Interplay of 3d and 4f Magnetism in Chiral Y 6 FeSi 2 S 14 and Tb 6 FeSi 2 S 14 Chalcogenides
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Gamage, Eranga H. [Department of Chemistry; Iowa S↗
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Production of High Specific Activity 155 Tb, 161 Tb and 203 Pb for Research and Clinical Applications: Effective Target Design, Target Material Recycling and Radioisotope Separation (Final Technical Report)
The overall objectives of this project were (1) to develop methods for the production and separation of a diagnostic and therapeutic or “theranostic” pair of radioisotopes, terbium-155 ( 155 Tb) and terbium-161 ( 161 Tb) and (2) to train graduate students and postdoctoral fellows in technologies and methods used in radionuclide production. Radionuclides can be incorporated into drugs called radiopharmaceuticals that target a specific disease (e.g., cancer). The need for theranostic radionuclides is escalating with the clinical translation of radiopharmaceuticals due to their implementation in personalized medicine, which has demonstrated enhanced patient treatments. High purity and high specific activity radionuclides are critical for theranostic agent development, for example to maintain diagnostic image quality, to minimize radiation dose to the patient, and to increase uptake in the targeted tissue (e.g., tumor), especially in the case of receptor- and antigen-targeted agents. The 155 Tb (diagnostic) and 161 Tb (therapeutic) radioisotopes that were generated through this project are a theranostic pair with demonstrated potential for the development and translation into individualized, targeted, and dosimetry-driven radiotherapies. However, the development of such radiotherapies has been hindered by the lack of a routine and reliable supply of these isotopes in the United States. Methods for the production, separation, and supply of 155 Tb and 161 Tb were investigated and developed in this project. Further, the strong emphasis throughout the project on the training of graduate students and postdoctoral fellows has helped to ensure and enhance the nuclear science workforce through the training of the next generation of highly qualified scientists in nuclear and radiochemistry. This grant also continued a collaboration between scientists at the University of Washington (UW), the University of Missouri (MU) and Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). All three institutions were involved in the project, but to different degrees on the various tasks through which the overall objectives were met.
07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
Using methodical compositional tuning to optimize Co x Tb 1− x structural and magnetic properties
The Co-rich end of the Co–Tb binary phase diagram (Co x Tb 1−x , x = 0.66–0.82) has been investigated to understand the phases which form in the bulk and how they interact to yield magnetic behavior which has been reported to be ideal for use in spintronic devices. Here, this work shows that the phases and phase fractions present across this composition range follow those predicted by the binary phase diagram, and all compounds in this composition range are multiphase. Magnetic measurements show similar behavior in this composition range to related thin film work, and we attribute the observed behavior to the respective binary phases present in each compound. Ideal magnetic behavior of minimized magnetic saturation and maximized coercivity is observed in the range of x= 0.78 − 0.80 related to the majority phase Co 7 Tb 2 in these two compounds. High pressure magnetic measurements show magnetic saturation and coercivity at 300 K change little with respect to external pressure. The extension of the synthesis of these binaries into the bulk allows for specific binary phases to be targeted and analyzed for consideration in future devices.
