Lead and thallium isotopes in Mare Tranquillitatis surface material
Lead and thallium isotopic compositions of Apollo 11 fines compared with meteorites and earth for lunar surface age determination
Black, L. P.↗
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Search for extinct natural radioactivity of Pb205 via thallium-isotope anomalies in chondrites and lunar soil.
Thallium and Pb204 contents were determined by stable-isotope-dilution analysis in 16 chondrites, one achondrite, and Apollo 11 and 12 lunar fines. Meteoritic thallium contents vary over a large range, 0.02 to 100 ppb, corresponding to the fact that thallium is a highly fractionated volatile element. Lunar thallium contents are less than 5 ppb. The Tl205/Tl203 ratio was determined in most of the samples, with precision ranging from 0.03% to several percent depending mainly on the amount of thallium present. No variations from the terrestrial ratio were observed. The chondritic isochron slope for Pb205 (13.8-m.y. half-life) is less than or equal to 0.00009 (99% confidence level), corresponding to an interval of at least 60 m.y. and possibly exceeding 120 m.y. between the termination of s-process nucleosynthesis and the lead-thallium fractionations.
Huey, J. M.↗
Thallium isotope ratios in shales from South China and northwestern Canada suggest widespread O2 accumulation in marine bottom waters was an uncommon occurrence during the Ediacaran Period
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Chadlin M. Ostrander↗
Development of low-loss minimal exposure technique for thallium foil fabrication
Despite its availability as a solid bead or ingot, non-isotopic thallium metal is no longer commercially produced as a foil because of its high toxicity. To conduct fundamental studies on the material, the Stable Isotope Materials and Chemistry Group (SIMC) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) was approached to develop a safe method to process thallium and produce 40 non-isotopic thallium foils. The commercially sourced metal was consolidated into an ingot by melting the material in a special tube furnace under a reducing atmosphere. The resulting ingot was cold rolled using a work-hardened, stainless-steel pack and oil lubricant before cutting the final foils to 2.5 × 2.5 cm2 area and thickness of 50–75 mg/cm2. The appropriate safeguards used at each step are outlined to ensure the safe and consistent production of high-quality foils. The low-loss process enables future requests for isotopic thallium and other hazardous and rare materials.
Conner, Jenny↗
Protracted oxygenation across the Cambrian–Ordovician transition: A key initiator of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event?
Fluctuations in marine oxygen concentrations have been invoked as a primary driver for changes in biodiversity throughout Earth history. Expansions in reducing marine conditions are commonly invoked as key causal mechanisms for mass extinctions, while increases in marine oxygenation are becoming an increasingly common causal mechanism invoked for biodiversification events. Here we utilize a multiproxy approach to constrain local and global marine paleoredox conditions throughout the late Cambrian–Early Ordovician from two drill core successions in Baltoscandia. Local paleoredox proxies such as manganese concentrations and iron speciation reveal that both sites in the Baltic paleobasin had persistently anoxic and predominantly euxinic (anoxic and sulfidic) bottom water conditions throughout the study interval. Corresponding trace metal datasets indicate nuanced contraction and expansion of global anoxic and euxinic conditions along continental margins during the late Cambrian–Early Ordovician. Lastly, thallium isotope data from these locally reducing sections suggest a global expansion of oxygenated shelf and deeper marine environments from the late Cambrian into the Early Ordovician. This evidence for increasingly oxic marine environments coincides with increases in burrowing depth and tiering in marine animals, as well as diversification of body fossils throughout this ~8-million-year interval. The collective geochemical datasets provide some of the first direct paleoredox evidence for an increase in marine oxygen concentrations as a key mechanism for the Ordovician radiation of marine life
anoxia↗
Changes in the mean square charge radii and electromagnetic moments of neutron-deficient Bi isotopes
In-source laser spectroscopy experiments for neutron deficient bismuth isotopes at the 306.77 nm atomic transition were carried out at the IRIS (Investigation of Radioactive Isotopes on Synchrocyclotron) facility of Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (PNPI). New data on isotope shifts and hyperfine structure for {sup 189–198,} {sup 211}Bi isotopes and isomers were obtained. The changes in the mean-square charge radii and the magnetic moment values were deduced. Marked deviation from the nearly spherical behavior for ground states of bismuth isotopes at N < 109 is demonstrated, in contrast to the lead and thallium isotopic chains. The big isomer shift between I = 1/2 (intruder) and I = 9/2 (normal) states for odd Bi isotopes (A = 193, 195, 197) was found.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Proton emission in ultraperipheral Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{𝑠_{𝑁𝑁}}$ = 5.02 TeV
The first measurements of proton emission accompanied by neutron emission in the electromagnetic dissociation (EMD) of 208 Pb nuclei in the ALICE experiment at the Large Hadron Collider are presented. The EMD protons and neutrons emitted at very forward rapidities are detected by the proton and neutron zero degree calorimeters of the ALICE experiment. The emission cross sections of zero, one, two, and three protons accompanied by at least one neutron were measured in ultraperipheral 208 Pb − 208 Pb collisions at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon pair $\sqrt{𝑠_{𝑁𝑁}}$ = 5.02TeV. The 0p and 3p cross sections are described by the RELDIS model within their measurement uncertainties, while the 1p and 2p cross sections are underestimated by the model by 17–25%. According to this model, these 0p, 1p, 2p, and 3p cross sections are associated, respectively, with the production of various isotopes of Pb, Tl, Hg, and Au in the EMD of 208 Pb . The cross sections of the emission of a single proton accompanied by the emission of one, two, or three neutrons in EMD were also measured. The data are significantly overestimated by the RELDIS model, which predicts that the (1p,1n), (1p,2n), and (1p,3n) cross sections are very similar to the cross sections for the production of the thallium isotopes 206,205,204 Tl.
