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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1961

Infrared and Reflected Solar Radiation Measurements from the TIROS 2 Meteorological Satellite

TIROS II contains instrumentation for measuring infrared and reflected solar radiation from the earth and its atmosphere. A medium resolution scanning radiometer and a low resolution non-scanning radiometer are employed. The satellite's spin provides the scan line of the medium resolution radiometer which is then advanced by the orbital motion. The spatial resolution is about 40 miles square when the earth directly beneath the satellite is viewed. The five channels employ bolometer detectors and filters to limit the spectral responses to five bands: 6 to 6.5 microns, 8 to 12 microns, 0.2 to 6 microns, 8 to 30 microns, and 0.55 to 0.75 microns. These five bands study, respectively: radiation in the water vapor absorption band; day and nighttime cloud cover; albedo; thermal radiation; and visual maps for comparison with satellite vidicon pictures. The low resolution non-scanning radiometer measures the earth's black-body temperature and albedo. Its field when viewing directly below is a circle of 450 miles diameter, covering part of each frame from the wide-field television camera. This radiometer consists of two thermistors, each in the apex of a reflective cone which provides optical gain. One thermistor is black and responds to both thermal and reflected solar radiation. The second responds to thermal but reflects solar radiation. The design, calibration, performance, and data reduction for both systems are discussed herein.

Bandeen, W. R.↗
NASA NTRS1961

Tiros Program Results

Tiros operational satellite system - tiros i and tiros ii - transmission of useful meteorological information

TIROS II SATELLITE↗
NASA NTRS1963

EVALUATION OF TIROS INFRARED DATA

Comparison of tiros ii satellite infrared measurements with the outgoing flux computed from atmospheric models

ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION↗
NASA NTRS1961

The TIROS II Radiation Experiment

The TIROS II meteorological satellite was placed into orbit on November 23, 1960. It contains two television cameras and equipment for a family of electromagnetic radiation experiments, including a medium resolution radiometer. The medium resolution radiometer is a cluster of five sensors which have their optical axes inclined 45 deg. to the spin axis of the satellite. The spin of TIROS II provides the scanning motion. The five radiometer channels are sensitive to the following spectral bands: 6 to 6.5; 8 to 12; 0.2 to 6; 8 to 30; and 0.55 to 0.75 microns.

Hanel, R. A.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Precision and radiosonde validation of satellite gridpoint temperature anomalies. I - MSU channel 2. II - A tropospheric retrieval and trends during 1979-90

Monthly 2.5-deg gridpoint anomalies in the Tiros-N satellite series Microwave Sounding Unit channel 2 brightness temperatures during 1979-1988 are evaluated with multiple satellites and radiosonde data for their climate temperature monitoring capability. The MSU anomalies are computed about a 10-yr mean annual cycle at each gridpoint, with the MSUs intercalibrated to a common arbitrary level. The monthly gridpoint anomaly agreement between concurrently operating satellites reveals single-satellite precision generally better than 0.07 C in the tropics and better than 0.15 C at higher latitudes. The removal from channel 2 of the temperature influence above the 30-kPa level is addressed, providing a sharper and thus potentially more useful weighting function for monitoring lower tropospheric temperatures.

Spencer, Roy W.↗
NASA NTRS1988

The Laboratory for Oceans Computing Facility

The first VAX computer in the Laboratory for Oceans Computing Facility (LOCF) was installed and the facility was largely expanded. The growth is not only in hardware and software, but also in the number of users and in supporting research and development projects. The LOCF serves as a general purpose computing facility for: ocean color research projects, sea ice research projects, processing of the Nimbus-7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner data set, real time ingest and analysis of TIROS-N satellite data, study of the Synthetic Aperture Radar data, study of LANDSAT data, and many others. The physical space and the electrical power layout of the computing room were modified to accommodate all the equipment. The LOCF has several image processing stations which include two International Imaging Systems (IIS) model 75 processors and one Adage processor. The facility has the capability of ingesting the TIROS-N HRPT satellite data on a real time basis. More than 30 software packages were installed on the systems. System software packages, network software, FORTRAN and C compilers, database management software, image processing software, graphics, mathematics and statistics packages, TAE, Catalog Manager, GEMPAK, LAS and many other software developed on the LOCF computers such as SEAPAK have greatly advanced the capability of the LOCF.

Kao, R.↗
NASA NTRS1984

A diagnostic approach to obtaining planetary boundary layer winds using satellite-derived thermal data

The feasibility of using satellite derived thermal data to generate realistic synoptic scale winds within the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is examined. Diagnostic modified Ekman wind equations from the Air Force Global Weather Central (AFGWC) Boundary Layer Model are used to compute winds at seven levels within the PBL transition layer (50 m to 1600 m AGL). Satellite derived winds based on 62 predawn TIROS-N soundings are compared to similarly derived wind fields based on 39 AVE-SESAME II rawinsonde (RAOB) soundings taken 2 h later. Actual wind fields are also used as a basis for comparison. Qualitative and statistical comparisons show that the Ekman winds from both sources are in very close agreement, with an average vector correlation coefficient of 0.815. Best results are obtained at 300 m AGL. Satellite winds tend to be slightly weaker than their RAOB counterparts and exhibit a greater degree of cross-isobaric flow. The modified Ekman winds show a significant improvement over geostrophic values at levels nearest the surface.

Belt, Carol L.↗
NASA NTRS1963

Tiros IV Radiation Data Catalog and Users' Manual

The TIROS IV Meteorological Satellite contains a medium resolution scanning radiometer. Two of the channels of this instrument are sensitive to reflected solar radiation and the remaining two respond to emitted thermal radiation from the earth and its atmosphere. The two thermal channels are calibrated in terms of equivalent blackbody temperatures, and the reflected solar radiation channels in terms of effective radiant emittances. The calibration data, along with orbital and attitude data and the radiation data from the satellite, were incorporated in a computer program for an IBM 7090 which was used to produce, in binary form, the "Final Meteorological Radiation Tape" which is the basic repository of all radiation data. After launch, the radiometer displaye d the same degradation of response characteristics as did its predecessors in TIROS II and TIROS III. The onset of degradation results in a departure of the data from the prelaunch laboratory calibration. The cause of degradation has not been determined, and the matter is still being studied at the Goddard Space Flight Center. Before work with the TIROS IV radiation data is attempted, an understanding of the radiometer, its calibration, and the problems encountered in the experiment, especially from response degradation, is essential. The instrumentation design, development work, and the calibrations herein described were performed by the Goddard Space Flight Center Staff, whereas the computer and programming efforts were carried out jointly by the staffs of the National Weather Satellite Center, U. S. Weather Bureau, and the Goddard Space Flight Center. In this Catalog-Manual, the radiometer an d its calibration, data processing, the "Final Meteorological Radiation Tape", the observed degradation patterns, and possible corrections for degradation are discussed. The Catalog-Manual also includes, in two forms, documentation of each orbit of successfully reduced radiation data acquired by TIROS IV. One method of presentation is the Index of Final Meteorological Radiation Tapes and the other is a Subpoint Track, Summary of Available Radiation Data in diagrammatic form.

TIROS IV SATELLITE↗