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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 19 records
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Radiation Damage Studies on Titanium Alloys as High Intensity Proton Accelerator Beam Window Materials

A high-strength dual a+ß phase titanium alloy Ti–6Al–4V is utilized as a material for beam windows in several accelerator target facilities. However, relatively little is known about how material properties of this alloy are affected by high-intensity proton beam irradiation. With plans to upgrade neutrino facilities at J-PARC and Fermilab to over 1 MW beam power, the radiation damage in the window material will reach a few displacements per atom (dpa) per year, significantly above the ~0.3 dpa level of existing data. The international RaDIATE collaboration, Radiation Damage In Accelerator Target Environments, has conducted a high intensity proton beam irradiation of various target and window material specimens at Brookhaven Linac Isotope Producer (BLIP) facility, including a variety of titanium alloys. Post-Irradiation Examination (PIE) of the specimens in the 1st capsule, irradiated at up to 0.25 dpa, is in progress. Tensile tests in a hot cell at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) exhibited a clear signature of radiation hardening and loss of ductility for Ti–6Al–4V, while Ti–3Al–2.5V, with less ß phase, exhibited less severe hardening. Microstructural investigations will follow to study the cause of the difference in tensile behavior between these alloys. High-cycle fatigue (HCF) performance is critical to the lifetime estimation of beam windows exposed to a periodic thermal stress from a pulsed proton beam. The first HCF data on irradiated titanium alloys are to be obtained by a conventional bend fatigue test at Fermilab and by an ultrasonic mesoscale fatigue test at Culham Laboratory. Specimens in the 2nd capsule, irradiated at up to ~1 dpa, cover typical titanium alloy grades, including possible radiation-resistant candidates. These systematic studies on the effects of radiation damage of titanium alloy materials are intended to enable us not only to predict realistic lifetimes of current beam windows made of Ti–6Al–4V, but also to extend the lifetime by choosing a more radiation and thermal shock tolerant alloy with a preferable heat treatment, or even by developing new materials.

Titanium Alloy, Beam Window, Proton Beam, Radiatio↗
NASA NTRS1991

Uniformity and transmission of proportional counter window materials for use with AXAF

The X-ray detection system used to calibrate the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF) mirrors will include gas flow and sealed proportional counters. To meet the ultimate 1 percent goal of the calibration project, the transmission and uniformity of the windows must be well known for the soft X-ray wavelengths involved. Various window materials for use with proportional counters are examined for transmission at X-ray wavelengths in the range of 0.1 to 5.9 keV. These include the usual window materials (polypropylene and beryllium), as well as materials only recently employed for detector applications (polyimide and diamond). The transmission uniformity of beryllium at 1.49 keV is examined with a microchannel plate detector, producing a 'shadowgraph' of the window material illuminated with soft X-rays. This technique allows us to investigate nonuniformities on a spatial scale of about .2 mm.

Flanagan, K.↗
NASA NTRS2013

Optical Characterization of Window Materials for Aerospace Applications

An optical metrology laboratory has been developed to characterize the optical properties of optical window materials to be used for aerospace applications. Several optical measurement systems have been selected and developed to measure spectral transmittance, haze, clarity, birefringence, striae, wavefront quality, and wedge. In addition to silica based glasses, several optical lightweight polymer materials and transparent ceramics have been investigated in the laboratory. The measurement systems and selected empirical results for non-silica materials are described. These measurements will be used to form the basis of acceptance criteria for selection of window materials for future aerospace vehicle and habitat designs.

Tedjojuwono, Ken K.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Response of spacecraft window materials to hypervelocity projectile impact

This paper presents the results of an investigation of the response of window materials to hypervelocity projectile impact. Window impact damage is characterized according to the nature and extent of surface and internal damage. Analysis of the test data indicates that, for single-pane specimens, the extent of the damage to the test specimens can be written as functions of the impact parameters of the original projectile and the geometric and material properties of the projectile/ window system. These functions can be used to perform parameter-sensitivity studies and to evaluate hypothetical design applications and configurations.

