, particle tracking in time-dependent flows, and seeding strategies. For flows near surfaces, a wide variety of synthetic texture-based algorithms have been developed to depict near-body flow features. The most common approach is based on the Line Integral Convolution (LIC) algorithm. There also exist extensions of LIC to support more flexible texture generations for 3D flow data. This tutorial reviews these algorithms. Tensor fields are found in several real-world applications and also require the aid of visualization to help users understand their data sets. Examples where one can find tensor fields include mechanics to see how material respond to external forces, civil engineering and geomechanics of roads and bridges, and the study of neural pathway via diffusion tensor imaging. This tutorial will provide an overview of the different tensor field visualization techniques, discuss basic tensor decompositions, and go into detail on glyph based methods, deformation based methods, and streamline based methods. Practical examples will be used when presenting the methods; and applications from some case studies will be used as part of the motivation.
Kao, David↗
Visualization of 2-D and 3-D Tensor Fields
In previous work we have developed a novel approach to visualizing second order symmetric 2-D tensor fields based on degenerate point analysis. At degenerate points the eigenvalues are either zero or equal to each other, and the hyperstreamlines about these points give rise to trisector or wedge points. These singularities and their connecting hyperstreamlines determine the topology of the tensor field. In this study we are developing new methods for analyzing and displaying 3-D tensor fields. This problem is considerably more difficult than the 2-D one, as the richness of the data set is much larger. Here we report on our progress and a novel method to find, analyze and display 3-D degenerate points. First we discuss the theory, then an application involving a 3-D tensor field, the Boussinesq problem with two forces.
Hesselink, Lambertus↗