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 207
Evaluated nuclear structure and decay data for all nuclei within the A=207 mass chain are presented. The experimental data are evaluated and best values for level and gamma-ray energies, quantum numbers, lifetimes, gamma-ray intensities, and other nuclear properties are recommended. Inconsistencies and discrepancies that exist in the literature are noted. This work supersedes the earlier evaluation by M.J. Martin (1993Ma73), published in Nuclear Data Sheets70, 315 (1993).
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
β-decay and β-delayed Neutron Emission Measurements at GSI-FRS Beyond N=126, for r-process Nucleosynthesis
New measurements of very exotic nuclei in the neutron-rich region beyond N=126 have been performed at the GSI facility with the fragment separator (FRS). The aim of the experiment is to determine half-lives and β-delayed neutron emission branching ratios of isotopes of Hg, Tl and Pb in this region. This contribution summarizes final counting statistics for identification and for implantation, as well as the present status of the data analysis of the half-lives. In summary, isotopes of Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po, At, Rn and Fr were clearly identified and several of them ({sup 208-211}Hg, {sup 211-215}Tl, {sup 214-218}Pb) were implanted with enough statistics to determine their half-lives. About half of them are expected to be neutron emitters, in such cases it will become possible to obtain the neutron emission probabilities, Pn.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
γ-ray measurements in fast-neutron-induced reactions on 203 Tl
Fast-neutron-induced reactions can be used to characterize reaction mechanisms, investigate nuclear structure, and impose constraints on nuclear models. Because of the difficulty in predicting such effects, experimental data are important to constrain models. Thallium isotopes located close to the doubly magic Pb 208 nucleus are important for comparison with shell-model calculations. Study the population of excited states in Tl 203 and lighter isotopes in such reactions. Our methods are as follows. γ -ray cross sections were measured. The data were taken by using the Germanium Array for Neutron-Induced Excitations spectrometer. The pulsed neutron source of the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center's Weapons Neutron Research facility provided neutrons in the energy range from 1 to 300 MeV. The time-of-flight technique was used to determine the incident neutron energies. Cross sections for emission of several γ rays in 20 reaction channels were determined. Candidates for the intruder 9 / 2 - state in Tl 203 , from the odd proton in the h 9 / 2 orbital, and the first 5 + states in Tl 202 , 204 , from admixture of configurations, were identified. The excitation energy of the candidate 9 / 2 - , π h 9 / 2 state is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction from a semi-empirical weak-coupling model and its half-life is in the range of tens of nanoseconds. The feeding of a previously known isomer in Tl 202 exhibits similarities with the feeding of other isomers in this mass region.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Isotopic composition of lead and thallium in natural materials
Isotopic lead and thallium analysis of rocks, meteorites, and lunar samples
Huey, J. M.↗
Possible chiral bands in {sup 194}Tl
High spin states in {sup 194}Tl, excited through the {sup 181}Ta({sup 18}O,5n) fusion evaporation reaction, were studied using the AFRODITE array at iThemba LABS. Candidate chiral bands built on the {pi}h{sub 9/2} x {nu}i{sub 13/2}{sup 1} configuration were found. Furthermore these bands were observed through a band crossing caused by the excitation of a {nu}i{sub 13/2} pair. Above the band crossing the excitation energies remain close, suggesting that chirality may persist for the four quasiparticle configuration too.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Isotopic compositions of bismuth, lead, thallium, and mercury from mini r-processing
The yields of stable isotopes of Bi, Pb, Tl and Hg as well as yields of Pb-205 are calculated with a parametrized model for 'mini r-processing' in the Ne, O, C-rich zones of explosive burning in massive stars. The Pb isotopic compositions stand out by their comparatively low Pb-207 yields and by the fact that this r-process variant yields Pb-204 quite abundantly. The average Pb-205/Pb-204 yield ratio of 6.1 is the same order of magnitude as yield ratios deduced for s-processing. The Hg from this mini r-process looks like normal solar-system mercury, but with Hg-196 missing and the light s-isotopes A = 198, 199, 200 and 201 depleted (especially the odd-A species).
