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At least 19 records

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DOE OSTI2024

X-ray Thomson scattering absolute intensity from the f-sum rule in the imaginary-time domain

We present a formally exact and simulation-free approach for the normalization of X-ray Thomson scattering (XRTS) spectra based on the f-sum rule of the imaginary-time correlation function (ITCF). Our method works for any degree of collectivity, over a broad range of temperatures, and is applicable even in nonequilibrium situations. In addition to giving us model-free access to electronic correlations, this new approach opens up the intriguing possibility to extract a plethora of physical properties from the ITCF based on XRTS experiments.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

NASA NTRS1973

Absolute intensity and polarization of rotational Raman scattering from N2, O2, and CO2

An experimental examination of the absolute intensity, polarization, and relative line intensities of rotational Raman scattering (RRS) from N2, O2, and CO2 is reported. The absolute scattering intensity for N2 is characterized by its differential cross section for backscattering of incident light at 647.1 nm, which is calculated from basic measured values. The ratio of the corresponding cross section for O2 to that for N2 is 2.50 plus or minus 5 percent. The intensity recent for N2, O2, and CO2 are shown to compare favorably to values calculated from recent measurements of the depolarization of Rayleigh scattering plus RRS. Measured depolarizations of various RRS lines agree to within a few percent with the theoretical value of 3/4. Detailed error analyses are presented for intensity and depolarization measurements. Finally, extensive RRS spectra at nominal gas temperatures of 23 C, 75 C, and 125 C are presented and shown to compare favorably to theoretical predictions.

Penney, C. M.↗

DOE OSTI2020

Absolute intensity calibration for carbon-edge soft X-ray scattering

Resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSOXS) has become a premier probe to study complex three-dimensional nanostructures in soft matter through combining the robust structural characterization of small-angle scattering with the chemical sensitivity of spectroscopy. This technique borrows many of its analysis methods from alternative small-angle scattering measurements that utilize contrast variation, but thus far RSOXS has been unable to reliably achieve an absolute scattering intensity required for quantitative analysis of domain compositions, volume fraction, or interfacial structure. Here, a novel technique to calibrate RSOXS to an absolute intensity at the carbon absorption edge is introduced. It is shown that the X-ray fluorescence from a thin polymer film can be utilized as an angle-independent scattering standard. Verification of absolute intensity is then accomplished through measuring the Flory–Huggins interaction parameter in a phase-mixed polymer melt. As a result, the necessary steps for users to reproduce this intensity calibration in their own experiments to improve the scientific output from RSOXS measurements are discussed.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

NASA NTRS1985

A technique to measure the size of particles in laser Doppler velocimetry applications

A method to measure the size of particles in Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) applications is discussed. Since in LDV the velocity of the flow is assocated with the velocity of particles to establish how well they follow the flow, in the present method the interferometric probe volume is surrounded by a larger beam of different polarization or wavelength. The particle size is then measured from the absolute intensity scattered from the large beam by particles crossing the fringes. Experiments using polystrene particles between 1.1 and 3.3 microns and larger glass beads are reported. It is shown that the method has an excellent size resolution and its accuracy is better than 10% for the particle size studied.

Hess, C. F.↗

DOE OSTI2022

Scattered-light uniformity imager for diagnosing laser absorption asymmetries on OMEGA

Light scattered from a target is the most-direct measurement for diagnosing laser absorption in a direct-drive implosion. Observations from OMEGA implosions show much larger scattered-light asymmetries than predictions. A new instrument has been developed to absolutely measure the scattered-light intensity and nonuniformity for the purpose of diagnosing the asymmetry. The scattered-light uniformity imager (SLUI) diagnostic records the variation in scattered-light intensity over a transmission diffuser using a charge-coupled device (CCD)/lens assembly. At the standard operating position, an 11.3° (f/2.5) cone of light is collected. A stray light baffle, debris shield, and antireflection absorbing filter are also incorporated into the diagnostic payload inserted into the target chamber. The imaging parts of the diagnostic (light baffle, vacuum window, filters, lens, and CCD camera) are located outside the target chamber. Five SLUIs have been built and deployed in OMEGA’s ten-inch manipulator diagnostic ports, covering almost 5% of the emission surface, enabling an absolute scattered-light measurement should be within a few percent of the global average. Each SLUI system is calibrated offline, providing absolute scattered-light intensity measurements. Based on the measured point spread function, each diffuser plate image contains over 20 000 independent scattered-light absolute-intensity measurements of the variation over the collection cone. SLUI provides a platform to study scattered light and absorption asymmetries, and their possible sources.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