Crystal structure↗
Single-ion anisotropy is necessary and appropriate to study the magnetic behavior of ${\mathrm{Tb}}^{3+}$ moments with ${J}_{\text{eff}}=\frac{1}{2}$ on the honeycomb lattice in ${\mathrm{Tb}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ir}}_{3}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{9}$
By developing models of increasing complexity, we show that a model without single-ion anisotropy (SIA) cannot explain the magnetic properties of J eff = 1 / 2 Tb 3+ moments in the orthorhombically distorted, honeycomb material Tb 2 Ir 3 Ga 9 . In four different models for the magnetization of a single honeycomb layer, the only sources of anisotropy are symmetric exchange interactions J nαβ = J nβα along three different bonds n , an anisotropic $\underline{g}$ tensor, and a Dzyalloshinskii-Moriya interaction (asymmetric exchange) that produces the observed canted moment along b . With 21 parameters, the best such model yields χ 2 = 0.065 , which is substantially smaller than χ 2 = 0.112 obtained using a Heisenberg model containing six parameters including easy-axis anisotropy. However, models without SIA fail to reproduce the linear dependence of the magnetization with a field perpendicular to the Ising axis while predicting a saturation magnetization that is far too low. Due to the complex crystal-field environments, we argue that SIA is necessary to study low-symmetry, three-dimensional J eff = 1 / 2 materials containing Tb 3+ ions.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
“Production of High Specific Activity 155 Tb, 161 Tb and 203 Pb for Research and Clinical Applications: Effective Target Design, Target Material Recycling and Radioisotope Separation”
Radioisotopes are essential for the development and application of radiopharmaceuticals that target specific diseases, such as cancer, offering unique potential for precision medicine. The growing demand for theranostic radioisotopes underscores their critical role in personalized medicine, where they enhance diagnostic imaging, minimize patient radiation exposure, and improve targeted tissue uptake, particularly in receptor- and antigen-directed therapies. The theranostic pair terbium-155 (diagnostic) and terbium-161 (therapeutic) holds significant promise for advancing individualized, targeted, and dosimetry-driven radiotherapies. However, the United States currently lacks routine and reliable production of these isotopes. This project made significant progress toward addressing this supply issue by developing production and separation methods for terbium-155 and terbium-161 while also training the next generation of the nuclear and radiochemistry workforce. This grant also strengthened collaboration between scientists at the University of Washington, the University of Missouri and Brookhaven National Laboratory. The research effort focused on evaluating target preparation methods, optimizing irradiation parameters, and refining isolation processes. In addition, the project provided extensive hands-on training to graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, equipping them with expertise in radioisotope production technologies and fostering the growth of the nuclear science workforce.
07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
Structural stability of REE-PO[subscript 4] (REE = Sm,Tb) under swift heavy ion irradiation
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Overstreet, Cale↗
Materials Data on Tb by Materials Project
Tb is alpha La-like structured and crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_3/mmc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are five inequivalent Tb sites. In the first Tb site, Tb is bonded to twelve Tb atoms to form a mixture of edge, face, and corner-sharing TbTb12 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Tb–Tb bond distances ranging from 3.55–3.58 Å. In the second Tb site, Tb is bonded to twelve Tb atoms to form a mixture of edge, face, and corner-sharing TbTb12 cuboctahedra. There are six shorter (3.56 Å) and six longer (3.58 Å) Tb–Tb bond lengths. In the third Tb site, Tb is bonded to twelve Tb atoms to form a mixture of edge, face, and corner-sharing TbTb12 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Tb–Tb bond distances ranging from 3.55–3.58 Å. In the fourth Tb site, Tb is bonded to twelve Tb atoms to form a mixture of edge, face, and corner-sharing TbTb12 cuboctahedra. All Tb–Tb bond lengths are 3.58 Å. In the fifth Tb site, Tb is bonded to twelve Tb atoms to form a mixture of edge, face, and corner-sharing TbTb12 cuboctahedra. All Tb–Tb bond lengths are 3.58 Å.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on Tb by Materials Project
Tb is alpha Samarium structured and crystallizes in the trigonal R-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Tb sites. In the first Tb site, Tb is bonded to twelve Tb atoms to form a mixture of edge, face, and corner-sharing TbTb12 cuboctahedra. There are six shorter (3.55 Å) and six longer (3.58 Å) Tb–Tb bond lengths. In the second Tb site, Tb is bonded to twelve Tb atoms to form a mixture of edge, face, and corner-sharing TbTb12 cuboctahedra. There are three shorter (3.55 Å) and six longer (3.58 Å) Tb–Tb bond lengths.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on Tb(FeSn)6 by Materials Project