Heymann, D.↗
Behavior of the Mo, Tl, and U isotope systems during differentiation in the Kilauea Iki lava lake
Stable molybdenum (Mo), thallium (Tl), and uranium (U) isotope ratios were determined in a suite of samples from the 1959 Kilauea eruption and from Kilauea Iki lava lake with the aim of understanding the effects of igneous differentiation on these isotope systems. The samples range from olivine cumulate with MgO up to 27% to internal differentiates with MgO less than 3%, representing a tholeiitic differentiation series. Molybdenum, Tl, and U behave incompatibly during differentiation, and Mo and U isotope ratios do not systematically vary amongst the different samples. δ 98 Mo values range from -0.17 to -0.31‰ and δ 238 U values range from -0.20 to -0.38‰. Most individual analyses for both isotope systems overlap within measurement uncertainty (± ~0.7 and ~ 0.6, respectively). Mean δ 98 Mo and δ238U values are -0.22 ± 0.08‰ (2σ) and - 0.29 ± 0.09‰ (2σ), respectively, which overlap with Pacific mid ocean ridge basalt (MORB). In contrast, Tl isotopes show small but resolvable variations, with ε 205 Tl ranging from +1.20 to -1.38. The most negative ε 205 Tl values are confined to some of the lowest [Tl] samples, but the ε 205 Tl values do not otherwise vary smoothly with MgO or [Tl]. Possible mechanisms for thallium isotope fractionation are considered (e.g., degassing, water leaching, sulfide fractionation) but none are found to be satisfactory. Overall, the lack of resolvable variation in the Mo and U isotope systems and the small magnitude of heterogeneity in the Tl isotope system indicate that differentiation in tholeiitic systems is unlikely to be a major contributor to global variation in these isotope systems.
58 GEOSCIENCES↗
New laser setup for the selective isotope production and investigation in a laser ion source at the IRIS (Investigation of Radioactive Isotopes on Synchrocyclotron) facility
New laser installation for the resonance ionization spectroscopy in a laser ion source and for rare isotope production has been recently put into operation at the IRIS (Investigation of Radioactive Isotopes on Synchrocyclotron) facility (Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina). This is a significant improvement of a previous target-laser ion source device of the IRIS mass-separator, working on-line with 1 GeV proton beam of PNPI (Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute) synchrocyclotron. It makes possible for us to get the isobarically clean radioactive isotope beams of a great number of chemical elements. New laser setup provides the two- or three-resonance step ionization in the range of wavelength of 265-850 nm. The first results obtained at the laser setup for Tl isotopes are presented.
07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
Yield Of Radioactive Products Of Transfer Reactions Induced By {sup 6}He Ions On {sup 197}Au Target
The excitation functions and isomeric cross section ratios of Tl isotopes obtained at irradiation of {sup 197}Au by a {sup 6}He-ions beams with energies from 15 to 60 MeV are analyzed. The EMPIRE-2.18 code which takes into account the branching ratios of gamma-transitions of discrete gamma-cascade in a residual nucleus in the calculations of the cross sections of the isomeric and ground nuclear states production is used.
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
Shape coexistence in {sup 180}Hg studied through the {beta} decay of {sup 180}Tl
The {beta}{sup +}/EC decay of {sup 180}Tl and excited states in the daughter nucleus {sup 180}Hg have been investigated at the CERN On-Line Isotope Mass Separator (ISOLDE) facility. Many new low-lying energy levels were observed in {sup 180}Hg, of which the most significant are the 0{sub 2}{sup +} at 419.6 keV and the 2{sub 2}{sup +} at 601.3 keV. The former is the bandhead of an excited band in {sup 180}Hg assumed originally to be of prolate nature. From the {beta} feeding to the different states in {sup 180}Hg, the ground-state spin of {sup 180}Tl was deduced to be (4{sup -},5{sup -}).
73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
The BiPo detector for ultralow radioactivity measurements
The development of BiPo detectors is dedicated to the measurement of extremely high radiopurity in {sup 208}Tl and {sup 214}Bi for the SuperNEMO double beta decay source foils. A modular prototype called BiPo-1 with 0.8 m{sup 2} of sensitive surface area has been running in the Modane Underground Laboratory since February 2008. The goal of BiPo-1 is to measure the different components of the background and in particular the surface radiopurity of the plastic scintillators that make up the detector. The first phase of data collection has been dedicated to the measurement of the radiopurity in {sup 208}Tl. After more than one year of background measurement a surface activity of the scintillators of A({sup 208}Tl) = 1.5 {mu}Bq/m{sup 2} is reported here.Given this level of background, a larger BiPo3 detector having 3.25 m{sup 2} of active surface area, will able to qualify the radiopurity of the SuperNEMO selenium double beta decay foils with the required sensitivity of A({sup 208}Tl)<3-4 {mu}Bq/kg(90% C.L.) with a six month measurement. This detector is actually under construction and will be installed in the Canfranc Underground Laboratory mid 2011.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