NASA NTRS1984

Angular distributions for electron impact excitation of ions from energy-loss spectra measurements

Energy-loss spectra for excitation of the 2S to 2PO transitions in ZNII and CdII by electrons have been observed for the first time. Differential scattering cross sections are reported at 75 eV electron energy. Comparisons are made to close-coupling theory for the 4,2S to 4,2P transition in ZnII. In CdII comparisons are made to the 5,2S(1/2) to 5,2S(3/2) integral cross section from absolute emission measurements, to theoretical results for the analogous 2S to 2P transition in ZnII, and to Gaunt-factor calculations. A description of the crossed beam apparatus is given, and conversion of scattering intensity to absolute cross section discussed.

Chutjian, A.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Studies of dust grain properties in infrared reflection nebulae

A model has been developed for reflection nebulae around luminous IR sources embedded in dense dust clouds. The shape of the IR spectrum is shown to be the result of a combination of the scattering properties of the dust, the spectrum of the illuminating source, and foreground extinction, while geometry plays a minor role. Comparison of the model results with IR observations of the reflection nebula surrounding OMC-2/IRS 1 shows that either a grain size distribution like that found in the diffuse ISM, or consisting of larger grains, can explain the observed shape of the spectrum. However, the absolute intensity level of the scattered light, as well as the observed polarization, requires large grains. By adding water-ice mantles to the silicate and graphite cores, the 3.08 micron ice-band feature observed in the spectra of several IR reflection nebulae has been modeled. It is shown that this ice band arises naturally in optically thick reflection nebulae containing ice-coated grains.

Pendleton, Y. J.↗

NASA NTRS1986

Optical technique to characterize heavy rain

A technique to measure the size and velocity of raindrops is presented and experimental and numerical results discussed. The technique bases the droplet size on the absolute intensity of the light scattered when the droplets cross a laser-based probe volume. The velocity is obtained from the Doppler frequency. A size range of 0.1 mm to 9 mm was covered with overlapping ranges. Experiments were conducted with simulated rain sprays except that the local LWC was much larger than the values encountered in natural rain. The accuracy of the size measurement was not strongly affected by spray interference, but it showed a clear dependence with the droplet shape. A simple numerical model based on the light reflected from ellipsoids attempts to explain the relationship between droplet shape and absolute scattered light.

Hess, C. F.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Stimulated Raman scattering of light absorbing media excited by ultrashort laser pulses

The fluctuation-dissipation theory of spontaneous and stimulated vibration Raman scattering is worked out taking into account the dissipation losses at frequencies of laser pump and scattering radiation. General expressions are found, which describe the absolute intensities and shape, energy and duration of scattered pulses in terms of the parameters of the medium and the the input laser pulses. The general regularities are analyzed in detail. Conditions are found for the realization of spontaneous or stimulated Raman scattering and its dependence on absorption, pulse duration and other parameters of the problem.

Marchevskiy, F. N.↗

NASA NTRS1984

Auroral photometry from the atmosphere Explorer satellite

Attention is given to the ability of remote sensing from space to yield quantitative auroral and ionospheric parametrers, in view of the auroral measurements made during two passes of the Explorer C satellite over the Poker Flat Optical Observatory and the Chatanika Radar Facility. The emission rate of the N2(+) 4278 A band computed from intensity measurements of energetic auroral electrons has tracked the same spetral feature that was measured remotely from the satellite over two decades of intensity, providing a stringent test for the measurement of atmospheric scattering effects. It also verifies the absolute intensity with respect to ground-based photometric measurements. In situ satellite measurments of ion densities and ground based electron density profile radar measurements provide a consistent picture of the ionospheric response to auroral input, while also predicting the observed optical emission rate.