TbFe6Sn6 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmcm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Tb is bonded to twelve Fe and eight Sn atoms to form distorted TbFe12Sn8 hexagonal bipyramids that share corners with four equivalent TbFe12Sn8 hexagonal bipyramids, faces with twenty-four FeTb2Fe4Sn6 cuboctahedra, and faces with four equivalent TbFe12Sn8 hexagonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Tb–Fe bond distances ranging from 3.48–3.53 Å. There are a spread of Tb–Sn bond distances ranging from 3.03–3.18 Å. There are three inequivalent Fe sites. In the first Fe site, Fe is bonded to two equivalent Tb, four Fe, and six Sn atoms to form distorted FeTb2Fe4Sn6 cuboctahedra that share corners with fourteen FeTb2Fe4Sn6 cuboctahedra, edges with six FeTb2Fe4Sn6 cuboctahedra, faces with ten FeTb2Fe4Sn6 cuboctahedra, and faces with four equivalent TbFe12Sn8 hexagonal bipyramids. There are two shorter (2.71 Å) and two longer (2.72 Å) Fe–Fe bond lengths. There are a spread of Fe–Sn bond distances ranging from 2.72–2.83 Å. In the second Fe site, Fe is bonded to two equivalent Tb, four Fe, and six Sn atoms to form distorted FeTb2Fe4Sn6 cuboctahedra that share corners with fourteen FeTb2Fe4Sn6 cuboctahedra, edges with seven FeTb2Fe4Sn6 cuboctahedra, faces with nine FeTb2Fe4Sn6 cuboctahedra, and faces with four equivalent TbFe12Sn8 hexagonal bipyramids. There are two shorter (2.71 Å) and two longer (2.72 Å) Fe–Fe bond lengths. There are a spread of Fe–Sn bond distances ranging from 2.71–2.82 Å. In the third Fe site, Fe is bonded to two equivalent Tb, four Fe, and six Sn atoms to form distorted FeTb2Fe4Sn6 cuboctahedra that share corners with fourteen FeTb2Fe4Sn6 cuboctahedra, edges with seven FeTb2Fe4Sn6 cuboctahedra, faces with nine FeTb2Fe4Sn6 cuboctahedra, and faces with four equivalent TbFe12Sn8 hexagonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Fe–Sn bond distances ranging from 2.71–2.83 Å. There are five inequivalent Sn sites. In the first Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Tb and six Fe atoms. In the second Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to one Tb and six Fe atoms. In the third Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to one Tb, six Fe, and one Sn atom. The Sn–Sn bond length is 2.93 Å. In the fourth Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Tb and six Fe atoms. In the fifth Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six Fe atoms.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on Tb(TiGa2)2 by Materials Project
Tb(TiGa2)2 crystallizes in the tetragonal I4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Tb is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to twelve Ga atoms. There are four shorter (2.90 Å) and eight longer (3.32 Å) Tb–Ga bond lengths. Ti is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Ti and eight Ga atoms. Both Ti–Ti bond lengths are 2.72 Å. All Ti–Ga bond lengths are 2.80 Å. There are seven inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Tb, four equivalent Ti, and four Ga atoms. There are two shorter (2.68 Å) and two longer (2.91 Å) Ga–Ga bond lengths. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Tb, four equivalent Ti, and four Ga atoms. Both Ga–Ga bond lengths are 2.68 Å. In the third Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Tb, four equivalent Ti, and four Ga atoms. There are one shorter (2.68 Å) and two longer (2.91 Å) Ga–Ga bond lengths. In the fourth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Tb, four equivalent Ti, and four Ga atoms. The Ga–Ga bond length is 2.68 Å. In the fifth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Tb, four equivalent Ti, and four Ga atoms. There are one shorter (2.68 Å) and two longer (2.91 Å) Ga–Ga bond lengths. In the sixth Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Tb, four equivalent Ti, and four Ga atoms. There are one shorter (2.68 Å) and two longer (2.91 Å) Ga–Ga bond lengths. In the seventh Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 11-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Tb, four equivalent Ti, and four Ga atoms.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on Tb(Al5Ru)2 by Materials Project
TbRu2Al10 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmcm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Tb is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ru and sixteen Al atoms. All Tb–Ru bond lengths are 3.47 Å. There are a spread of Tb–Al bond distances ranging from 3.16–3.70 Å. Ru is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Tb and ten Al atoms. There are a spread of Ru–Al bond distances ranging from 2.57–2.76 Å. There are five inequivalent Al sites. In the first Al site, Al is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to one Tb, two equivalent Ru, and two equivalent Al atoms. Both Al–Al bond lengths are 3.06 Å. In the second Al site, Al is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two equivalent Tb, two equivalent Ru, and two equivalent Al atoms. Both Al–Al bond lengths are 2.87 Å. In the third Al site, Al is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Tb, two equivalent Ru, and two equivalent Al atoms. Both Al–Al bond lengths are 2.93 Å. In the fourth Al site, Al is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Tb, two equivalent Ru, and two equivalent Al atoms. There are one shorter (2.67 Å) and one longer (2.82 Å) Al–Al bond lengths. In the fifth Al site, Al is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to one Tb, two equivalent Ru, and nine Al atoms. The Al–Al bond length is 2.71 Å.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on Tb(MnAl)6 by Materials Project