Schonberg, William P.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Fluorescence and phosphorescence of photomultiplier window materials under electron irradiation

The fluorescence and phosphorescence of photomultiplier window materials under electron irradiation were investigated using a Sr-90/Y-90 beta emitter as the electron source. Spectral emission curves of UV grade, optical grade, and electron-irradiated samples of MGF2 and LiF, CaF2, BaF2, sapphire, fused silica, and UV transmitting glasses were obtained over the spectral range of 200 nm to 650 nm. Fluorescence yields, expressed as the number of counts in a solid angle of 2 pi steradian per 1MeV of incident electron energy deposited, were determined on these materials utilizing photomultiplier tubes with cesium telluride, bialkali, and trialkali (S-20) photocathodes, respectively.

Viehmann, W.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Photomultiplier window materials under electron irradiation - Fluorescence and phosphorescence

The fluorescence and phosphorescence of photomultiplier window materials under electron irradiation have been investigated using a Sr-90/Y-90 beta emitter as the electron source. Spectral emission curves of UV-grade, optical-grade, and electron-irradiated samples of MgF2 and LiF, and of CaF2, BaF2, sapphire, fused silica, and UV-transmitting glasses were obtained over the 200-650-nm spectral range. Fluorescence yields were determined on these materials utilizing photomultiplier tubes with cesium telluride, bialkali, and trialkali (S-20) photocathodes, respectively. Optical-grade MgF2 and LiF, as well as electron-irradiated UV-grade samples of these two materials, show enhanced fluorescence due to color-center formation and associated emission bands in the blue and red wavelength regions. Large variations in fluorescence intensities were found in UV-grade sapphire samples of different origins, particularly in the red end of the spectrum, presumably due to various amounts of chromium-ion content. Phosphorescence decay with time is best described by a sum of exponential terms, with time constants ranging from a few minutes to several days.

Viehmann, W.↗
NASA NTRS2017

Applying Fused Silica and Other Transparent Window Materials in Aerospace Applications

A variety of transparent ceramics, such as AlONs and spinels, that were developed for military applications hold promise as spacecraft windows. Window materials in spacecraft such as the Space Shuttle must meet many requirements such as maintaining cabin pressure, sustaining thermal shock, and tolerating damage from hyper-velocity impact while providing superior optical characteristics. The workhorse transparent material for space missions from Apollo to the International Space Station has been fused silica due in part to its low density, low coefficient of expansion and optical quality. Despite its successful use, fused silica exhibits lower fracture toughness and impact resistance as compared to newer materials. Can these newer transparent ceramics lighten spacecraft window systems and might they be useful for applications such as phone screens? This presentation will compare recent optical ceramics to fused silica and demonstrate how weight can be saved.

Standards↗
NASA NTRS2016

Experimental Technique for Producing and Recording Precise Particle Impacts on Transparent Window Materials

A new facility for making small particle impacts is being developed at NASA. Current sand/particle impact facilities are an erosion test and do not precisely measure and document the size and velocity of each of the impacting particles. In addition, evidence of individual impacts is often obscured by subsequent impacts. This facility will allow the number, size, and velocity of each particle to be measured and adjusted. It will also be possible to determine which particle produced damage at a given location on the target. The particle size and velocity will be measured by high speed imaging techniques. Information as to the extent of damage and debris from impacts will also be recorded. It will be possible to track these secondary particles, measuring size and velocity. It is anticipated that this additional degree of detail will provide input for erosion models and also help determine the impact physics of the erosion process. Particle impacts will be recorded at 90 degrees to the particle flight path and also from the top looking through the target window material.

Gray, Perry↗
NASA NTRS2016

Fused Silica and Other Transparent Window Materials

Several transparent ceramics, such as spinel and AlONs are now being produced in sufficient large areas to be used in space craft window applications. The work horse transparent material for space missions from Apollo to the International Space Station has been fused silica due in part to its low coefficient of expansion and optical quality. Despite its successful use, fused silica exhibits anomalies in its crack growth behavior, depending on environmental preconditioning and surface damage. This presentation will compare recent optical ceramics to fused silica and discuss sources of variation in slow crack growth behavior.

Optical Ceramics↗
DOE OSTI2020

Two dimensional meta-material windows

Conductive nanoshells are oriented so as to redirect incident radiation as a function of wavelength. Nanoshells can be formed on templates such as nanospheres or gratings and embedded in an elastomeric layer. In some examples, conductive nanoshells are coupled to a layer that is configured to unbuckle and buckle as a function of temperature, so that radiation in one or more wavelength ranges is directed differently at different temperatures. Building windows can include such layers to that infrared radiation is reflected on warm days and directed into a building on cool days. Such layers can also direct incident visible radiation to a room ceiling so as to enhance interior lighting.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