Rees, M. H.↗

NASA NTRS1973

Study of resonance light scattering for remote optical probing

Enhanced scattering and fluorescence processes in the visible and UV were investigated which will enable improved remote measurements of gas properties. The theoretical relationship between scattering and fluorescence from an isolated molecule in the approach to resonance is examined through analysis of the time dependence of re-emitted light following excitation of pulsed incident light. Quantitative estimates are developed for the relative and absolute intensities of fluorescence and resonance scattering. New results are obtained for depolarization of scattering excited by light at wavelengths within a dissociative continuum. The experimental work was performed in two separate facilities. One of these utilizes argon and krypton lasers, single moded by a tilted etalon, and a 3/4 meter double monochromator. This facility was used to determine properties of the re-emission from NO2, I2 and O3 excited by visible light. The second facility involves a narrow-line dye laser, and a 3/4 meter single monochromator. The dye laser produces pulsed light with 5 nsec pulse duration and 0.005 nm spectral width.

Penney, C. M.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Femtosecond temperature measurements of laser-shocked copper deduced from the intensity of the x-ray thermal diffuse scattering

We present 50-fs, single-shot measurements of the x-ray thermal diffuse scattering (TDS) from copper foils that have been shocked via nanosecond laser ablation up to pressures above ∼135 GPa. We hence deduce the x-ray Debye–Waller factor, providing a temperature measurement. The targets were laser-shocked with the DiPOLE 100-X laser at the High Energy Density endstation of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser. Single x-ray pulses, with a photon energy of 18 keV, were scattered from the samples and recorded on Varex detectors. Despite the targets being highly textured (as evinced by large variations in the elastic scattering) and with such texture changing upon compression, the absolute intensity of the azimuthally averaged inelastic TDS between the Bragg peaks is largely insensitive to these changes, and allowing for both Compton scattering and the low-level scattering from a sacrificial ablator layer provides a reliable measurement of $T/Θ^2_D$, where Θ D is the Debye temperature. We compare our results with the predictions of the SESAME 3336 and LEOS 290 equations of state for copper and find good agreement within experimental errors. We, thus, demonstrate that single-shot temperature measurements of dynamically compressed materials can be made via thermal diffuse scattering of XFEL radiation.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

NASA NTRS1978

Electron scattering by laser-excited barium atoms

Inelastic and superelastic scattering of 30- and 100-eV electrons by laser-excited 6s 6p 1P and subsequent cascade-populated 6s 6p 3P, 6s 5d 1D, and 6s 5d 3D Ba atoms have been observed. Absolute differential cross sections for the singlet and relative scattering intensities for the triplet species have been determined in the 5 to 20 deg angular region. Under the present conditions excitations dominate over deexcitations.

NASA NTRS1973

Atmospheric Temperature from Raman Scattering

Raman scattering signatures are functions of the scattering-gas temperature, and are therefore of potential use for practical atmospheric temperature probes. The method described uses either ratios of pure rotational Raman scattering intensities for air utilizing various spectral bandpasses, or, alternatively, ratios of air-rotational to nitrogen-vibrational scattering intensities. Three aspects of work relating to the development of such probes are discussed in this presentation: (1) fundamental absolute Raman data, (2) construction of air spectra from these data, and (3) temperature-sensitivity of the signature. The fundamental data described are the absolute rotational and vibrational scattering cross sections. Recent measurements in this laboratory of rotational cross sections for N2, O2, and CO2 are emphasized, as are their use in predicting absolute magnitudes of Raman scattering signals. Next is described the computation of air rotational Raman spectra as a function of temperature calculated through use of the experimentally-measured cross sections. The spectra are based additively upon nitrogen and oxygen contributions, since pure rotational Raman scattering from water vapor is very weak. Finally, the sensitivity of the scattering intensity ratios to temperature is explored as a function of choice of spectral bandpass for the monitored rotational Raman scattering. Various compromises will be discussed which must be made in choosing bandpasses appropriate for specific purposes and experimental conditions.