Tb(MnAl)6 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Immm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Tb is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to twelve Mn and eight Al atoms. There are four shorter (3.19 Å) and eight longer (3.32 Å) Tb–Mn bond lengths. There are a spread of Tb–Al bond distances ranging from 2.91–3.06 Å. There are two inequivalent Mn sites. In the first Mn site, Mn is bonded to two equivalent Tb, four Mn, and six Al atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner, edge, and face-sharing MnTb2Mn4Al6 cuboctahedra. There are two shorter (2.46 Å) and two longer (2.53 Å) Mn–Mn bond lengths. There are a spread of Mn–Al bond distances ranging from 2.52–2.64 Å. In the second Mn site, Mn is bonded to two equivalent Tb, four equivalent Mn, and six Al atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner, edge, and face-sharing MnTb2Mn4Al6 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Mn–Al bond distances ranging from 2.61–2.67 Å. There are three inequivalent Al sites. In the first Al site, Al is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to one Tb, six Mn, and three Al atoms. There are one shorter (2.70 Å) and two longer (2.79 Å) Al–Al bond lengths. In the second Al site, Al is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to one Tb, six Mn, and three Al atoms. There are one shorter (2.77 Å) and two longer (3.01 Å) Al–Al bond lengths. In the third Al site, Al is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Tb, six Mn, and four Al atoms.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
The production and separation of 161 Tb with high specific activity at the University of Utah
Targeted radiotherapy (TRT) is an increasingly prominent area of research in nuclear medicine, particularly in the context of treating cancerous tumors. One radionuclide of considerable interest for TRT is terbium-161 (t 1/2 = 6.95 days), which undergoes beta emission and shares similar decay properties as 177 Lu (FDA-approved as LUTATHERA® and PLUVICTO®). Besides beta emission, 161 Tb also emits a significant number of conversion and Auger electrons further enhancing its therapeutic potential. Terbium-161 can be produced using nuclear reactors through an indirect neutron capture reaction, $^{160}_{64}$Gd(n,γ) $^{161}_{64}$Gd → (3.7 min, β – ) $^{161}_{65}$Tb, from 160 Gd targets. However, a key challenge in utilizing 161 Tb for TRT lies in effectively separating target and product materials to attain high specific activity for radiolabeling. Here, we detail the production of no-carrier added 161 Tb using low flux research reactors (mean thermal (< 0.625 eV) neutron flux: 1.356 ×10 12 n • cm –2 • s –1 ) like the University of Utah TRIGA Reactor, using enriched 160 Gd 2 O 3 targets (1.5 ± 0.3 µCi of 161 Tb per mg of 160 Gd target per hour of irradiation). We also developed a separation technique based on cation exchange and extraction chromatography, suitable for mCi level irradiations with targets exceeding 200 milligrams. In a simulated full-scale irradiation, 161 Tb was successfully isolated from large mass targets using cation exchange (AG 50W-X8, with 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid at 70 mM, pH 4.75) and extraction chromatography (LN Resin, 0.5 – 0.75 M HNO 3 ) methods. Here, this resulted in high apparent molar activities of [ 161 Tb]Tb-DOTA (113 ± 3 MBq/nmol), demonstrating high purity 161 Tb relevant for potential future preclinical applications.
161Tb↗
Assessing heterogeneity of patient and health system delay among TB in a population with internal migrants in China
Backgrounds The diagnostic delay of tuberculosis (TB) contributes to further transmission and impedes the implementation of the End TB Strategy. Therefore, we aimed to describe the characteristics of patient delay, health system delay, and total delay among TB patients in Shanghai, identify areas at high risk for delay, and explore the potential factors of long delay at individual and spatial levels. Method The study included TB patients among migrants and residents in Shanghai between January 2010 and December 2018. Patient and health system delays exceeding 14 days and total delays exceeding 28 days were defined as long delays. Time trends of long delays were evaluated by Joinpoint regression. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to analyze influencing factors of long delays. Spatial analysis of delays was conducted using ArcGIS, and the hierarchical Bayesian spatial model was utilized to explore associated spatial factors. Results Overall, 61,050 TB patients were notified during the study period. Median patient, health system, and total delays were 12 days (IQR: 3–26), 9 days (IQR: 4–18), and 27 days (IQR: 15–43), respectively. Migrants, females, older adults, symptomatic visits to TB-designated facilities, and pathogen-positive were associated with longer patient delays, while pathogen-negative, active case findings and symptomatic visits to non-TB-designated facilities were associated with long health system delays (LHD). Spatial analysis revealed Chongming Island was a hotspot for patient delay, while western areas of Shanghai, with a high proportion of internal migrants and industrial parks, were at high risk for LHD. The application of rapid molecular diagnostic methods was associated with reduced health system delays. Conclusion Despite a relatively shorter diagnostic delay of TB than in the other regions in China, there was vital social-demographic and spatial heterogeneity in the occurrence of long delays in Shanghai. While the active case finding and rapid molecular diagnosis reduced the delay, novel targeted interventions are still required to address the challenges of TB diagnosis among both migrants and residents in this urban setting.