Lapp, M.↗

NASA NTRS1989

Principles and procedures for determining absolute differential electron-molecule (atom) scattering cross sections

Procedures and calibration techniques for measuring the absolute elastic and inelastic differential cross sections (DCS) for electron impact on molecular (atomic) species are described and illustrated by examples. The elastic DCS for the molecule under study is first determined by calibration against helium using the relative flow technique. The second step involves the production of energy-loss spectra for the instrument response function, the unfolding of overlapping inelastic structures and the normalization of inelastic intensities to the elastic cross sections. It is concluded that this method of determining absolute differential electron-molecule (atom) scattering cross sections is generally applicable and provides reliable results.

Nickel, J. C.↗

DOE OSTI2022

A comparison of deep-learning-based inpainting techniques for experimental X-ray scattering

The implementation is proposed of image inpainting techniques for the reconstruction of gaps in experimental X-ray scattering data. The proposed methods use deep learning neural network architectures, such as convolutional autoencoders, tunable U-Nets, partial convolution neural networks and mixed-scale dense networks, to reconstruct the missing information in experimental scattering images. In particular, the recovered pixel intensities are evaluated against their corresponding ground-truth values using the mean absolute error and the correlation coefficient metrics. The results demonstrate that the proposed methods achieve better performance than traditional inpainting algorithms such as biharmonic functions. Overall, tunable U-Net and mixed-scale dense network architectures achieved the best reconstruction performance among all the tested algorithms, with correlation coefficient scores greater than 0.9980.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

NASA NTRS1984

Nonintrusive optical single-particle counter for measuring the size and velocity of droplets in a spray

A technique for measuring nonintrusively, and in real time, the size and velocity of droplets in a spray is presented. A small beam identifies the center of a larger beam, thus defining a region of almost uniform intensity, and only droplets crossing through such a center are measured. The size is obtained from the absolute scattered light and the velocity from the modulated signal produced by the interferometric pattern. A self-calibrating algorithm is also discussed. Results are presented for a spray of predictable chracteristics.

Hess, C. F.↗

DOE OSTI2021

Charging and ion ejection dynamics of large helium nanodroplets exposed to intense femtosecond soft xray pulses

Ion ejection from charged helium nanodroplets exposed to intense femtosecond soft X-ray pulses is studied by single-pulse ion time-of-flight (TOF) spectroscopy in coincidence with small-angle X-ray scattering. Scattering images encode the droplet size and absolute photon flux incident on each droplet, while ion TOF spectra are used to determine the maximum ion kinetic energy, Ekin, of He+ j fragments (j = 1-4). Measurements span HeN droplet sizes between N similar to 10(7) and similar to 10(10) (radii R-0 = 78-578 nm), and droplet charges between similar to 9x10(-5) and similar to 3x10(-3) e/atom. Conditions encompass a wide range of ionization and expansion regimes, from departure of all photoelectrons from the droplet, leading to pure Coulomb explosion, to substantial electron trapping by the electrostatic potential of the charged droplet, indicating the onset of hydrodynamic expansion. The unique combination of absolute Xray intensities, droplet sizes, and ion Ekin on an event-by-event basis reveals a detailed picture of the correlations between the ionization conditions and the ejection dynamics of the ionic fragments. The maximum E-kin of He+ is found to be governed by Coulomb repulsion from unscreened cations across all expansion regimes. The impact of ion-atom interactions resulting from the relatively low charge densities is increasingly relevant with less electron trapping. The findings are consistent with the emergence of a charged spherical shell around a quasineutral plasma core as the degree of ionization increases. The results demonstrate a complex relationship between measured ion E-kin and droplet ionization conditions that can only be disentangled through the use of coincident single-pulse TOF and scattering data.

Helium↗