Sun, Ruoyao↗
Materials Data on Tb(GaFe)6 by Materials Project
TbFe6Ga6 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Immm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Tb is bonded to twelve Fe and eight Ga atoms to form distorted TbGa8Fe12 hexagonal bipyramids that share corners with eight equivalent TbGa8Fe12 hexagonal bipyramids, faces with twenty-four FeTb2Ga6Fe4 cuboctahedra, and faces with two equivalent TbGa8Fe12 hexagonal bipyramids. There are four shorter (3.25 Å) and eight longer (3.29 Å) Tb–Fe bond lengths. There are a spread of Tb–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.83–2.99 Å. There are two inequivalent Fe sites. In the first Fe site, Fe is bonded to two equivalent Tb, four equivalent Fe, and six Ga atoms to form FeTb2Ga6Fe4 cuboctahedra that share corners with fourteen FeTb2Ga6Fe4 cuboctahedra, edges with seven FeTb2Ga6Fe4 cuboctahedra, faces with nine FeTb2Ga6Fe4 cuboctahedra, and faces with four equivalent TbGa8Fe12 hexagonal bipyramids. All Fe–Fe bond lengths are 2.51 Å. There are a spread of Fe–Ga bond distances ranging from 2.58–2.63 Å. In the second Fe site, Fe is bonded to two equivalent Tb, four Fe, and six Ga atoms to form distorted FeTb2Ga6Fe4 cuboctahedra that share corners with fourteen FeTb2Ga6Fe4 cuboctahedra, edges with six FeTb2Ga6Fe4 cuboctahedra, faces with ten FeTb2Ga6Fe4 cuboctahedra, and faces with four equivalent TbGa8Fe12 hexagonal bipyramids. Both Fe–Fe bond lengths are 2.51 Å. There are two shorter (2.53 Å) and four longer (2.60 Å) Fe–Ga bond lengths. There are three inequivalent Ga sites. In the first Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Tb, six Fe, and two equivalent Ga atoms. Both Ga–Ga bond lengths are 2.87 Å. In the second Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to one Tb, six Fe, and three Ga atoms. The Ga–Ga bond length is 2.69 Å. In the third Ga site, Ga is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Tb, six Fe, and one Ga atom. The Ga–Ga bond length is 2.84 Å.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Materials Data on Tb(SiNi5)2 by Materials Project
TbNi10Si2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Immm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Tb is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eighteen Ni and two equivalent Si atoms. There are a spread of Tb–Ni bond distances ranging from 2.80–3.13 Å. Both Tb–Si bond lengths are 2.88 Å. There are four inequivalent Ni sites. In the first Ni site, Ni is bonded to two equivalent Tb, eight Ni, and two equivalent Si atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner, edge, and face-sharing NiTb2Si2Ni8 cuboctahedra. There are a spread of Ni–Ni bond distances ranging from 2.40–2.79 Å. Both Ni–Si bond lengths are 2.36 Å. In the second Ni site, Ni is bonded to two equivalent Tb, eight Ni, and two equivalent Si atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner, edge, and face-sharing NiTb2Si2Ni8 cuboctahedra. There are four shorter (2.34 Å) and two longer (2.59 Å) Ni–Ni bond lengths. Both Ni–Si bond lengths are 2.57 Å. In the third Ni site, Ni is bonded to two equivalent Tb, eight Ni, and two equivalent Si atoms to form a mixture of corner, edge, and face-sharing NiTb2Si2Ni8 cuboctahedra. There are two shorter (2.37 Å) and two longer (2.53 Å) Ni–Ni bond lengths. Both Ni–Si bond lengths are 2.47 Å. In the fourth Ni site, Ni is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Tb and nine Ni atoms. The Ni–Ni bond length is 2.44 Å. Si is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to one Tb, eight Ni, and one Si atom. The Si–Si bond length is 2.59 Å.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